SOME SKIN CHARACTERISTICS OF "SNORTER" DWARFISM IN THE BOVINE

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-47
Author(s):  
B. R. BENJAMIN ◽  
E. W. STRINGAM ◽  
R. J. PARKER
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness

Four characteristics, namely, skin thickness, the number of sweat glands per square centimeter of skin, the volume of sweat glands and the depth at which these sweat glands were located were investigated in the three genotypes of Hereford cattle.Of the four characteristics studied, only skin thickness differed significantly among the three genotypes. The dwarfs had the thinnest skin and the normal animals had the thickest skin. The heterozygotes showed intermediate values. No significant differences were revealed among the three genotypes for the other three characteristics.

The thickness of cattle skin

1955 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 776 ◽  
Author(s):  
DF Dowling
Keyword(s):  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Hot Environment ◽  
Early Maturing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Critical Characteristics ◽  
Thick Skin ◽  
Active Sweat Glands

The mean total skin thicknesses (mm) for the breeds sampled were: Devon 8.15, Hereford 6.7, Zebu cross 6.43, Australian Illawarra Shorthorn 6.23, Friesian 6.0, Zebu 5.77, Aberdeen Angus 5.75, Shorthorn 5.69, and Jersey 5.46. The early maturing Shorthorn (Bos taurus L.) and the Zebu (Bos indicus L.) differed significantly in the depth of the papillary and reticular layers, and in the relative thickness of these skin layers. The mean thickness for the papillary layer; was 0.98 mm in the Zebu, 1.40 mm in the Zebu cross, and 1.70 mm in the Shorthorn. Thus the larger, more active sweat glands of the Zebu are more superficial. The corresponding reticular layer averaged 4.45 mm in the Zebu, 4.5 mm in the Zebu cross, and 4.08 mm in the Shorthorn. The thickness of the papillary layer relative to the total skin thickness was 18.3, 23.7, and 29.3 per cent., for the Zebu, Zebu cross, and Shorthorn respectively. The Zebu and the Jersey have relatively thin skins. Therefore a thick skin is not essential for adaptability to a hot environment. Inherent differences in the function of the follicles and the glands of the papillary layer may be critical characteristics for heat tolerance.

scholarly journals Effects of age on histological parameters of the sweat glands of Nellore cattle

Revista CERES ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 129-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mara Regina Bueno de Mattos Nascimento ◽  
Enéias Aurélio Dias ◽  
Thaisa Reis dos Santos ◽  
Gustavo Ferreira Ayres ◽  
Carolina Cardoso Nagib Nascimento ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Digital Images ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
The Other ◽  
Glandular Epithelium ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Histological Sections ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Nellore Cattle ◽  
Glandular Portion

The sweat glands are important in thermoregulation of cattle in a warm environment as they help dissipate heat through evaporation. Studies on gland histology are important to define its secretion potential and the capacity of perspiration and heat removal. The objective of this study was to determine, by histomorphometry, glandular epithelium height, the depth of the gland, length of the glandular portion and number of glands per cm2 of the sweat glands of the three age groups of Nellore cattle. Thirty females were used in this study. They were equally divided into calves, heifers and cows. Histological sections were obtained and analyzed by digital images in Trinocular BX40 Olympus microscope coupled to an Oly - 200 camera, connected to a computer. The images were obtained with microscope with 2x, 4x, 10x and 40x magnification objectives. The measurements were performed using HL Image 97 program. The height of glandular epithelium, depth of the glands, length and density of the glandular portion per cm2 , were all analyzed. The calves showed greater height of the glandular epithelium than heifers (P = 0.0024), and cows (P = 0.0191). The depth of the gland was not influenced by age. Cows had higher length of secretory portion than heifers (P = 0.0379) and calves (P = 0.0077). Heifers had a greater number of sweat glands per cm2 of skin than cows (P = 0.023). In cattle, the height of glandular epithelium and the density decreases as animals get older. On the other hand, the length of the secretor portion increases but with no changes in the depth of the sweat glands

