scholarly journals The historical development of physical research on the oceans bordering Southern Africa

1982 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 42-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. R. E. Lutjeharms

Two archetypal ocean circulation patterns occur in the oceanic areas adjacent to southern Africa, namely, a western boundary current on the east coast and upwelling on the west coast. Investigation on the physical behaviour of these systems has passed through phases of exploratory, descriptive and phenomenological research. These historical research patterns are described briefly using mostly the publication rates on the physical oceanology of the areas in question.

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Toyoda ◽  
Kei Sakamoto ◽  
Norihisa Usui ◽  
Nariaki Hirose ◽  
Kiyoshi Tanaka ◽  
...  

The water mass structure in Suruga Bay is strongly influenced by open-ocean water. In particular, it is suggested that intermittent intrusions of the Kuroshio water generate characteristic circulations in the surface layer of the bay. In this study, we investigated the processes of the intrusions of open-ocean water into the bay and related generation of bay-scale cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulation patterns. In doing so, we used an ocean simulation product with observational data constraint on meso and larger scales and with a resolution fine enough to resolve the smaller-scale intrusion structure. Cyclonic and anti-cyclonic circulation patterns as suggested by previous observational studies were detected as positive and negative first leading empirical orthogonal function (EOF) modes of the velocity field in Suruga Bay. The time scale of occurrences of these patterns was estimated as about 1 month, which was consistent with short-term Kuroshio fluctuations as reported in previous studies. Conditions favorable for generating these patterns were analyzed for three typical Kuroshio path periods individually. As suggested by previous studies, relatively strong northward flow to the west of Zeni-su generally promoted the open-ocean water intrusions into the eastern bay mouth, leading the cyclonic circulation in Suruga Bay. Our results showed that the correlation of this relation was significant for each Kuroshio path period. The open-ocean water intrusion increased the surface-layer temperature in Suruga Bay by about 0.7°C on average. On the other hand, the anti-cyclonic circulation pattern in Suruga Bay tended to be generated with relatively weak northward flow to the west of Zeni-su during the large meander Kuroshio path period, whereas this relation was rather weak during other periods. These results were mostly supported by available observations and would be useful for integrating our understanding of the influences of the western boundary current fluctuations on the circulation and temperature variations in proximal bays.


2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janini Pereira ◽  
Mariela Gabioux ◽  
Martinho Marta Almeida ◽  
Mauro Cirano ◽  
Afonso M. Paiva ◽  
...  

ABSTRACT. The results of two high-resolution ocean global circulation models – OGCMs (Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model – HYCOM and Ocean Circulation andClimate Advanced Modeling Project – OCCAM) are analyzed with a focus on the Western Boundary Current (WBC) system of the South Atlantic Ocean. The volumetransports are calculated for different isopycnal ranges, which represent the most important water masses present in this region. The latitude of bifurcation of the zonalflows reaching the coast, which leads to the formation of southward or northward WBC flow at different depths (or isopycnal levels) is evaluated. For the Tropical Water,bifurcation of the South Equatorial Current occurs at 13◦-15◦S, giving rise to the Brazil Current, for the South Atlantic Central Water this process occurs at 22◦S.For the Antarctic Intermediate Water, bifurcation occurs near 28◦-30◦S, giving rise to a baroclinic unstable WBC at lower latitudes with a very strong vertical shearat mid-depths. Both models give similar results that are also consistent with previous observational studies. Observations of the South Atlantic WBC system havepreviously been sparse, consequently these two independent simulations which are based on realistic high-resolution OGCMs, add confidence to the values presentedin the literature regarding flow bifurcations at the Brazilian coast.Keywords: Southwestern Atlantic circulation, water mass, OCCAM, HYCOM. RESUMO. Resultados de dois modelos globais de alta resolução (HYCOM e OCCAM) são analisados focando o sistema de Corrente de Contorno Oeste do Oceano Atlântico Sul. Os transportes de volume são calculados para diferentes níveis isopicnais que representam as principais massas de água da região. É apresentada a avaliação da latitude de bifurcação do fluxo zonal que atinge a costa, permitindo a formação dos fluxos da Corrente de Contorno Oeste para o sul e para o norte emdiferentes níveis de profundidades (ou isopicnal). Para a Água Tropical, a bifurcação da Corrente Sul Equatorial ocorre entre 13◦-15◦S, originando a Corrente do Brasil, e para a Água Central do Atlântico Sul ocorre em 22◦S. A bifurcação daÁgua Intermediária Antártica ocorre próximo de 28◦-30◦S, dando um aumento na instabilidade baroclínica da Corrente de Contorno Oeste em baixas latitudes e com um forte cisalhamento vertical em profundidades intermediárias. Ambos os modelos apresentamresultados similares e consistentes com estudos observacionais prévios. Considerando que as observações do sistema de Corrente de Contorno Oeste do Atlântico Sul são escassas, essas duas simulações independentes com modelos globais de alta resolução adicionam confiança aos valores apresentados na literatura, relacionadosaos fluxos das bifurcações na costa do Brasil.Palavras-chave: circulação do Atlântico Sudoeste, massas de água, OCCAM, HYCOM.


