EFFECTS OF COLD, ACUTE STARVATION AND PREGNANCY ON SOME INDICES OF ENERGY METABOLISM IN LINCOLN AND SOUTHDOWN SHEEP

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. K. KARIHALOO ◽  
A. J. F. WEBSTER ◽  
W. COMBS
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Pregnancy Toxemia ◽  
Acute Starvation ◽  
Plasma Ffa

Blood samples were drawn at weekly intervals from 24 pregnant and 16 nonpregnant Lincoln and Southdown ewes kept over winter in a sheltered, unheated yard. Samples were analyzed for plasma glucose, free fatty acid (FFA) and ketone concentrations. Records were kept of mean daily air temperature and individual food intake.Air temperature (7-day mean) ranged from −3 to −32 C. Air temperature had no effect on food intake, FFA or ketone concentrations. However, glucose concentrations did rise with increasing cold stress. Acute starvation induced large increases in plasma FFA and ketone concentrations and a fall in plasma glucose. The increases were most marked in the pregnant animals, ketones rising, on average, from 2.5 to 31 mg/100 ml. Food intake and plasma glucose concentrations in late pregnancy fell below values recorded in nonpregnant sheep. Ketones and FFAs were slightly higher. Differences were small compared with those observed after fasting.The results are discussed in relation to the effects of different management practices on the pathogenesis of pregnancy toxemia in sheep.

scholarly journals Effect of Acipimox on Plasma Lipids and Glucose/Insulin in Pregnant Rats

2002 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 233-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Sánchez-Vera ◽  
B. Bonet ◽  
M. Viana ◽  
E. Herrera ◽  
A. Indart
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Distilled Water ◽  
Pregnant Rats ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Peripheral Insulin Resistance ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Plasma Ffa

To determine how a reduction in maternal hypertriglyceridemia during late pregnancy may affect glucose/insulin relationships, pregnant and virgin rats were orally treated with acipimox, a potent antilipolytic agent. In 20-day pregnant rats receiving 80 mg of acipimox, plasma triglycerides (TG), free fatty acids (FFA), and glycerol decreased more than in virgin rats shortly after the drug (up to 7 hours), when compared with animals treated with distilled water, whereas plasma glucose level was unaffected by the treatment in either group of rats. When acipimox was given every 12 hours from day 17 to day 20 of pregnancy, plasma TG, FFA, and glycerol levels progressively increased, whereas they either decreased or did not change in virgin rats receiving the same treatment, with no effect in plasma glucose levels in either group. Fetal body weight was lower than in controls in 20-day pregnant rats that received acipimox for 3 days. On day 20 of pregnancy, 3 hours after receiving acipimox or distilled water, rats received a 2 g glucose/kg oral load and it was found that the change in plasma glucose was similar in both groups, whereas the increase in plasma insulin was greater in pregnant rats treated with acipimox. However, no difference was found in either variable after the oral glucose load in virgin rats receiving acipimox or distilled water. No differences in plasma glucose levels were found after intravenous (IV) administration of insulin in pregnant rats treated or not treated with acipimox. In conclusion, present results show that administration of acipimox during the last days of gestation inhibited lipolysis and decreased fetal weight. Over a short period of time, in pregnant rats, reductions of plasma FFA and TG after acipimox treatment improved the glucose-induced insulin release, but did not seem to have any effect in peripheral insulin resistance.

Insulin-sensitive glucoreceptors in rat preoptic area that regulate FFA mobilization

1986 ◽  
Vol 251 (6) ◽  
pp. E703-E706 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. C. Coimbra ◽  
R. H. Migliorini
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Direct Evidence ◽  
Preoptic Area ◽  
Sympathetic Outflow ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
Fasted Rats

Previous studies indicated that a longitudinal pathway connecting preoptic, lateral, and posterior hypothalamic areas participates in the process of free fatty acid (FFA) mobilization in the rat. In the present experiments, the presence of sensitive neurons in the preoptic area was investigated by examining the effects of topical stimulation with 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG) or insulin on the levels of plasma FFA in conscious unrestrained rats. Microinjections of minute amounts (50 micrograms and 1 microliter) of 2-DG into the preoptic area of fed animals induced rapid increases in the concentration of plasma FFA. Microinjections of insulin (5 microU and 0.5 microliter) produced sharp decreases of the elevated plasma FFA levels in fasted rats. Both 2-DG and insulin induced small increases in plasma glucose that did not differ from similar increases induced by equal volumes of 0.15 M NaCl. The results provide direct evidence for the presence within the preoptic area of insulin-sensitive glucoreceptors involved in FFA mobilization. The data suggest that activation of these receptors and increased sympathetic outflow to adipose tissue contributes to fasting lipolysis.

