scholarly journals Inequalities in the Impact of National Reimbursement of Smoking Cessation Pharmacotherapy and the Influence of Injunctive Norms: An Explorative Study

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. SART.S32225
Author(s):  
Fiona E. Benson ◽  
Gera E. Nagelhout ◽  
Vera Nierkens ◽  
Marc C. Willemsen ◽  
Karien Stronks
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Behavioral Therapy ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Injunctive Norm ◽  
Injunctive Norms ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
Continuous Survey ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
The Impact

In 2011, the Dutch government reimbursed smoking cessation pharmacotherapy with behavioral therapy for quitting smokers. We investigate whether inequalities in the use of pharmacotherapy change and, if not, whether this is due to a relatively positive injunctive norm in lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups. A total of 75,415 participants aged ≥15 years from the Dutch Continuous Survey of Smoking Habits, 2009–2012, were considered with the following measures: SES (education/income), injunctive norm (mostly acceptable/neutral/mostly unacceptable), period (2011/all other years), and pharmacotherapy use (yes/no). The proportion of low SES smokers compared with high SES smokers making quit attempts with pharmacotherapy did not differ significantly. The injunctive norm of low SES smokers differed significantly from high SES smokers and nonsmokers of all SES levels. Low income smokers with mostly acceptable injunctive norms were significantly less likely to make quit attempts using pharmacotherapy than those with a neutral or less accepting injunctive norm. The significantly lower use of pharmacotherapy in quit attempts in low income smokers with a positive injunctive norm toward smoking may partly underlie the lack of uptake of reimbursed pharmacotherapy in low SES smokers.

The Impact of Socioeconomic Status on Perceived Barriers to Colorectal Cancer Testing

2008 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aimee S. James ◽  
Sandra Hall ◽  
K. Allen Greiner ◽  
Dan Buckles ◽  
Wendi K. Born ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fecal Occult Blood ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
National Guidelines ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Crc Screening ◽  
Screening Barriers ◽  
The Impact

Purpose. Colorectal cancer (CRC) screening is effective, but only one-half of age-eligible adults adhere to national guidelines. Lower socioeconomic status (SES) groups are less likely to be screened. Methods. Baseline data from a prospective study were used to examine the associations among CRC screening screening barriers, and SES. A convenience sample of adults (N = 291) aged 40 years and older was recruited from a federally qualified health center. Questionnaires were administered orally and included demographics, health, health behavior, and screening barriers. Results. In logistic regression, having health insurance was associated with greater odds of screening. Bivariate analyses detected few differences in fecal occult blood test (FOBT) barriers, but several endoscopy barriers were more common among the lowest SES groups. For example, fear of injury from endoscopy was more likely among low-income and uninsured participants. Discussion. The impact of SES on cancer screening is complex, but low-SES participants more often reported certain barriers than their higher-SES counterparts. This was more evident for endoscopy than for FOBT. Programs targeted at low-SES patients may need to focus on barriers that are not fully addressed in traditional promotion efforts.

scholarly journals The Interaction of Smoking Cessation Norms and Nicotine Dependence on Quit Attempts: Gender-Stratified Results for Low-Income Smokers in Baltimore, MD

2019 ◽  
Vol 55 (3) ◽  
pp. 424-428 ◽  
Author(s):  
Norah L. Crossnohere ◽  
Melissa Davey-Rothwell ◽  
Carl Latkin ◽  
Tuo-Yen Tseng ◽  
Lauren Czaplicki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Nicotine Dependence ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Quit Attempts

Uneven Neighborhood Recovery: Hurricane Damage and Neighborhood Change in the Houston–Galveston Region since 1970

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 689-709 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher K. Wyczalkowski ◽  
Eric J. van Holm ◽  
Ann–Margaret Esnard ◽  
Betty S. Lai
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Natural Hazard ◽  
Census Data ◽  
Neighborhood Change ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rent Gap Theory

Despite the growing number of natural disasters around the globe, limited research exists on post–disaster patterns of neighborhood change. In this paper, we test two theories of neighborhood change, the “recovery machine” and “rent gap,” which predict opposing effects for low socioeconomic status (SES) neighborhoods following damage from hurricanes, tropical storms, and other natural hazard events. The recovery machine theory posits that after natural hazard events, local communities experience patterns of recovery based on their pre–disaster SES and access to resources, suggesting that wealthier neighborhoods will recover robustly while lower status neighborhoods languish. In contrast, the rent gap theory suggests that developers will identify a profit opportunity in the depressed values created by damage from natural hazard events, and seek to redevelop low SES areas. We use fixed effects models with census data from 1970 to 2015 to test the impact of damage from natural hazards on neighborhood change. We find substantial recovery and change in low–income neighborhoods, but not in the high–income neighborhoods supporting the rent gap theory. We conclude that natural hazard events resulting in damage produce uneven recovery by socioeconomic status of neighborhoods, potentially leading to displacement of low SES groups.

