Intelligence, empathy, and memory: Exploring moral enhancement through gene editing, training, and computer–brain interfaces

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Braden Molhoek
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Gene Editing ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
Moral Enhancement ◽  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Moral Behaviour ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

In this research article, I seek to expand the conversation regarding moral enhancement by identifying traits or capacities that if enhanced would lead to an increase in moral behaviour. I decided to focus on the three capacities: intelligence, empathy and memory. These abilities do not necessarily lead to moral behaviour on their own; however, building on a study on the relationship of intelligence and morality, I argued that enhancing intelligence and empathy simultaneously allows for moral behaviour as an emergent property. Intelligence alone is not sufficient because even though greater intelligence leads to more prosocial behaviour, prosocial behaviour is not inherently moral. Empathy alone can lead to partiality, especially favouring those who are a part of one’s in-group. The virtue of prudence, practical wisdom, relies on more than intellect or reason; it requires lived experience in order to effectively deliberate. Memory provides intelligence with that information. There are a variety of ways in which human enhancement can be pursued. I chose to focus on three methods in this study: gene editing, training and computer–brain interfaces. Turning to the existing scientific literature, I attempted to find examples or potential ways in which intelligence, empathy and memory could be enhanced through these methods. Genetic examples are difficult given the complexity of multi-gene traits, and that heritability is only a small percentage of overall variance. Training these capacities has had limited success, and there is no consensus in the literature on how effective is the training. Computer–brain interfaces appear to offer potential, but some experiments have only just begun on human subjects, whilst other approaches are still being tested on other animals.Contribution: This article ends with an appeal to prioritise moral enhancements over other forms. Doing so allows for a great impact on society and a safer overall approach to enhancements.

scholarly journals The Experimental Psychology of Moral Enhancement: We Should If We Could, But We Can't

2018 ◽  
Vol 83 ◽  
pp. 313-328
Author(s):  
Sylvia Terbeck ◽  
Kathryn B. Francis
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Moral Psychology ◽  
Psychological Assessment ◽  
Experimental Psychology ◽  
Human Enhancement ◽  
Moral Enhancement ◽  
Moral Concepts ◽  
Problems And Solutions ◽  
Moral Behaviour ◽  
Experimental Findings

AbstractIn this chapter we will review experimental evidence related to pharmacological moral enhancement. Firstly, we will present our recent study in which we found that a drug called propranolol could change moral judgements. Further research, which also investigated this, found similar results. Secondly, we will discuss the limitations of such approaches, when it comes to the idea of general “human enhancement”. Whilst promising effects on certain moral concepts might be beneficial to the development of theoretical moral psychology, enhancement of human moral behaviour in general – to our current understanding – has more side-effects than intended effects, making it potentially harmful. We give an overview of misconceptions when taking experimental findings beyond the laboratory and discuss the problems and solutions associated with the psychological assessment of moral behaviour. Indeed, how is morality “measured” in psychology, and are those measures reliable?

scholarly journals Determination of receptor occupancy in the presence of mass dose: [11C]GSK189254 PET imaging of histamine H3 receptor occupancy by PF-03654746

2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 1095-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Dominique Gallezot ◽  
Beata Planeta ◽  
Nabeel Nabulsi ◽  
Donna Palumbo ◽  
Xiaoxi Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Binding Sites ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Receptor Occupancy ◽  
Healthy Human ◽  
Positron Emission ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pet Scans

Measurements of drug occupancies using positron emission tomography (PET) can be biased if the radioligand concentration exceeds “tracer” levels. Negative bias would also arise in successive PET scans if clearance of the radioligand is slow, resulting in a carryover effect. We developed a method to (1) estimate the in vivo dissociation constant Kd of a radioligand from PET studies displaying a non-tracer carryover (NTCO) effect and (2) correct the NTCO bias in occupancy studies taking into account the plasma concentration of the radioligand and its in vivo Kd. This method was applied in a study of healthy human subjects with the histamine H3 receptor radioligand [11C]GSK189254 to measure the PK-occupancy relationship of the H3 antagonist PF-03654746. From three test/retest studies, [11C]GSK189254 Kd was estimated to be 9.5 ± 5.9 pM. Oral administration of 0.1 to 4 mg of PF-03654746 resulted in occupancy estimates of 71%–97% and 30%–93% at 3 and 24 h post-drug, respectively. NTCO correction adjusted the occupancy estimates by 0%–15%. Analysis of the relationship between corrected occupancies and PF-03654746 plasma levels indicated that PF-03654746 can fully occupy H3 binding sites ( ROmax = 100%), and its IC50 was estimated to be 0.144 ± 0.010 ng/mL. The uncorrected IC50 was 26% higher.