Some skin characters in five breeds of European (Bos taurus) dairy cattle

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 294 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Nay ◽  
RH Hayman
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Layer Thickness ◽  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Bos Taurus ◽  
Unit Area ◽  
Diameter Ratio ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Layer Depth ◽  
Gland Volume

Observations were made of a number of skin characters in five breeds of European (Bos taurus L.) dairy cattle. Skin samples were taken from the cattle in January and July. There were differences between breeds in sweat gland volume and length! diameter ratio, in skin and papillary layer thickness, in the ratio skin thickness/papillary layer thickness, and in the degree of shrinkage in transverse sections cut from the papillary layer. There were no differences between breeds in density of follicle population (and hence sweat glands) per unit area of skin. Sweat gland volume, skin thickness, and papillary layer thickness were larger in winter than in summer, but there were no such differences for sweat gland length/ diameter ratio, the ratio skin thickness/papillary layer thickness, and follicle population density. The only significant overall correlations between characters were those between sweat gland volume and sweat gland length/diameter ratio, and sweat gland volume and papillary layer depth.

Cluster Headache: On the Mechanism Behind Attack-Related Sweating

Cephalalgia ◽  
1983 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carsten Saunte ◽  
David Russell ◽  
Ottar Sjaastad
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Headache ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Exercise Tests ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Symptomatic Side ◽  
Headache Patients

Eighteen cluster headache patients were studied using body heating or exercise tests; all but two of them were also studied with a pilocarpine test (0.1 mg/kg body wt, s.c.). Evaporimeter measurements were made on both sides of the forehead under standard conditions in a thermo room. Heat- and exercise-induced sweating was dearly less pronounced on the symptomatic side than on the non-symptomatic side of the forehead, and was significantly different compared to controls. Pilocarpine on the other hand induced a clearly more pronounced response on the symptomatic side than on the non-symptomatic side, which was also statistically significantly higher than in the control group. These findings suggest a supersensitivity of the sweat glands to pilocarpine on the symptomatic side of the forehead in most cases of cluster headache.

scholarly journals Comparative cellular immune response study of anthraxin prepared by a modified method with antigens extracted from Bacillus anthracis

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-126
Author(s):  
An'am J.L. Al-Juboury
Keyword(s):  
Booster Dose ◽  
The Other ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Histological Changes ◽  
Modified Method ◽  
Cell Wall Extract ◽  
Cellular Immune ◽  
Active Antigen ◽  
Typical Picture ◽  
Delayed Type Of Hypersensitivity

The study was aimed to comparison of anthraxin prepared by a modifiedmethod from cell-wall extract of avirulent B .anthracis strain 34F2(Sterne)with antigens extracted from the same strain as 1/40 antigen, autoclaved 1/40and the crude toxin. These antigens were compared on their induction of cellmediatedimmunity (CMI) in guinea pigs. Animals were immunized andboosted subcutaneously with the Sterne live veterinary anthrax vaccine. Twoweeks after the booster dose, animals were skin-tested with the four antigens.Anthraxin was the most active antigen which recorded 16.66 mm a mean oferythema and 2.3 mm a difference of skin thickness after 24 hours. Both 1/40and autoclaved 1/40 antigens gave approximately the same results whichwere 12.5 mm as a mean of erythema and 2.25 mm skin thickness for thefirst one; and 12.8mm ,1.66mm for the other respectively. The toxin showedthe lowest results of erythema 7.8 mm with edema. These antigens were alsocompared according to the histological changes on their sites of inoculation.Marked (typical) picture of delayed type of hypersensitivity (DTH) reactionwas occurred for anthraxin

Quantitative and morphological variation of sweat glands, skin thickness, and skin shrinkage over various body regions of Sahiwal Zebu and Jersey cattle

1963 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 424 ◽  
Author(s):  
YS Pan
Keyword(s):  
Sweat Gland ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
The Body ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Jersey Cattle ◽  
Body Regions ◽  
Sampling Position ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

By comparison with Jerseys the sweat glands of Sahiwals were 70% longer, 55% wider, and 315% greater in mean volume. Total sweat gland volume per unit area of skin was 340%, greater and skin thickness was 60% greater, but skin shrinkage was 30%, less. The density of sweat glands was 1130/cm2 for Jerseys and 1200/cm2 for Sahiwals. In almost all animals the characters varied significantly between the various body positions, and in most cases showed trends. Values for the generally adopted midside sampling position were usually within 10% of the mean value for all positions. Sweat gland shape varied over the body. Most of the shapes observed in the two species were present in one position or another within each animal.

