scholarly journals Prevalence, predilection sites and pathological findings of Taenia multiceps coenuri in slaughtered goats from south-east Iran

2012 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Reza Kheirandish ◽  
Masoud Sami ◽  
Shahrzad Azizi ◽  
Mohammad Mirzaei
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Parietal Lobe ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Interstitial Fibrosis ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Severe Infection ◽  
Abdominal Muscles ◽  
Taenia Multiceps ◽  
Coenurus Cerebralis ◽  
The Brain

Coenurosis is a zoonotic disease in a variety of ruminants caused by the metacestode of Taenia multiceps. The coenuri in the brain and spinal cord of sheep and goats have been identified as Coenurus cerebralis whilst those reported in other tissues have been named Coenurus gaigeri. This study was conducted during the spring and summer of 2011. Out of 25 739 goats inspected in slaughterhouses, 23 carcasses (0.09%) revealed one or multiple visible swellings on the different muscles and visceral organs. The coenuri, of variable sizes, were found mainly in the muscles of the thigh, shoulder and neck, and were less common in the abdominal muscles and subcutaneous tissues. Coenuri were also found in the diaphragm, tongue, intercostal muscles, lung, parotid area and tunica adventitia of the aorta in a goat with severe infection. The brains of slaughtered goats that had coenuri in their skeletal muscles were examined and coenuri were found in two specimens (8.69%). The coenuri were located in the occipital lobe, the anterior part of the right cerebrum and the parietal lobe of the left cerebrum. Histopathologically, coenuri in the brain caused pressure atrophy and liquefactive necrosis in the surrounding tissues, hyperaemia, perivascular cuffing, neuronal degeneration, neuronophagia, satellitosis, diffuse microgliosis and astrocytosis. Coenuri in the skeletal muscles caused degenerative and necrotic changes, hyalinisation and myositis. In the lung, tissues around the coenurus revealed atelectasis and focal interstitial fibrosis. In the present study, concurrent occurrence of coenuri in the central nervous system and skeletal muscles supports the hypothesis that C. cerebralis and C. gaigeri are different names for the metacestodes of the same species of tapeworm.

scholarly journals Histopathological and Molecular Evaluation of the Experimen-tally Infected Goats by the Larval Forms of Taenia multiceps

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omidreza AMRABADI ◽  
Ahmad ORYAN ◽  
Mohammad MOAZENI ◽  
Hassan SHARIFIYAZDI ◽  
Maryam AKBARI
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Molecular Genetic ◽  
Separate Species ◽  
Taenia Multiceps ◽  
Larval Stages ◽  
Morphological Criteria ◽  
Coenurus Cerebralis ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Molecular Evaluation

Background: Introduction of Taenia multiceps and T. gaigeri as two separate species have been recognized mainly on morphological grounds. This experimental study was conducted to test whether cerebral and non-cerebral forms of Coenurus cerebralis belong to one origin or they are originated from two different tape worms. Methods:  Two groups of dogs were infected with the cerebral and muscular sources of the coenuri cysts. About two months later the eggs were collected from the fecal samples to be used to experimentally infect other healthy goats. Histopathological and molecular evaluation was conducted in two groups of goats that were challenged with T. multiceps eggs obtained from the infected dogs by brain and muscular sources of coenuri cysts in School of Veterinary Medicine of Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran in 2015. All aberrant sites of predilection of the metacestode in goats were muscles, heart, diaphragm and lungs. The brain and spinal cord were carefully dissected and examined but the cysts were not found in these locations. In addition, the molecular genetic markers of mitochondrial DNA (CO1 and ND1) were applied to resolve the questionable relationship between T. multiceps and T. gaigeri. Results: The larval stages of T. multiceps in brain and in other aberrant sites, which showed similar morphological criteria, were monophyletic species. Conclusion: Therefore, T. gaigeri must be considered taxonomically invalid.