scholarly journals 'Who is wise and understanding among you' (James 3: 13)? An analysis of wisdom, eschatology and apocalypticism in the epistle of James

1997 ◽  
Vol 53 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick J. Hartin
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Practical Wisdom ◽  
World View ◽  
The World ◽  
Epistle Of James ◽  
Wisdom Tradition ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Three questions form the basis of this analysis of the relationship of the Epistle of James to the traditions of wisdom, eschatology and apocalypticism. What kind of traditions are involved in James? What is the world view of James? What audience or community is presupposed by this writing? Foremost is the connection that James demonstrates to the wisdom tradition evident in the Old Testament and extratestamental literature. In particular two types of wisdom tradition are noted in James: practical wisdom advice as expressed in short sayings, wisdom instructions and admonitions and reflection on the nature of wisdom (1:5-8; 2:1-7; and 3:13-18) as coming from God. Finally, the question of how much apocalyptic symbolism is evident in the eschatological world view of the epistle is addressed.

The relationship of mammary temperature to parturition in human subjects

1977 ◽  
Vol 128 (3) ◽  
pp. 272-278 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence I. Burd ◽  
Melvin Dorin ◽  
Vimala Philipose ◽  
James A. Lemons
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KONSEP DIRI SISWA DENGAN PROSOSIAL SISWA DI SMAN 1 LUBUK SIKAPING

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Firman - Firman
Keyword(s):  
Prosocial Behaviour ◽  
Descriptive Research ◽  
School Year ◽  
Correlational Research ◽  
Research Population ◽  
Research Findings ◽  
Question Form ◽  
Microsoft Office ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Prosocial behaviour is influenced by several factors, one of which was the concept of the self. When students look at and assess their positive then the student will display the prososial behaviour in daily life. This research aims to look at the description of the concept of self and prosocial students and reveals how the relationships between the concepts of self and prososial SMAN 1 Lubuk Sikaping students. This research is descriptive research correlational. Research population totaled 574 people SMAN 1 Lubuk Sikaping, class XI and XII listed school year 2014/2015, with a sample of 85 people taken using techniques Proportionate Stratified Random Sampling. Data collection using question form on the concepts of self and prosocial. The Data obtained were analyzed by using statistical methods and looking for a score, the percentage of gains (%) score and the ideal’s score. To see the relationship of self concept of prosocial behaviour with student data processed by using Microsoft Office Programs Excel and SPSS program for windows release 16.0. Research findings show that there were significant positive relationships between the concepts themselves by prosocial SMAN 1 Lubuk Sikaping students.

Synchronized slow-amplitude modulations in the electromyograms of shivering muscles

1989 ◽  
Vol 66 (5) ◽  
pp. 2358-2363 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Israel ◽  
R. S. Pozos
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Flow Rate ◽  
Visual Analysis ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Emg Activity ◽  
Temperature Changes ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pearson Correlations

The electromyograms (EMG) of shivering human subjects exposed to 0 degrees C air in an environmental chamber were analyzed to detect slow-amplitude modulations (SAMs, less than 1 Hz) in the EMGs of widely separated muscles and to study the relationship of these SAMs to respiration rate and skin temperature. Distinct amplitude modulations were observed in the raw EMGs during shivering. The peaks in EMG activity occurred simultaneously in the majority of the monitored muscles in all subjects. Pearson correlations between the average rectified EMGs of 93% of the muscles were significant (P less than 0.05). Visual analysis of the EMG and respiration signals indicated that the peaks in muscular activity occurred 6–12 times/min, whereas respiration ranged from 10 to 23 cycles/min. For all subjects respiration was at a higher frequency than amplitude modulation in the EMG. Comparison of EMG records with expiratory flow rate traces in shivering subjects indicated no one-to-one correlation between the occurrence of respiration and EMG amplitude modulations. Respiratory flow rate and average rectified EMG showed significant correlation in only 33% of the cases. In addition, skin temperature changes could not be correlated with the SAMS.

scholarly journals Praye(red)

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 202-207
Author(s):  
Les Delgado
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Lived Experiences ◽  
Current Events ◽  
Cumulative Knowledge ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Anxiety And Fear

This performance uses a poem autoethnographically to engage the poet-researcher’s lived experiences in order to examine the relationship of their identity intersections (queer, Latinx, gender non-comforming) to their culture(s) through the current events that inform their experiences and identities. Identifying as gender non-comforming, the poet uses terms like “Latinx” and the pronoun “they” to simply state and relate to a line of Sylvia Plath’s the Bell Jar that “I am, I am, I am.” The usage of literature helps the poet become aware of what they are feeling. Using poetic autoethnography, these pieces strive to amplify the emotions—sadness, anger, anxiety, and fear—that stem from their positionality in relation to events like the tragedy in Orlando. Further, using poetry to engage in embodied and often hidden epistemic realities, the poet looks to the relationship of identity, culture, and the gender/queer, Latinx body that carries this cumulative knowledge from lived experience to lived experience to express those feelings. Using these poetic connections, the poet strives to question their existence in the current world, and make sense of their authenticity.

