YIELD OF TRIMMED PORK PRODUCT IN RELATION TO WEIGHT AND BACKFAT THICKNESS OF THE CARCASS

1981 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 299-310 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. H. MARTIN ◽  
H. T. FREDEEN ◽  
G. M. WEISS ◽  
A. FORTIN ◽  
D. SIM
Keyword(s):  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Pork Product ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Single Regression ◽  
Negligible Influence

Yield of commercially trimmed (CT), boned (B) and boned-defatted (BDF) pork in relation to weight and backfat thickness was evaluated from a sample of 3807 carcasses obtained from the kill lines of three commercial packing plants located in the provinces of Alberta, Ontario and Quebec. Sampling procedures at each plant were designed to provide carcasses from 10 males and 10 females in each cell of a grid defined by 10 weight classes (5-kg intervals ranging from 60 to 100 kg) and 13 fat classes (5-mm intervals ranging from 35 to 90 mm). Fat classes were determined on the basis of the sum of two measurements made at the points of minimum back and maximum loin. Fat class was the primary determinant of yield from the individual lean cuts (ham, loin, picnic and butt) with yield of CT, B and BDF product decreasing as fat class increased. Carcass weight had a negligible influence on yield after fat was considered and the effect associated with region and sex, while statistically significant, were also negligible. These results indicated that a single regression equation based on fat class would suffice for purposes of yield grading of Canadian hog carcasses. This equation identified a change in percentage yield of the combined lean cuts of 0.89% per fat class (5 mm of fat) with this relationship stable over the carcass weight range of 55–105 kg. Percentage yield of CT product from the total carcass (lean cuts plus belly) was less responsive to changes in total fat (0.50%) because belly yield, both untrimmed and trimmed, increased with increasing fatness.

scholarly journals Market weight, slaughter age, and yield grade to determine economic carcass traits and primal cuts yield of Hanwoo beef

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ki-Mun Kwon ◽  
Hwa-Eun Jeon ◽  
Seung-Ju Han ◽  
Hee-Chan Woo ◽  
Sung-Min Heo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carcass Traits ◽  
Production Yield ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Marbling Score ◽  
Breeding Method ◽  
Ribeye Area ◽  
Percentage Yield ◽  
Slaughter Age ◽  
Native Cattle ◽  
The Individual

Abstract ObjectiveThis study was conducted to evaluate the relationship between market weight, slaughter age, yield grade, and primal cut yield in Hanwoo. MethodsA total of 403 Hanwoo (Korean native cattle) was assessed for carcass traits such as carcass cold weight, backfat thickness, ribeye area, dressing percentage, yield index, and marbling score. The production yield of the individual major primal cuts of Hanwoo beef was also measured. FindingsCarcass cold weight, ribeye area, and backfat thickness, which affect meat quality increased with increased market weight (p<0.05). The production yield of the ten major primal cuts also increased with increased market weight (p<0.05). In terms of slaughter age, carcass cold weight, ribeye area, and backfat thickness all increased from 25 months to 28-29 months, and the production yield of all prime cuts also increased with increasing slaughter age. According to the meat yield grade, carcass cold weight and backfat thickness increased from grade A to grade C, although the ribeye area was not affected. The combined findings of the study suggest that slaughtering Hanwoo at the weight of 651-700 kg and 701-750 and age of 28.23 and 29.83 months might be desirable to achieve the best quality and quantity grade of Hanwoo beef. However, the positive correlation of carcass cold weight and backfat thickness, and the negative correlation of the yield index according to primal cuts yield indicated that it is necessary to couple the slaughtering management of cattle with improved genetic and breeding method of Hanwoo to increase the production yield of the major prime cuts of Hanwoo beef.

scholarly journals Improving the quality of venous blood sampling procedure (phlebotomy): avoiding tourniquet use

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Freitas ◽  
Mónica Alves
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Real Life ◽  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
T Test ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Age Group ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Without Tourniquet ◽  
Venous Blood Sampling