Control of food intake by fatty acid oxidation

1986 ◽  
Vol 250 (6) ◽  
pp. R1003-R1006 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Scharrer ◽  
W. Langhans
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Fatty Acid Oxidation ◽  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Acid Oxidation ◽  
Dark Phase ◽  
Fat Level ◽  
Plasma Ffa

The role of fatty acid oxidation in the control of food intake was studied using mercaptoacetate (MA), an inhibitor of fatty acid oxidation. Food intake, plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and ketone bodies, and blood glucose were measured. Rats were fed either a low-fat (LF, 3.33% fat) or a medium-fat (MF, 18% fat) diet. At the onset of the dark phase of the lighting cycle, MA did not affect food intake in LF rats but increased it 74% in MF rats in comparison to control. Four hours after the injection the effect of MA on food intake disappeared. In the middle of the bright phase of the lighting cycle, MA increased food intake in MF rats approximately 120% up to 6 h postinjection. After MA, plasma FFA concentration was elevated, and plasma 3-hydroxybutyrate concentration was lowered, indicating that fatty acid oxidation had been successfully reduced. MA did not affect blood glucose. These results indicate fatty acid oxidation is involved in the control of food intake, at least when the dietary fat level is relatively high.

The effect of different degrees of food restriction in late pregnancy on nitrogen metabolism in ewes

1977 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 399-403 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Valdez Espinosa ◽  
J. J. Robinson ◽  
D. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Birth Weight ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
N Balance ◽  
Daily Energy ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Plasma Ffa ◽  
The Mean

SUMMARYNine individually penned Finnish Landrace x Dorset Horn ewes with a mean litter size of 2·33 were offered a diet containing 63% digestible organic matter (DOM) and 13% crude protein in the dry matter at a daily intake of 0·82 kg DOM (1·3 x maternal maintenance) from 95 to 110 days of gestation. On day 111 DOMI was abruptly reduced to either 0·67 kg (T1, 0·54 kg (T2) or 0·36 kg (T3)/day and kept at these levels until a few days pre-partum.Daily N balance before food restriction was 4·9 ± 0·51 g/day. During the periods 3·9 (S1), 11·17 (S2) and 19·25 (S3) days after food restriction daily N balance was 2·8, 2·8 and 3·6 g for θwes on T1, 1·0,1·0 and 0·8 g for those on T2 and –4·1, -4·0and -4·0 g for those on T3. Total lamb birth weight was 8·0, 7·2 and 6·5 kg for treatments T1, T2 and T3 respectively. Using regression analysis it was calculated that plasma glucose concentration in late pregnancy for ewes with a total lamb birth weight of 8 kg fell below the pre-restriction value of 52 mg/100 ml when daily DOMI was reduced to 747 g. At this intake the plasma FFA concentration was 585/i-equiv./I compared with 288 before food restriction. Corresponding values for daily N balance were 5·1 and 4·9 g. A reduction in daily energy intake below 0·75 kg DOM resulted in a rapid decrease in plasma glucose and N balance, the latter being proportional to the increase in the concentration of plasma FFA. The mean daily loss of N from the maternal body was estimated to be 0·4, 1·6 and 6·1 g for treatments T1 to T3 respectively during the period of food restriction.

Measurement of plasma glucose, free fatty acid, lactate, and insulin for 24 h in patients with NIDDM

Diabetes ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 37 (8) ◽  
pp. 1020-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. M. Reaven ◽  
C. Hollenbeck ◽  
C. Y. Jeng ◽  
M. S. Wu ◽  
Y. D. Chen
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Plasma Glucose

scholarly journals Grape Pomace Ingestion by Dry Cows Does Not Affect the Colostrum Nutrient and Fatty Acid Composition

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1633
Author(s):  
Michal Rolinec ◽  
Daniel Bíro ◽  
Milan Šimko ◽  
Miroslav Juráček ◽  
Ondrej Hanušovský ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Fatty Acid Composition ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Grape Pomace ◽  
Farm Animals ◽  
Nutrient Concentrations ◽  
Nutrient Sources ◽  
Negative Effect