Orienting of Attention

1980 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael I. Posner
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Visual Space ◽  
Saccadic Eye Movements ◽  
Brain Injured ◽  
Ballistic Properties ◽  
Normal Human ◽  
High Level ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Attentional Mechanism

Bartlett viewed thinking as a high level skill exhibiting ballistic properties that he called its “point of no return”. This paper explores one aspect of cognition through the use of a simple model task in which human subjects are asked to commit attention to a position in visual space other than fixation. This instruction is executed by orienting a covert (attentional) mechanism that seems sufficiently time locked to external events that its trajectory can be traced across the visual field in terms of momentary changes in the efficiency of detecting stimuli. A comparison of results obtained with alert monkeys, brain injured and normal human subjects shows the relationship of this covert system to saccadic eye movements and to various brain systems controlling perception and motion. In accordance with Bartlett's insight, the possibility is explored that similar principles apply to orienting of attention toward sensory input and orienting to the semantic structures used in thinking.

scholarly journals The Association between Sex Hormones and Developmental Stuttering Disorder: A Systematic Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 185
Author(s):  
Hossein Shayeste Yekta ◽  
Farya Fakoori ◽  
Hiwa Mohammadi ◽  
Siavash Vaziri
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Human Subjects ◽  
Female Sex Hormones ◽  
Cochrane Database ◽  
Developmental Stuttering ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Speech Motor

Stuttering is a male-biased speech motor control disorder that lead to disruption in the rhythm of speech. The effect of sex on development of stuttering is well known; males are more susceptible to and less recovered from stuttering than female. Sex hormones have been studied as a main accused factor for this gender dependency of the disorder. The aim of this systematic review is to navigate the extent of previous research about the relationship of developmental stuttering and sex hormones. Toward these ends, a comprehensive, electronic review of past concepts regarding the relationship of stuttering with sex hormones and digit ratio as an indirect index for fetal testosterone exposure, in Scopus, Science Direct, PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane database was carried out to identify potential studies for the review. Inclusion criteria were original quantitative research, written in English, used human subjects and published from 2000 through 2020. Findings were mixed, although potential patterns were identified. There were methodological limitations such as small participant numbers, in the targeted population in this review research. The findings from this current study add to the growing body of evidence demonstrating that sex hormone have a significant association with stuttering.

scholarly journals Generating, Intensifying, and Redirecting Emotionality: Conceptual and Ethnographic Implications of Aristotle’s Rhetoric

2013 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 6-42
Author(s):  
Robert Prus
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Social Process ◽  
Human Sciences ◽  
Emotional States ◽  
Symbolic Interactionist ◽  
Paper Briefly ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Insight Into ◽  
Interactionist Approach

In contrast to those who more characteristically approach emotion as an individual realm of experience of more distinctive physiological and/or psychological sorts, this paper addresses emotionality as a socially experienced, linguistically enabled, activity-based process. While conceptually and methodologically situated within contemporary symbolic interactionist thought (Mead 1934; Blumer 1969; Strauss 1993; Prus 1996; 1997; 1999; Prus and Grills 2003), this statement is centrally informed by the pragmatist considerations of emotionality that Aristotle (circa 384-322 BCE) develops in Rhetoric. Although barely known to those in the human sciences, Aristotle’s Rhetoric provides a great deal of insight into people’s definitions of, and experiences with, a wide array of emotions. Addressing matters of persuasive interchange in political, judicial, and evaluative contexts, Aristotle gives particular attention to the intensification and neutralization of people’s emotional states. This includes (1) anger and calm, (2) friendship and enmity, (3) fear and confidence, (4) shame and shamelessness, (5) kindness and inconsideration, (6) pity and indignation, and (7) envy and emulation. Following an introduction to “rhetoric” (as the study of persuasive interchange) and “emotionality,” this paper briefly (1) outlines a pragmatist/interactionist approach to the study of emotionality, (2) considers Aristotle as a sociological pragmatist, (3) locates Aristotle’s work within the context of classical Greek thought, (4) acknowledges the relationship of emotionality and morality, and (5) addresses emotionality as a generic social process. Following (6) a more sustained consideration of emotionality within the context of Aristotle’s Rhetoric, the paper concludes with (7) a short discussion of the importance of Aristotle’s work for studying emotionality as a realm of human lived experience on a contemporary plane.

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