Sweating in cattle. I. Cutaneous evaporative losses in calves and its relationship with respiratory evaporative loss and skin and rectal temperatures

1958 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. C. Taneja
Keyword(s):  
Skin Temperature ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Water Loss ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Water Losses ◽  
Evaporative Loss ◽  
Cutaneous Evaporation ◽  
The University ◽  
Respiratory Evaporation

Three calves (Australian Illawara Shorthorn, Shorthorn and Zebu × Australian Illawara Shorthorn) were exposed to different combinations of wet- and dry-bulb temperatures in a psychrometric chamber at the Physiology Department of the University of Queensland. These animals were 2–3 months old when first exposed to heat.Measurements were made on these animals for cutaneous and respiratory water losses, and skin and rectal temperatures.Cutaneous water losses in all the animals studied increased with increases in air temperature. Comparing these results with those on men with congenital absence of sweat glands exposed to high air temperature below the sweat point, suggests that the cutaneous evaporative losses in cattle are more than those that can be accounted for by diffusionmoisture alone.Increase in cutaneous evaporation under hot conditions is accompanied by increase in skin and rectal temperatures. In the Zebu cross, however, the skin temperature did not rise with rise in air temperature.Keeping the humidity constant, rise in dry-bulb temperature caused increase in respiratory water loss. On the other hand, rising humidity at a constant dry-bulb temperature resulted in decrease in respiratory evaporation. Respiratory evaporative loss was, therefore, greater in hot-dry than in hot-wet conditions.

Skin

2019 ◽  
pp. 257-260
Author(s):  
Robin D. Clark ◽  
Cynthia J. Curry
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Case ◽  
Ectodermal Dysplasia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Hypohidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia ◽  
Case Presentation ◽  
Pathogenic Variants ◽  
Ectodermal Dysplasias ◽  
Dental Management

This chapter reviews the various types of congenital ectodermal dysplasias (ED). These present variably with involvement of skin, teeth, sweat glands, hair, and nails. In the newborn period ED can resemble ichthyosis with erythema and scaling. X-lLinked hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is the most common form and may affect girls as well as boys. This can cause infant overheating with serious sequelae. Long term dental management is needed for this disorder as well as for most of the other ED’s. Several ED syndromes involve immunodeficiency. Several allelic rare multiple anomaly ED syndromes are caused by pathogenic variants in TP63. The clinical case presentation features an infant with autosomal recessive hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia.

Influence of iodine on nutritional, metabolic and immunological response of goats fed Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal diet

2007 ◽  
Vol 145 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. PATTANAIK ◽  
S. A. KHAN ◽  
T. K. GOSWAMI
Keyword(s):  
Leucaena Leucocephala ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
The Other ◽  
Skin Thickness ◽  
Potassium Iodide Solution ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Leaf Meal ◽  
Iodine Supplementation ◽  
Group I