AbstractBackgroundGuidelines for venous blood sampling procedure (phlebotomy) discourage tourniquet use whenever possible. Here, we aimed to assess the Biomedical Scientists capability of not using the tourniquet in phlebotomy, which we hypothesized to be equal to 50% of the patients attended, and identifying the most frequent venipuncture site.Materials and MethodsWe selected and assigned two (BMS) with the same age (41 years) and experience (20 years) to record ten phlebotomy days, the first with prioritized and the latter with non-prioritized patients. In a simple record form, each acquired daily data for the number of attended patients, age and gender, the frequency of non-tourniquet usage and the punctured vein. To test our work hypothesis we used the two-tailed single sample t-test (p < 0.05). Differences between age-group means and non-tourniquet use means by each BMS were tested by two-tailed t-test for independent means (p < 0.05).ResultsIn 10 phlebotomy days 683 patients were attended, with males representing 43,2% of the population. We found no statistically difference between age-group means. The combined capability of non-tourniquet use was 50,5%, which did not differ from our null hypothesis, but the individual group-means were statistically different, being 33% and 66.9% in the prioritized vs non-prioritized group. The medial cubital vein was the most prone to be punctured (77,7%).ConclusionsWe have shown that performing phlebotomies without tourniquet use is possible and desirable in at least half of the attended patients, though being more limited in specific group populations. Our results provide room for quality improvement in the laboratory pre-analytical phase.Key points summaryWe assessed the capability of Biomedical Scientists not using the tourniquet in real life blood sampling procedures for diagnostic purposes.Blood was collected from at least half of the attended patients without tourniquet use.Biomedical Scientists were able to prioritize the antecubital veins without tourniquet application (medial cubital vein the most prone to be punctured - 78% of attempts).

Carcass composition in four sheep breeds: the importance of type of breed and stage of maturity

1980 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-152 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Wood ◽  
H. J. H. MacFie ◽  
R. W. Pomeroy ◽  
D. J. Twinn
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Relative Growth ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Intermuscular Fat ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Omental Fat ◽  
Mature Size

ABSTRACTIn order to investigate the effects of type of breed on carcass composition, an examination was made of 361 lambs from four breeds: Clun Forest and Colbred (termed ewe breeds); and Suffolk and Hampshire (termed ram breeds). The animals were in four carcass weight groups averaging 15, 17, 19 and 21 kg.Percentage subcutaneous fat was influenced more by carcass weight than by breed, whereas both carcass weight and breed had similar effects on percentage lean. At the mean carcass weight of 18 kg, Colbreds, the leanest breed, had a similar value for percentage lean (about 57 % of carcass tissue weight) to the carcasses over all breeds weighing 15 kg; and Cluns, the fattest breed, had a similar value (about 54%) to those weighing 21 kg. Since the ram breeds were intermediate in composition between the two ewe breeds there was no effect of type of breed on carcass composition. The breed differences were related to eventual mature size and to the stage of maturity at each carcass weight, as judged by body length and bone weight measurements. However, Colbreds were bigger and leaner than published estimates of their mature weight suggested. Humerus weight was a good predictor of lean or total fat weight, explaining 83 % ofvariation when used as a predictor along with carcass weight.Type of breed had a marked effect on internal fat deposition, the ewe breeds having heavier weights of both kidney knob and channel fat (KKCF) and caul fat (omental fat) than the ram breeds; and on the length oflimb bones, the ewe breeds having longer but thinner bones than the ram breeds. The order of the relative growth of the tissues and fat depots was: subcutaneous fat > caul fat > KKCF > intermuscular fat > lean > bone. Therefore, the internal fat depots were later maturing than intermuscular fat.The percentage of prime cuts in the carcass was not affected by carcass weight. Colbreds had significantly lower values than the other breeds. Suffolks had the lowest lean to bone ratio.

scholarly journals Thermoluminescence in suspended sediment of glacier meltwater streams

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (134) ◽  
pp. 158-166
Author(s):  
Alastair M.D Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Suspended Sediment Load ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Tl Dating ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Precipitation Events

AbstractTo determine the factors controlling natural levels of thermoluminescence (NTL) of fluvioglacially transported suspended sediment, samples were taken at hourly intervals from a meltwater stream emanating from Sólheimajökull in southern Iceland. The NTL of the samples were measured and compared with fluctuations in suspended-sediment load and in flow depth of the stream. It was found that the ratio of the 325°C and the 375°C regions of the NTL spectrum was more closely related to sediment load and flow depth than were the individual regions themselves. Analysis of the patterns suggests that NTL fluctuations are related to changes over time in the sources of sediment entrained by the stream. It is inferred that these changes relate to diurnal temperature cycles plus precipitation events. Such fluctuations raise doubts as to the validity of bulk sampling procedures in TL dating of Quaternary fluvioglacial sediments.

scholarly journals Thermoluminescence in suspended sediment of glacier meltwater streams

1994 ◽  
Vol 40 (134) ◽  
pp. 158-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alastair M.D Gemmell
Keyword(s):  
Suspended Sediment ◽  
Sediment Load ◽  
Suspended Sediment Load ◽  
Flow Depth ◽  
Tl Dating ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Sampling Procedures ◽  
Changes Over Time ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Precipitation Events