scholarly journals Cenurosis in a Sheep with Neurological Signs - Diagnosis with Computed Tomography

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Farias Vargas Júnior ◽  
Reci Fernandes Dorneles ◽  
Adriana Lucke Stigger ◽  
Eduardo Garcia Fontoura ◽  
João Pedro Scussel Feranti
Keyword(s):  
Computed Tomography ◽  
Third Ventricle ◽  
Intermediate Form ◽  
Taenia Multiceps ◽  
Neurological Signs ◽  
The Third ◽  
Visual Deficit ◽  
Coenurus Cerebralis ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Brain

Background: Cenurosis is a parasitic disease caused by Coenurus cerebralis, an intermediate form of Taenia multiceps multiceps, causing a fatal disease in production animals. Its adult form (Taenia) lodges in the small intestine of canids and can infect several intermediate hosts.Sheep are the main species affected by the disease, having nervous symptoms as one of its manifestations.This study aimed to describe the changes observed in computed tomography, as well as the clinical findings of a case of Cenurosis in a sheep on the western border of Rio Grande do Sul.Case: A ram was referred to the Centro Universitário da Região da Campanha (URCAMP) with neurological signs.Clinical, hematological, radiographic, tomographic and necroscopic evaluation of the animal was performed.There were no significant hematological and radiographic changes.During the neurological examination, corneal opacity was found in the right eyeball, associated with a visual deficit in the same eye.Also, when stimulated to move, it was possible to observe ataxia with ambulation to the left side, with right lateral displacement of the head.The tomography showed a hypodense area of approximately 3 cm at the base of the brain, in the region of the thalamus and third ventricle.Macroscopically, a translucent spherical cyst with approximately 4 cm in diameter was observed, containing the protoescolex/scolices of Taenia multiceps in the same region.Discussion: Computed tomography identified the presence of an apparently circular volume of approximately 4 cm in diameter, causing ventricular dilatation.This evidence of ventricular dilation corroborates aspects described in the literature, which found bilateral dilation of the ventricles by compression promoted by a cyst in the 4th ventricle.As the location of the cyst was located at the base of the brain, in the region of the third ventricle, it would be difficult to perform the surgery in the treatment of this case.Signs of ataxia, walking movements, decreased reflexes, nystagmus, unilateral blindness and lateral decubitus are commonly observed.Reports described that the main neurological alterations observed in 20 sheep with cenurosis were postural deficit, locomotion alteration, visual deficit and behavioral alterations, with more than 50% of the animals showing at least one of these signs.The main neurological signs observed in the case described were changes in gait, with walking, blindness, lateral head deviation and ataxia. These signs guide the clinical diagnosis of cenurosis.At necropsy, a spherical translucent cyst with approximately 4 cm in diameter was observed, containing the protoescolex/scolices of Taenia multiceps, which extended dorsally from the third ventricle to the base of the thalamus, laterally displaced to the right side.Rostrocaudal the lesion extended rostrally across the entire length of the thalamus to the beginning of the caudate nucleus and caudally to the base of the caudal colliculus, causing compression of the adjacent parenchyma, enabling the diagnosis of cenurosis.Similar findings are described as Coenurus cerebralis. This lesion pattern macroscopically characterizes the parasite lesions.Thus, it is concluded that the visualization of a hypodense area in CNS regions of sheep with neurological signs allows the diagnosis of cenurosis and precise location of the lesion.The description of this case adds information so that other professionals in the field can be successful in diagnosing the disease.Keywords: parasitologia, Taenia multiceps multiceps, Coenurus cerebralis, ovelhas, torneio verdadeiro.Descritores: parasitology, Taenia multiceps multiceps, Coenurus cerebralis, sheep, true tournament.Título: Cenurose em ovino com sinais neurológicos - diagnóstico com tomografia computadorizada. 