SUMMARYFifteen indigenous nondescript kids (8·2 kg; 8 months initial age), randomly allotted into three equal groups, were used to study the effects of supplementation of extra iodine on their performance when fed a leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) leaf meal containing diet. Group I (CON) was fed a control concentrate supplement consisting of a conventional protein source whereas the other two groups (LL and LLI) were fed a concentrate containing leucaena leaf meal so as to supply 0·5 of the net crude protein (CP) requirements. Additionally, animals in group LLI were given supplemental iodine (as potassium iodide solution) at 0·25 mg/head/day. Wheat straw was provided ad libitum as the sole source of roughage during the 120 days of the experimental period. A metabolism trial, conducted at the end of the feeding trial, revealed no variation in the dry matter intake (DMI) among the groups. A significant (P<0·01) decline was evident in digestibility of CP in both the leucaena-fed groups (0·463 and 0·482 versus 0·586) whilst that of the other organic components remained unaffected. Animals on the LL diet exhibited lower (P<0·01) nitrogen retention and average daily gain (ADG) in live weight (LW). Blood collected periodically was analysed for the thyroid hormones triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) as well as other biochemical parameters. At the end of the experimental feeding, the cell-mediated immune (CMI) response of the goats was assessed by intra-dermal inoculation of phytohaemagglutinin-P and measuring the change in skin thickness at various post-inoculation hours. The results revealed that the serum concentration of glucose was significantly (P<0·05) higher in the LLI group of animals fed leucaena with iodine. The concentration of cholesterol in serum of LL animals increased significantly (P<0·05) compared to the CON and LLI groups. No variation due to dietary interventions was evident in other indices of metabolic profile. While the concentration of circulating T3 remained unaffected due to dietary intervention, that of T4 reduced significantly (P<0·05) in the LL group. Moreover, the T4 concentration in the LLI group remained similar to that of control indicative of positive impact of iodine supplementation. The immune response revealed that the skin thickness of animals in the LL group was lower (P<0·05) as compared to the control, indicating a compromise of CMI response due to feeding of leucaena leaf meal. Supplementation of iodine appeared to be partially effective in potentiating the response. In conclusion, iodine supplementation could be adopted as a strategic management strategy to ameliorate the negative impacts of feeding leucaena leaf meal in growing kids.

scholarly journals The osmotic passage of water and gases through the human skin

1932 ◽  
Vol 111 (773) ◽  
pp. 412-429 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Similar Case ◽  
The Other ◽  
Sweat Glands ◽  
Constant Concentration ◽  
Mechanical Pressure ◽  
Insensible Perspiration ◽  
Complete Study ◽  
Pass Through ◽  
Do So

It has been known for long that part at least of the “insensible” passage of water which is constantly passing through the skin is not due to the activity of sweat-glands, since in the rare cases of congenital absence of sweat-glands some water is nevertheless given off through the skin. Two cases of this kind were investigated by Loewy and Wechselmann (1911), who inferred that at an ordinary air-temperature as much as 18 grams of water might pass through the skin in an hour. The cases were those of two brothers, whose father had apparently suffered from the same defect. A further, more complete, study of a similar case was recently made by Richardson (1926). In our previous paper (1929) we brought forward evidence to show that in ordinary insensible perspiration through the skin, salts do not penetrate the skin in anything like either the same concentration or the same composition as would be the case if they had been excreted in sweat, and several similar results were given by Moss (1927). Hence since sweat contains salt, and in fairly constant concentration, little or none of this insensible perspiration is due to sweating, and the passage of water is presumably due to an osmotic process. The present paper contains further evidence in this direction, together with data as to variations in the osmotic transference and their relation to regulation of body-temperature. Variations in the rate of transference of gases through the skin have also been studied. We may define osmosis as the passage, molecule by molecule, of a substance, such as water, through a membrane or surface which is permeable to it, though it may not be to another substance present in the same state on one side of the membrane or surface. The consequence of the presence of the other substance is that the substance which can pass through the membrane can do so against adverse pressure on the side on which the other substance is present; and the maximum amount of this pressure is known as the osmotic pressure. As was pointed out recently by one of us (Haldane, 1928), this passage is due simply to diffusion, the diffusion-pressure of the substance which passes through being necessarily greater on the side from which it passes, so that for this reason the substance can pass through against mechanical pressure. It is thus simply with a diffusion process that we are dealing in the case of osmotic transfer of water through the skin, and what is usually called the osmotic “pressure” existing in a solution is more correctly called osmotic depression. It is with this depression that depression of the vapour-pressure of the solution runs parallel.

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