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Text Messaging to Increase Tobacco Treatment Reach in the Emergency Department

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorien C Abroms ◽  
Keng-Chieh Wu ◽  
Nandita Krishnan ◽  
Michael Long ◽  
Sarah Belay ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emergency Department ◽  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
Treatment Program ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Text Messaging ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Text Messages ◽  
Program Text ◽  
Tobacco Treatment ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Automated text messaging programs have been studied as a treatment tool, but have not been studied as an outreach tool to increase the reach of smoking cessation treatment. Methods Two distinct text messaging programs were developed. One was aimed at connecting smokers to quitline phone counseling via text message (Text4Coach (T4C)) and the other was aimed at connecting smokers to a smoking cessation text messaging program (Text&Quit (T&Q)). Adult daily smokers with Medicaid insurance (N=80) were recruited from the Emergency Department at an urban hospital and randomized to T4C or T&Q. The primary outcome was program reach. Results Outreach text messages were found to have moderately high uptake, with the majority of participants (63.8%) opting into their assigned tobacco treatment program and younger and female participants more likely to opt in (p<.01). Receipt of the treatment portion of the program differed among the programs with 67.5% of T&Q receiving the treatment program and 27.5 % of T4C receiving the program (p<.001). Most participants across both groups replied to at least 1 message (71.3%) and very few unsubscribed from the service over the 3 week trial. The majority of participants reported overall satisfaction with their program (63.8%), found it helpful for quitting smoking (60.0%) and would recommend the program to a friend (62.5%). Overall, 11 (13.8 %) participants reported being abstinent from smoking for the past 7 days at follow-up, with no differences between groups. Conclusion Outreach text messages were found to have moderately high reach among Medicaid smokers. Larger trials are needed to evaluate the impact of such programs on helping low-income smokers quit.

Productivity & Engagement in an Aging America: The Role of Volunteerism

Daedalus ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dawn C. Carr ◽  
Linda P. Fried ◽  
John W. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Societal Needs ◽  
Select Group ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic ◽  
National Public Health ◽  
Federal Initiatives ◽  
The Impact

Volunteering in late life is associated with health benefits such as reduced risk of hypertension, improved self-related health and well-being, delayed physical disability, enhanced cognition, and lower mortality. Although the mechanisms of these correlations are not clear, increases in physical activity, cognitive engagement, and social interactions likely play contributing roles. Volunteers are typically thought to represent a select group, often possessing higher levels of education and income, good health, and strong social networks. However, group evidence indicates that there are many members of groups of lower socioeconomic status (SES), including elderly adults, who serve their communities on a regular basis and in high-priority programs. We propose that the impact of volunteering in an aging population be recognized and invested into, and that effective programs harness social capital of older adults to address critical societal needs and also improve the well-being of older adults. While members of low-SES groups are less likely to volunteer, they exhibit disproportionately great benefits. The Experience Corps represents a model of an effective volunteerism program, in which elders work with young schoolchildren. Existing federal initiatives, in cluding the Foster Grandparent Program and Senior Companion Program – which target low-income elders – have had low participation with long waiting lists. Given the proven benefits and relatively low proportion of older persons who volunteer, enhancement of elder volunteerism presents a significant opportunity for health promotion and deserves consideration as a national public health priority.

scholarly journals Effects of Cigarette Prices on Intention to Quit, Quit Attempts, and Successful Cessation Among African American Smokers

2018 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 522-531 ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney Keeler ◽  
Wendy Max ◽  
Valerie B Yerger ◽  
Tingting Yao ◽  
Yingning Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
African American ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Low Income ◽  
The United States ◽  
Intention To Quit ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Price Effects ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cigarette Prices