MECHANISM OF VARIABILITY REDUCTION IN THE SYSTEM OF SKELETAL MUSCLE MANAGEMENT IN ATHLETES ACCORDING TO THE PRINCIPLE OF FUNCTIONAL SYNERGY FORMATION

2019 ◽  
pp. 95-104
Author(s):  
S.A. Moiseev
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Small Variation ◽  
Deltoid Muscle ◽  
Simultaneous Recording ◽  
Muscle Synergy ◽  
Statistical Parameters ◽  
Left Limb

The question of physiological function variability is of great theoretical interest, since it is a part of the theory of human voluntary movement control. The skeletal muscle control system should probably have a mechanism to reduce or limit the range of its possible variations. Presumably, the organization of the motor system elements according to the principle of muscular synergy is of such a nature. The objective of the work is to study variations and signs of the coordinated bioelectric activity of skeletal muscles in one of the resulting archery phases. Materials and Methods. The study enrolled 5 highly qualified sportsmen (Master of Sport, International Master of Sport). Archers shot 10 series of 3 shots, target distance 18 m, indoors. Simultaneous recording of electrical activity of 12 skeletal muscles of the upper limb girdle and a 3D video sequence was made. The authors analyzed indicators of distribution, descriptive and variation statistics for grouped data. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify signs of consistent muscle activity. Results. Variability magnitudes, characterized by statistical parameters, established for the turn-off-peak characteristics of various muscles, did not have an explicit dependence. Muscles with relatively high scattering parameters in terms of the EMG average amplitude could have a small variation in the average number of EMG turns. The radial flexor of the left hand wrist was a part of muscular synergy in 90 % of cases, the anterior part of the left limb deltoid muscle – in 80 % of cases, the lower and upper beams of the right and left cowl muscle – in 70 % of cases. Other muscles under consideration were their part in less than 60 % of cases. Conclusion. The system of skeletal muscles that are actively involved in the resulting phases of precision movement can be controlled according to the mechanism of functional synergy formation, which probably helps to reduce the range of possible variations in the parameters of muscle electroactivity. Keywords: variability, archery, electromyography, coordination structure, muscle synergy. Вопрос вариативности физиологических функций представляет интерес в теоретическом плане, поскольку является частью теории управления произвольными движениями человека. Система управления скелетными мышцами, вероятно, должна иметь механизм, позволяющий сократить или ограничить диапазон возможных ее вариаций. Таковым, предположительно, является организация элементов моторной системы по принципу мышечных синергий. Цель работы – изучение вариаций и признаков согласованной биоэлектрической активности скелетных мышц в одной из результирующих фаз выстрела из лука. Материалы и методы. В исследованиях приняли участие 5 высококвалифицированных спортсменов (МС, МСМК). Лучники выполняли 10 серий по 3 выстрела с дистанции 18 м в крытом помещении. Производилась синхронная регистрация электрической активности 12 скелетных мышц верхнего плечевого пояса и 3D-видеоряда. Анализировались показатели распределения, описательной и вариационной статистики для сгруппированных данных. Для выявления признаков согласованной активности мышц применялся множественный регрессионный анализ. Результаты. Величины вариативности, характеризуемые статистическими параметрами, установленные для турн-аплитудных характеристик различных мышц, не имели явной зависимости. Мышцы, имеющие относительно высокие параметры разброса значений по показателю средней амплитуды ЭМГ, могли иметь небольшую вариативность среднего числа турнов ЭМГ. Лучевой сгибатель кисти левой руки являлся частью мышечной синергии в 90 % случаев, передняя часть дельтовидной мышцы левой конечности – в 80 %, нижние и верхние пучки трапециевидной мышцы правой и левой сторон – в 70 %. Другие исследуемые мышцы являлись их частью в менее чем 60 % случаев. Выводы. Управление системой скелетных мышц, принимающих активное участие в реализации одной из результирующих фаз точностного движения, может осуществляться по механизму образования функциональных синергий, что, вероятно, способствует снижению диапазона возможных вариаций параметров электроактивности мышц. Ключевые слова: вариативность, стрельба из лука, электромиография, координационная структура, мышечные синергии.