The utilisation of different by-products from the food industry as nutrient sources for farm animals is both possible and beneficial. Grape pomace is a by-product that contains polyphenols and fatty acids, both of which have the potential to improve the nutritional quality of cow colostrum. This study aimed to explore how the addition of grape pomace to the diet of dry cows affects the concentration of nutrients and fatty acids of colostrum. Sixteen Slovak spotted cows in late pregnancy were used in this study. From the seventh day before expected calving to the day of calving, cows in the grape pomace group received a diet supplemented with dried grape pomace, at 0.116 kg/cow/day. Colostrum samples were analysed for basal nutrients and fatty acid concentrations. Between the control and experimental groups, the nutrient and fatty acid concentrations of all the colostrum samples did not show significant differences. The nutrient levels in the colostrum from both groups of cows were typical, as related to the time from calving. The addition of the grape pomace into the diet of dry cows had no effect on nutrient concentrations and the fatty acid composition of the colostrum. The somatic cell score of the colostrum sampled at the 12th hour after calving (4.2 versus 2.6) was positively affected by grape pomace addition. The results of this study revealed that grape pomace (fed in an amount of 0.116 kg/cow/day) had no positive or negative effect on the base nutrients and fatty acids of cow colostrum, and, therefore, grape pomace can be used as a nutrient source for dry cows in small amounts.

scholarly journals Metabolic Consequences of Hypoxia from Birth and Dexamethasone Treatment in the Neonatal Rat: Comprehensive Hepatic Lipid and Fatty Acid Profiling

Endocrinology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 145 (11) ◽  
pp. 5364-5372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric D. Bruder ◽  
Ping C. Lee ◽  
Hershel Raff
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Lipase Activity ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Plasma Lipids ◽  
Hepatic Lipase ◽  
Neonatal Rat ◽  
Significant Finding ◽  
Dexamethasone Treatment ◽  
Hepatic Lipase Activity ◽  
Hepatic Lipid

Abstract Neonatal hypoxia is a common condition resulting from pulmonary and/or cardiac dysfunction. Dexamethasone therapy is a common treatment for many causes of neonatal distress, including hypoxia. The present study examined the effects of dexamethasone treatment on both normoxic and hypoxic neonatal rats. We performed comprehensive hepatic fatty acid/lipid profiling and evaluated changes in pertinent plasma hormones and lipids and a functional hepatic correlate, i.e. hepatic lipase activity. Rats were exposed to hypoxia from birth to 7 d of age. A 4-d tapering dose regimen of dexamethasone was administered on: postnatal day (PD)3 (0.5 mg/kg), PD4 (0.25 mg/kg), PD5 (0.125 mg/kg), and PD6 (0.05 mg/kg). The most significant finding was that dexamethasone attenuated nearly all hypoxia-induced changes in hepatic lipid profiles. Hypoxia increased the concentration of hepatic triacylglyceride and free fatty acids and, more specifically, increased a number of fatty acid metabolites within these lipid classes. Administration of dexamethasone blocked these increases. Hypoxia alone increased the plasma concentration of cholesterol and triacylglyceride, had no effect on plasma glucose, and only tended to increase plasma insulin. Dexamethasone administration to hypoxic pups resulted in an additional increase in plasma lipid concentrations, an increase in insulin, and a decrease in plasma glucose. Hypoxia and dexamethasone treatment each decreased total hepatic lipase activity. Normoxic pups treated with dexamethasone displayed increased plasma lipids and insulin. The effects of dexamethasone on hepatic function in the hypoxic neonate are dramatic and have significant implications in the assessment and treatment of metabolic dysfunction in the newborn.

The Effects of Cold and Prostaglandin E1 on Lipid Mobilization in the Chicken

1971 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 394-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Wagner ◽  
R. A. Peterson ◽  
R. J. Cenedella
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Prostaglandin E1 ◽  
Plasma Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Prostaglandin E ◽  
Elevated Plasma ◽  
Lower Plasma ◽  
Lipid Mobilization ◽  
Plasma Ffa

Plasma free fatty acid (FFA) levels and the effects of prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) were studied in cold-acclimated and cold-exposed chickens and compared to controls. Chickens cold-acclimated at 4–7 or 8–11 °C for 4 weeks had significantly elevated plasma FFA when compared to the controls at 19–21 °C. Although PGE1 had no effect on the basal level of FFA of controls, a significantly lower plasma FFA was seen after injection of either 10 or 30 μg PGE1/kg in cold-acclimated chickens. Chickens cold-exposed to 2–3 °C for 4 h demonstrated significant elevations of plasma FFA when compared to controls. Only 30 μg PGE1/kg significantly depressed the plasma FFA in the cold-exposed birds. No inhibition of basal FFA release was seen in control animals. From these experiments, it is concluded that chickens mobilize FFA extensively under cold-exposure and that this stimulated lipolysis is inhibited by PGE1.

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