1968 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 721-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Johnson

A linear three-dimensional model of the wind-driven ocean circulation is treated by boundary-layer methods. The interior flow, below the Ekman layer, differs from the classical gyres of Munk (1950). There is a north-eastwards transport of fluid from the western boundary current of the southern gyre across the latitude of zero wind stress curl into the northern gyre. A return flow in the Ekman layer preserves continuity.


2021 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 131-145
Author(s):  
Tiago Carrilho Biló ◽  
William E Johns ◽  
Jian Zhao

AbstractThe dynamics of the deep recirculation offshore of the deep western boundary current (DWBC) between 15° and 30°N within the upper North Atlantic Deep Water layer (1000 ≤ z ≤ 3000 m) is investigated with two different eddy-resolving numerical simulations. Despite some differences in the recirculation cells, our assessment of the modeled deep isopycnal circulation patterns (36.77 ≤ σ2 ≤ 37.06 kg m−3) shows that both simulations predict the DWBC flowing southward along the continental slope, while the so-called Abaco Gyre and two additional cyclonic cells recirculate waters northward in the interior. These cells are a few degrees wide, located along the DWBC path, and characterized by potential vorticity (PV) changes occurring along their mean streamlines. The analysis of the mean PV budget reveals that these changes result from the action of eddy forcing that tends to erode the PV horizontal gradients. The lack of a major upper-ocean boundary current within the study region, and the fact that the strongest eddy forcing is constrained within a few hundreds of kilometers of the western boundary, suggest that the DWBC is the primary source of eddy forcing. Finally, the eddies responsible for forcing the recirculation have dominant time scales between 100 and 300 days, which correspond to the primary observed variability scales of the DWBC transport at 26.5°N.


2013 ◽  
Vol 26 (18) ◽  
pp. 7167-7186 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carl Wunsch ◽  
Patrick Heimbach

Abstract The zonally integrated meridional volume transport in the North Atlantic [Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC)] is described in a 19-yr-long ocean-state estimate, one consistent with a diverse global dataset. Apart from a weak increasing trend at high northern latitudes, the AMOC appears statistically stable over the last 19 yr with fluctuations indistinguishable from those of a stationary Gaussian stochastic process. This characterization makes it possible to study (using highly developed tools) extreme values, predictability, and the statistical significance of apparent trends. Gaussian behavior is consistent with the central limit theorem for a process arising from numerous independent disturbances. In this case, generators include internal instabilities, changes in wind and buoyancy forcing fields, boundary waves, the Gulf Stream and deep western boundary current transports, the interior fraction in Sverdrup balance, and all similar phenomena arriving as summation effects from long distances and times. As a zonal integral through the sum of the large variety of physical processes in the three-dimensional ocean circulation, understanding of the AMOC, if it is of central climate importance, requires breaking it down into its unintegrated components over the entire basin.


Author(s):  
Harry L. Bryden

Continuous observations of ocean circulation at 26°N in the subtropical Atlantic Ocean have been made since April 2004 to quantify the strength and variability in the Atlantic Meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), in which warm, upper waters flow northward and colder deep waters below 1100 m depth return southward. The principal components of the AMOC are northward western boundary current transport in the Gulf Stream and Antilles Current, northward surface Ekman transport and southward thermocline recirculation, all of which are generally considered to be part of the wind-driven circulation. Southward flowing deep waters below 1100 m depth are usually considered to represent the buoyancy-driven circulation. We argue that the Gulf Stream is partially wind-driven but also partially buoyancy-driven as it returns upper waters upwelled in the global ocean back to water mass formation regions in the northern Atlantic. Seasonal to interannual variations in the circulation at 26°N are principally wind-driven. Variability in the buoyancy-driven circulation occurred in a sharp reduction in 2009 in the southward flow of Lower North Atlantic Deep Water when its transport decreased by 30% from pre-2009 values. Over the 14-year observational period from 2004 to 2018, the AMOC declined by 2.4 Sv from 18.3 to 15.9 Sv.