scholarly journals UV-induced neuronal degeneration in the rat cerebral cortex

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mariko Nakata ◽  
Masayuki Shimoda ◽  
Shinya Yamamoto
Keyword(s):  
Uv Irradiation ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Uv Light ◽  
Brain Lesion ◽  
Terminal Deoxynucleotidyl Transferase ◽  
Heme Oxygenase 1 ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Focal Brain Injury ◽  
The Brain ◽  
And Oxidative Stress

Abstract Irradiation with ultraviolet (UV) light on the cortical surface can induce a focal brain lesion (UV lesion) in rodents. In the present study, we investigated the process of establishing a UV lesion. Rats underwent UV irradiation (365 nm wavelength, 2.0 mWh) over the dura, and time-dependent changes in the cortical tissue were analyzed histologically. We found that the majority of neurons in the lesion started to degenerate within 24 hours and the rest disappeared within 5 days after irradiation. UV-induced neuronal degeneration progressed in a layer-dependent manner. Moreover, UV-induced terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) positivity and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) immunoreactivity were also detected. These findings suggest that UV irradiation in the brain can induce gradual neural degeneration and oxidative stress. Importantly, UV vulnerability may vary among cortical layers. UV-induced cell death may be due to apoptosis; however, there remains a possibility that UV-irradiated cells were degenerated via processes other than apoptosis. The UV lesion technique will not only assist in investigating brain function at a targeted site but may also serve as a pathophysiological model of focal brain injury and/or neurodegenerative disorders.

scholarly journals Cancer Risks Linked to the Bad Luck Hypothesis and Epigenomic Mutational Signatures

Epigenomes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 13
Author(s):  
José Belizário
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Small Population ◽  
Epigenetic Mechanisms ◽  
Cancer Risks ◽  
Mutational Signatures ◽  
Environmental Agents ◽  
Risk Of Malignancy ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Cellular Genome

Exposure to pathogen infection, and occupational and environmental agents, contributes to induction of most types of cancer through different mechanisms. Cancer is defined and characterized by accumulation of mutations and epimutations that lead to changes in the cellular genome and epigenome. According to a recent Bad Luck Hypothesis, random error mutations during DNA replication in a small population of stem cells may be implicated in two-thirds of variation of cancer risk in 25 organs and tissues. What determines stem cell vulnerability and risk of malignancy across the spectrum of organs, such as the brain, bone marrow, skeletal muscles, skin, and liver? Have stem cells pooled in particular tissues or organs evolved some critical ability to deal with DNA damage in the presence of extrinsic environmental factors? This paper describes how the complex replication and repair DNA systems control mutational events. In addition, recent advances on cancer epigenomic signatures and epigenetic mechanisms are discussed, which will guide future investigation of the origin of cancer initiating cells in tissue and organs in a clinical setting.

Arteriovenous malformations in the posterior fossa

1977 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Matsumura ◽  
Yasumasa Makita ◽  
Kuniyuki Someda ◽  
Akinori Kondo
Keyword(s):  
Arteriovenous Malformation ◽  
Brain Stem ◽  
Posterior Fossa ◽  
Arteriovenous Malformations ◽  
Cerebellopontine Angle ◽  
Anterior Part ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Fine Print

✓ We have operated on 12 of 14 cases of arteriovenous malformation (AVM) in the posterior fossa since 1968, with one death. The lesions were in the cerebellum in 10 cases (three anteromedial, one central, three lateral, and three posteromedial), and in the cerebellopontine angle in two; in two cases the lesions were directly related to the brain stem. The AVM's in the anterior part of the cerebellum were operated on through a transtentorial occipital approach.