Abstract To determine the factors controlling natural levels of thermoluminescence (NTL) of fluvioglacially transported suspended sediment, samples were taken at hourly intervals from a meltwater stream emanating from Sólheimajökull in southern Iceland. The NTL of the samples were measured and compared with fluctuations in suspended-sediment load and in flow depth of the stream. It was found that the ratio of the 325°C and the 375°C regions of the NTL spectrum was more closely related to sediment load and flow depth than were the individual regions themselves. Analysis of the patterns suggests that NTL fluctuations are related to changes over time in the sources of sediment entrained by the stream. It is inferred that these changes relate to diurnal temperature cycles plus precipitation events. Such fluctuations raise doubts as to the validity of bulk sampling procedures in TL dating of Quaternary fluvioglacial sediments.

scholarly journals Factors associated with the weight of individual primal cuts and their inter-relationship in cattle

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 1593-1605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle M Judge ◽  
Thierry Pabiou ◽  
Stephen Conroy ◽  
Rory Fanning ◽  
Martin Kinsella ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Support ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Support Tools ◽  
Beef Herd ◽  
Fat Score ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Input parameters for decision support tools are comprised of, amongst others, knowledge of the associated factors and the extent of those associations with the animal-level feature of interest. The objective of the present study was to quantify the association between animal-level factors with primal cut yields in cattle and to understand the extent of the variability in primal cut yields independent carcass weight. The data used consisted of the weight of 14 primal carcass cuts (as well as carcass weight, conformation, and fat score) on up to 54,250 young cattle slaughtered between the years 2013 and 2017. Linear mixed models, with contemporary group of herd-sex-season of slaughter as a random effect, were used to quantify the associations between a range of model fixed effects with each primal cut separately. Fixed effects in the model were dam parity, heterosis coefficient, recombination loss, a covariate per breed representing the proportion of Angus, Belgian Blue, Charolais, Jersey, Hereford, Limousin, Simmental, and Holstein–Friesian and a three-way interaction between whether the animal was born in a dairy or beef herd, sex, and age at slaughter, with or without carcass weight as a covariate in the mixed model. The raw correlations among all cuts were all positive varying from 0.33 (between the bavette and the striploin) to 0.93 (between the topside and knuckle). The partial correlation among cuts, following adjustment for differences in carcass weight, varied from −0.36 to 0.74. Age at slaughter, sex, dam parity, and breed were all associated (P &lt; 0.05) with the primal cut weight. Knowledge of the relationship between the individual primal cuts, and the solutions from the models developed in the study, could prove useful inputs for decision support systems to increase performance.

Bacon yield from fasted pigs

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Warriss ◽  
N. F. Down
Keyword(s):  
Liver Weight ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Backfat Thickness ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Final Yield ◽  
Crossbred Pigs

ABSTRACTCommercial crossbred pigs weighing about 80 kg and comprising equal numbers of females (gilts) and castrated males (castrates) were killed at a bacon factory 4 h (controls), 24 h or 48 h after food withdrawal. The carcasses from pigs fasted 24 h were on average 1·4 kg lighter, and those from pigs fasted 48 h, 2·9 kg lighter, than those of the control group. Fasting also reduced liver weight by about 0·3 kg but had no significant effect on backfat thickness or mean initial or ultimate pH in the muscles. Carcasses were cured into bacon by the Wiltshire process. Those from pigs fasted longer gained less weight after pumping with brine but also lost less weight during brine immersion and maturation. The overall yield of bacon, in relation to carcass weight, was therefore not affected by fasting. Consequently, the reduced carcass weight in the fasted pigs was carried through almost unchanged to the final yield of matured bacon. This was proportionately reduced by 0·019 in the pigs fasted 24 h and 0·043 in those fasted 48 h when compared with the control group.There was thus no evidence of any material reduction of yield differences during curing which could be caused by equilibriation of water in the carcass tissues with that in the curing brine. The implication is that losses in carcass weight in fasted pigs cannot be attributed simply to dehydration. Cured sides from fasted pigs tended to have proportionately slightly less weight in the ham and middle and more in the shoulder, and bacon from the pigs fasted 48 h was marginally less salty.

scholarly journals Relationships between fat depots and body condition score or tail fatness in the Rasa Aragonesa breed

1989 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-280 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Teixeira ◽  
R. Delfa ◽  
F. Colomer-Rocher
Keyword(s):  
Body Fat ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Total Fat ◽  
Total Body ◽  
Fat Depot ◽  
The Individual