2020 ◽  
Vol 50 (10) ◽  
pp. 2849-2871
Author(s):  
Astrid Pacini ◽  
Robert S. Pickart ◽  
Frank Bahr ◽  
Daniel J. Torres ◽  
Andrée L. Ramsey ◽  
...  

AbstractThe structure, transport, and seasonal variability of the West Greenland boundary current system near Cape Farewell are investigated using a high-resolution mooring array deployed from 2014 to 2018. The boundary current system is comprised of three components: the West Greenland Coastal Current, which advects cold and fresh Upper Polar Water (UPW); the West Greenland Current, which transports warm and salty Irminger Water (IW) along the upper slope and UPW at the surface; and the Deep Western Boundary Current, which advects dense overflow waters. Labrador Sea Water (LSW) is prevalent at the seaward side of the array within an offshore recirculation gyre and at the base of the West Greenland Current. The 4-yr mean transport of the full boundary current system is 31.1 ± 7.4 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1), with no clear seasonal signal. However, the individual water mass components exhibit seasonal cycles in hydrographic properties and transport. LSW penetrates the boundary current locally, through entrainment/mixing from the adjacent recirculation gyre, and also enters the current upstream in the Irminger Sea. IW is modified through air–sea interaction during winter along the length of its trajectory around the Irminger Sea, which converts some of the water to LSW. This, together with the seasonal increase in LSW entering the current, results in an anticorrelation in transport between these two water masses. The seasonality in UPW transport can be explained by remote wind forcing and subsequent adjustment via coastal trapped waves. Our results provide the first quantitatively robust observational description of the boundary current in the eastern Labrador Sea.


2009 ◽  
Vol 22 (15) ◽  
pp. 4066-4082 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Mc C. Hogg ◽  
William K. Dewar ◽  
Pavel Berloff ◽  
Sergey Kravtsov ◽  
David K. Hutchinson

Abstract Small-scale variation in wind stress due to ocean–atmosphere interaction within the atmospheric boundary layer alters the temporal and spatial scale of Ekman pumping driving the double-gyre circulation of the ocean. A high-resolution quasigeostrophic (QG) ocean model, coupled to a dynamic atmospheric mixed layer, is used to demonstrate that, despite the small spatial scale of the Ekman-pumping anomalies, this phenomenon significantly modifies the large-scale ocean circulation. The primary effect is to decrease the strength of the nonlinear component of the gyre circulation by approximately 30%–40%. This result is due to the highest transient Ekman-pumping anomalies destabilizing the flow in a dynamically sensitive region close to the western boundary current separation. The instability of the jet produces a flux of potential vorticity between the two gyres that acts to weaken both gyres.


Ocean Science ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michel Michaelovitch de Mahiques ◽  
Till Jens Jörg Hanebuth ◽  
Renata Hanae Nagai ◽  
Marcia Caruso Bícego ◽  
Rubens Cesar Lopes Figueira ◽  
...  

Abstract. In this study, we use inorganic (metal) and organic (bulk and molecular) markers in sediment samples of the south-eastern Brazilian margin to investigate the response of geochemical fingerprints to the complex hydrodynamic processes present in the area. Results indicate the potential of export of terrigenous siliciclastic and organic constituents to the upper slope, even in an area with limited fluvial supply.Metal contents and especially the ln(Ti ∕ Al) and ln(Fe ∕ K) ratios make it possible to recognise the extension of shelf sediments toward the upper slope. Potassium, here expressed as ln(K ∕ Sc) and ln(K ∕ Al) ratios used as proxies of illite–kaolinite variations, proved to be an important parameter, especially because it allowed us to decipher the imprint of the northward flow of the Intermediate Western Boundary Current (IWBC) in comparison to the southward flows of the Brazil Current (BC) and Deep Western Boundary Current (DWBC). Using organic matter analyses, we were able to evaluate the extent of terrestrial contributions to the outer shelf and slope, even without the presence of significant fluvial input. In addition, molecular markers signify a slight increase in the input of C4-derived plants to the slope sediments, transported from distant areas by the main alongshore boundary currents, indicating that the terrestrial fraction of the organic matter deposited on the slope has a distinct origin when compared to shelf sediments.


Author(s):  
G. D. Quartly ◽  
J. J. H. Buck ◽  
M. A. Srokosz

A strong but variable western boundary current flows south along the east coast of Madagascar, and at the island's southern end it interacts with eddies propagating zonally from the east. These two routes of variability are compared using altimetric sea–surface–height data and dynamic height from a high–resolution numerical model. The effects on biological productivity are also discussed.


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