Juvenile-onset Neuronal Ceroid-Lipofuscinosis in Rambouillet Sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. F. Edwards ◽  
R. W. Storts ◽  
J. R. Joyce ◽  
J. M. Shelton ◽  
C. S. Menzies
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis ◽  
Disease Process ◽  
Autosomal Recessive Inheritance ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Juvenile Onset ◽  
Ceroid Lipofuscinosis ◽  
Disease States ◽  
The Brain

Two, 8-month-old Rambouillet half-sister ewes with signs of visual loss and decreased mentation were examined. Ewe No. 1 was necropsied at 10 months of age, and alter being held under observation for a further 6 months, ewe No. 2 was necropsied at 16 months of age. At that time, the ewe was blind and severely depressed. Both ewes had deposition of an autofluorescent lipopigment, identified as ceroid-lipofuscin, in neurons of the brain, spinal cord, eye, and dorsal root ganglia. The disease process was progressive and characterized by deposition of lipopigment with neuronal degeneration and severe fibrillary aslrogliosis. This progressive loss of neurons in the older ewe led to severe retinal degeneration. No pigment was observed in cells outside of the nervous system and eye. Controlled breeding studies have shown that this disease has an autosomal, recessive inheritance. The disease referred to here as juvenile-onset neuronal ceroid-lipofuscinosis of Rambouillet sheep is unlike the majority of the hereditary ceroid-lipofuscinoses that occur in human beings and animals in that only the nervous system is affected. Therefore, this disease could serve as an excellent model for the study of lipopigment deposition that affects the nervous system as a result of various disease states and during aging.

scholarly journals CD8+ T Cells Mediate Recovery andImmunopathology in West Nile VirusEncephalitis

2003 ◽  
Vol 77 (24) ◽  
pp. 13323-13334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Wang ◽  
Mario Lobigs ◽  
Eva Lee ◽  
Arno Müllbacher
Keyword(s):  
T Cells ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
High Dose ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Activation Markers ◽  
High Doses ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deficient Mice

ABSTRACT C57BL/6J mice infected intravenously with the Sarafend strain of West Nile virus (WNV) develop a characteristic central nervous system (CNS) disease, including an acute inflammatory reaction. Dose response studies indicate two distinct kinetics of mortality. At high doses of infection (108 PFU), direct infection of the brain occurred within 24 h, resulting in 100% mortality with a 6-day mean survival time (MST), and there was minimal destruction of neural tissue. A low dose (103 PFU) of infection resulted in 27% mortality (MST, 11 days), and virus could be detected in the CNS 7 days postinfection (p.i.). Virus was present in the hypogastric lymph nodes and spleens at days 4 to 7 p.i. Histology of the brains revealed neuronal degeneration and inflammation within leptomeninges and brain parenchyma. Inflammatory cell infiltration was detectable in brains from day 4 p.i. onward in the high-dose group and from day 7 p.i. in the low-dose group, with the severity of infiltration increasing over time. The cellular infiltrates in brain consisted predominantly of CD8+, but not CD4+, T cells. CD8+ T cells in the brain and the spleen expressed the activation markers CD69 early and expressed CD25 at later time points. CD8+ T-cell-deficient mice infected with 103 PFU of WNV showed increased mortalities but prolonged MST and early infection of the CNS compared to wild-type mice. Using high doses of virus in CD8-deficient mice leads to increased survival. These results provide evidence that CD8+ T cells are involved in both recovery and immunopathology in WNV infection.

scholarly journals Diminazene aceturate-concentrations in tissues of dogs co-treated with oxtetracycline long acting

2021 ◽  
pp. 41-46
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Post Treatment ◽  
The Other ◽  
Canine Babesiosis ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Normal Dose ◽  
Drug Of Choice ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Acting ◽  
The Brain