ABSTRACTThe relationships between body fat depots and body condition score (BCS) were determined in 52 adult Rasa Aragonesa ewes aged 10 (s.d. 2) years and ranging in BCS from 1·5 to 4·5. BCS of each ewe was assessed by three people, the repeatability within individuals being 90% and between individuals 80%. The ewes were weighed before slaughter. After slaughter the omental, mesenteric, kidney and pelvic fat were separated and weighed. The fat of the left side of the carcass was separated into subcutaneous and intermuscular depots. The relationship between live weight and BCS was semilogarithmic and those between fat depots and BCS were logarithmic. Regression analysis was also used to describe the relationships between the various fat depots and BCS or live weight. Of the variation in total fat weight, proportionately 0·90 was accounted for by variations in BCS, while 0·84 was accounted for by variations in live weight. For individual fat depots proportionately 0·86 to 0·90 of the variation was accounted for by variation in BCS and 0·69 to 0·79 by variation in live weight. BCS was a better predictor than live weight of the weight of both total body fat and the individual fat depots.A curvilinear regression between BCS and live weight showed that the increases in live weight for a unit change in BCS was 7, 10, 12 and 16 kg for each one point increase in BCS from 1 to 5 respectively.The tail fat depot (tail fatness score) was assessed in the same ewes by score on a three-point scale. Of the variation in the weight of individual fat depots, proportionately 0·79 to 0·86 was accounted for by variation in tail fatness score. Thus the tail fatness score could be used as an additional method of assessing body condition in the Aragonesa breed.

Cephalad Movement of Morphine and Fentanyl in Humans after Intrathecal Injection

2003 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 166-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
James C. Eisenach ◽  
David D. Hood ◽  
Regina Curry ◽  
Steven L. Shafer
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Pharmacokinetic Model ◽  
Intrathecal Injection ◽  
Initial Distribution ◽  
Model Parameters ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Individual Model ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Lower Lumbar

Background Despite decades of use, controversy remains regarding the extent and time course of cephalad spread of opioids in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) after intrathecal injection. The purpose of this study was to examine differences between two often used opioids, morphine and fentanyl, in distribution in the CSF after intrathecal injection. Methods Eight healthy volunteers received intrathecal injection of morphine (50 microg) plus fentanyl (50 microg) at a lower lumbar interspace. CSF was sampled through a needle in an upper lumbar interspace for 60-120 min. At the end of this time, a sample was taken from the lower lumbar needle, and both needles were withdrawn. CSF volume was determined by magnetic resonance imaging. Pharmacokinetic modeling was performed with NONMEM. Results Morphine and fentanyl peaked in CSF at the cephalad needle at similar times (41 +/- 13 min for fentanyl, 57 +/- 12 min for morphine). The ratio of morphine to fentanyl in CSF at the cephalad needle increased with time, surpassing 2:1 by 36 min and 4:1 by 103 min. CSF concentrations did not correlate with weight, height, or lumbosacral CSF volume. The concentrations of morphine and fentanyl at both sampling sites were well described by a simple pharmacokinetic model. The individual model parameters did not correlate with the distance between the needles, CSF volume, patient height, or patient weight. Conclusions Fentanyl is cleared more rapidly from CSF than morphine, although their initial distribution in the first hour after injection does not differ greatly. The pharmacokinetic model demonstrates that mixing is the primary determinant of early concentrations and is highly variable among individuals.

scholarly journals Slaughter Results, Meat Chemical Composition and pH of Aberdinangus, Hereford and Limousin bulls

2021 ◽  
Vol 46 (341) ◽  
pp. 13-21
Author(s):  
Inga Muizniece ◽  
Daina Kairisa
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Correlation Analysis ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Strong Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation ◽  
Dressing Percentage ◽  
Total Fat

Abstract Beef production must combine the interests of both producers and consumers, taking into account the sustainable use of environmental resources. The aim of the study was to analyze and compare the slaughter results, meet chemical composition and pH value of three beef breeds – Aberdinangus (AA), Hereford (HF) and Limousin (LI) bulls. The bulls were fattened on Latvian and Lithuanian farms, mainly using grass forage. The breed and age of bulls before slaughter significantly affected all slaughter results, except for fat class. From the meat chemical composition traits, the bull breed and age before slaughter had a significant effect only on the protein content. LI bulls showed the highest carcass weight 301.1±6.8 kg (p<0.05), dressing percentage 58.2±1.1% (p<0.05) and conformation score 3.56±0.18 points. The best fattened carcasses were obtained from AA bulls - 2.43±0.20 points. Muscle samples of musculus longissimus (M. longissimus) bulls of LI breed showed higher content of moisture (72.0±1.0%), protein (23.0±0.2%), ash (1.1±0.0%) and cholesterol (56.7±6.6 mg 100 g−1). AA breed bulls showed higher total fat (6.6±1.2%) and iron content (13.1±0.6 mg). The highest pH was observed in the meat obtained from AA bulls – 6.0±0.1, LI and HF breed bulls showed pH 5.8±0.0 and 5.8±0.1 respectively. Correlation analysis showed a significant, strong positive correlation between cold carcass weight and dressing percentage for AA and LI bulls, r=0.90 and r=0.88, respectively. For LI breed bulls, a strong positive correlation was also found between the cold carcass weight and the conformation score (r=0.98, p<0.01).

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