Abstract Introduction This study examined the effects of cigarette price on intention to quit, quit attempts, and successful cessation among African American smokers in the United States and explored whether price effects differed by income level and menthol use status. Price effects were further compared to White counterparts. Methods We used pooled cross-sectional data from 2006 to 2007 and 2010 to 2011 Tobacco Use Supplements to the Current Population Survey to analyze 4213 African American recent active smokers. Three dependent variables were examined: any quit attempts in the past 12 months, successful cessation for at least 3 months, and intention to quit in the next 6 months. For each dependent variable, separate multiple logistic regression models were estimated to determine the impact of cigarette prices. Results There was no indication that price was associated with quit attempts or successful cessation, but price was positively associated with increased odds of intending to quit among African American smokers (p < .001). In contrast, prices were positively associated with intention to quit and quit attempts for White smokers. The association between price and intention to quit was significantly positive for African American low-income and menthol smokers but was not statistically significant for African American high-income and non-menthol smokers. There was no evidence of a price effect on quit attempts and successful cessation for each subgroup of African Americans. Conclusions Tobacco tax policy alone may not be enough to increase quit attempts or successful cessation among African Americans. Community-based cessation programs tailored toward African American smokers, especially low-income menthol smokers, are needed. Implications The results revealed that, among African American smokers, particularly among low-income and menthol smoking African American smokers, price appears to be positively associated with intention to quit; nevertheless, this deterrent effect does not appear to translate to actualized quit attempts or successful cessation. Increasing cigarette prices as a standalone policy may not be independently effective in increasing quit attempts and successful cessation within the African American community. Community-based cessation interventions tailored for African Americans are needed to help further translate desired cessation into actualized quit attempts.

The Impact of the Romanian National Smoking Cessation Strategy on Quit Attempts: Use of Treatment and Abstinence in General Population

CHEST Journal ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (4) ◽  
pp. 437A
Author(s):  
Paraschiva Postolache ◽  
Ingrid-Olga Merisanu ◽  
Ligia Puiu ◽  
Elena Dantes ◽  
Magdalena Ciobanu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Smoking Cessation ◽  
General Population ◽  
Quit Attempts ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Bilingual advantages in executive functioning: Evidence from a low-income sample

2021 ◽  
pp. 014272372110242
Author(s):  
Kandice S. Grote ◽  
Rose M. Scott ◽  
Jeffrey Gilger
Keyword(s):  
Executive Function ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Attentional Control ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Visual Spatial ◽  
English Bilingual ◽  
Lower Socioeconomic

Recent research suggests that bilinguals might exhibit advantages in several areas of executive function, including working memory, inhibitory control, and attentional control. However, few studies have examined potential bilingual advantages within lower socioeconomic status (SES) populations. Here we addressed this gap in the literature by investigating whether low-SES Spanish–English bilingual preschoolers exhibited advantages in executive function relative to two monolingual control groups (English, Spanish). Across three experiments, bilingual children exhibited superior performance on two different measures of visual–spatial memory, as well as measures of inhibitory and attentional control. These results suggest that bilinguals exhibit broad advantages in executive function during the preschool years, and these advantages are evident within a disadvantaged, low-SES population.

scholarly journals Do pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) reduce childhood pneumonia mortality? An assessment across socioeconomic groups in Brazil

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cynthia Schuck-Paim ◽  
Robert J. Taylor ◽  
Wladimir J. Alonso ◽  
Daniel M. Weinberger ◽  
Lone Simonsen
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Low Ses ◽  
Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines ◽  
Childhood Pneumonia ◽  
Children Under Five ◽  
Under Five ◽  
Gates Foundation ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTBackgroundUnderstanding the real-world impact of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) on pneumonia mortality is critical, given the expectation that PCVs can substantially reduce the burden of pneumonia deaths in children under five years. However, surprisingly few post-vaccine introduction studies have estimated the benefit of PCVs for childhood mortality, and results have been inconsistent.MethodsWe investigated the long-term trends in child pneumonia mortality in Brazil (1980-present) and assessed the impact of PCV10 on childhood pneumonia mortality, both nationally and in municipalities stratified by socioeconomic status (SES), after the vaccine was introduced in Brazil in 2010.FindingsBetween 1980 and 2010, a period when Brazil’s Human Development Index (HDI) rose from 0.55 to 0.71, national pneumonia mortality in children under five decreased 10-fold. Despite rapid uptake of PCV10 following its introduction in 2010, our primary analytical method found no significant decline in national childhood pneumonia mortality, although a secondary analysis found a 10 percent decline in some but not all strata. However, at the municipal level we found significant reductions in childhood pneumonia mortality of up to 24% in low SES strata.InterpretationContrary to expectations, we found that PCV use led to at best modest savings in childhood pneumonia mortality at the national level in a middle-income country. In contrast, we found evidence that PCV led to larger reductions in low-income settings; a similar benefit might occur when PCVs are introduced in other low-SES settings. The long-term findings underscore that improvements in nutrition, hygiene, education, and healthcare play a major role in reducing pneumonia mortality.FundingThis work was funded by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1114733). DMW also acknowledges support from the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1176267) and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01AI123208)

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