Diminizene aceturate (DA) is the drug of choice for treating Canine Trypanosomosis and Canine Babesiosis in many countries of the world. However, co-administration of the drug with long acting Oxytetracycline (OXY-LA) has been associated with nervous signs suggestive of its toxicity, in treated dogs, even at the normal dose. To investigate what causes this toxicity, fourteen Nigerian indigenous dogs were randomly selected into two groups that comprised six dogs each and the remaining untreated two dogs were used for preparation of tissue standards. One group was treated with DA (3.5mg/kg) alone while the other was, additionally, treated with OXY-LA, 10 minutes post treatment (PT) with DA. Two dogs from each group were sacrificed at 240, 360 and 480 hours, PT and their livers, brains, kidneys, hearts and skeletal muscles were harvested and assayed for DA. Mean DA-concentrations in brains of the DA-OXY-LA group (19.71± 1.31a; 15.86± 2.96a; 9.11± 3.31a) were higher (P≤ 0.05) than 1.39 ± 0.45b; 1.05± 0.29b; 0.71 ± 0.30b of the DA-alone group at 240, 360 and 480 hours, PT, respectively. Also, mean-DA concentration in kidneys (8.00 ±0.46a) of the DA-OXY-LA group was significantly (P≤ 0.05) higher than 3.76±0.32b of the DA-alone group at 360 hours PT. These results suggest that OXY-LA enhances DA-accumulation in the brain and reduces its kidney-elimination, thus making the normal dose to act as overdose, which causes the nervous signs often manifested by treated dogs.

scholarly journals SUN-260 Dual Role of Carboxypeptidase E in Prohormone Processing and a Novel Neurotrophic Factor Mediating Neuroprotection and Cognitive Functions in Hippocampal CA3 Neurons in Mice

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Lan Xiao ◽  
Vinay Sharma ◽  
Leila Toulabi ◽  
Xuyu Yang ◽  
Cheol Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neurotrophic Factor ◽  
Neuronal Degeneration ◽  
Tyrosine Kinase Receptor ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Prohormone Processing ◽  
Hippocampal Ca3 ◽  
Ca3 Neurons ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Stress causes release of glucocorticoids from the adrenals which then circulate to the brain. High concentrations glucocorticoid from chronic severe stress results in pathophysiology in the brain, including neuronal degeneration, cell death and cognitive dysfunction, leading to diseases such as Alzheimer Disease and Major Depressive Disorders. Neurotrophic/growth factors such as BDNF, NGF and NT3 have been linked to these pathological conditions. Carboxypeptidase E (CPE), a proneuropeptide/prohormone processing enzyme, also named neurotrophic factor-α1(NFα1) is highly expressed in the stress-vulnerable hippocampal CA3 neurons, and was shown to have neuroprotective activity from in vitro studies. Here we investigated if CPE-NFα1 functions in vivo, independent of its enzymatic activity, and the mechanism underlying its action. We generated knock-in mice expressing a non-enzymatic form of CPE, CPE-E342Q, but not wild-type CPE. The CPE-E342Q mice showed significantly decreased neuropeptide content and exhibited obesity, diabetes and infertility due to lack of prohormone processing activity, similar to CPE-KO mice. However, they showed no hippocampal CA3 degeneration, exhibited neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, and displayed normal spatial learning and memory, similar to CPE wild-type mice, after weaning stress; unlike CPE-KO mice which showed hippocampal CA3 neuronal degeneration and cognitive deficits. Binding studies showed that radiolabeled CPE bound hippocampal cell membrane specifically, in a saturable manner. Binding of CPE and CPE-E342Q to hippocampal neurons activated Erk signaling and pre-treatment with either of these proteins protected neurons against H2O2- or glutamate-induced neurotoxcity by increasing BCL2 expression. In vitro and in vivo inhibitor studies demonstrated that this neuroprotective effect was independent of tyrosine kinase receptor signaling. Taken together, the data provide evidence that CPE-NFα1 is a unique neurotrophic factor which acts through a non-tyrosine kinase receptor to activate Erk-BCL2 signaling to protect hippocampal CA3 neurons against stress-induced neurodegeneration and maintaining normal cognitive functions in mice.

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