GROWTH EFFICIENCY IN MICE SELECTED FOR INCREASED BODY WEIGHT

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 371-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. KEITH SALMON ◽  
DAVID R. C. BAILEY ◽  
RAY WEINGARDT ◽  
ROY T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Growth Curve Analysis ◽  
Previous Suggestion ◽  
Growth Selection ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Degree Of Maturity

To elucidate the effect of selection for increased growth upon growth efficiency (gain:feed), growth and feed consumption patterns were studied in three lines of mice. Two of the mouse lines (H lines) had been selected for high 42-d body weight while the third was an unselected foundation (FP) population. The two H lines differed in population size and were designated as the high-large (HL) and high-small (HS) lines. Logistic growth curve analysis revealed that, in terms of growth rate and mature body size, the three lines could be ranked as HL > HS > FP. When considered relative to age, the feed consumption of the H line mice exceeded that of FP mice. When growth efficiency was considered relative to body weight, HL mice exhibited a significantly higher efficiency than either HS or FP mice. However, when considered relative to degree of maturity (body weight/asymptotic body weight), differences in growth efficiency were greatly reduced. This effect of maturity upon growth efficiency is compatible with the previous suggestion (Taylor and Murray 1987) that many growth-related variables are strongly associated with an animal's "target" mature body weight. A corollary of this suggestion is that much of the well characterized selection responses, of "high-growth" selection lines, may be accounted for by genetic differences in a factor associated with the elevation of their target mature body weight. Key words: Growth-selected mice, growth efficiency, mature body weight

Changes in Prey Rank and Preference by Young Planktivores for Short-Term and Long-Term Ingestion Periods

1989 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 1026-1032 ◽  
Author(s):  
John L. Confer ◽  
Linda M. O'Bryan
Keyword(s):  
Rainbow Trout ◽  
Yellow Perch ◽  
Lake Trout ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Prey Type ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Prey Preference ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Selection For

Feeding by young planktivorous fishes (yellow perch, Perca flavescens, rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, and lake trout, Salvelinus namaycush) was examined. Prey rank was determined by offering a swarm of one prey type and observing ingestion rates. During the initial feeding burst, larger prey generally ranked higher. During long-term feeding the largest prey, large Daphnia magna, generally declined in rank while the smallest prey, Diaptomus sicilis, increased to the highest or second highest rank. Prey preference was measured with fishes feeding in a swarm of mixed prey. Initially small rainbow trout and yellow perch selected for large Daphnia then switched to Diaptomus. For small rainbow trout this switch in prey preference paralleled the change in prey rank. For yellow perch, large Daphnia and Diaptomus provided essentially the same long-term ingestion rates. The nearly exclusive selection for Diaptomus during long-term feeding did not agree with prey rank based on caloric ingestion rates. Previous work has shown that yellow perch have a high growth efficiency on a diet of Diaptomus. Selection for Diaptomus suggests that fish can rank prey by nutritional quality as well as caloric ingestion rates.

Phenotypic variation in residual food intake of mice at different ages and its relationship with efficiency of growth, maintenance and body composition

1996 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 149-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. A. Archer ◽  
W. S. Pitchford
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Phenotypic Variation ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Maintenance Requirement ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Young Mice

AbstractFood intake and body weight of 119 mice was measured from 3 to 18 weeks of age. Residual food intake was calculated for each week as the variation in food intake independent of variation in weight gain, weight maintained and sex. Growth efficiency and maintenance requirement were calculated by fitting curves to data from 3 to 18 weeks. The repeatability of residual food intake was low in young mice, but increased as they matured. Growth efficiency was correlated with residual food intake in very young mice. Residual food intake was not correlated with maintenance requirement in young mice, but as mice matured the correlation of residual food intake with maintenance requirement increased to 0·6. Body composition at maturity was correlated with residual food intake and maintenance requirement of mature mice, but a large proportion of the variation in residual food intake and maintenance requirement was independent of body composition. The results suggest that the age at which residual food intake is measured is important if it is to be used as a criterion for selection for efficiency.

scholarly journals Growth, Efficiency of Feed Utilization and Economics of Different Rearing Periods of Turkeys Mukesh Karki

1970 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 84-88
Author(s):  
Mukesh Karki
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Feed Utilization ◽  
The Body ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Research Journal

The present study on body weight and feed efficiency for growth was carried out on 112 turkeypoults from day of hatch to 28 weeks of age during May to November 2002 at Poultry ResearchUnit of Regional Agricultural Research Station (RARS)-Parwanipur. Layer starter rationsupplemented with 6% fish meal + 0.3% lysine + 0.125% methonine was fed up to 8 weeks ofage, then after layer finisher diet was fed. The body weight, feed consumption was observed at 4weekly interval and feed efficiency and economics of rearing period in terms of income overfeed and poults cost was calculated. Significant increase in body weight was recorded up to 28weeks in male and 20 weeks in female. Male turkey had significantly higher body weight thanthat of female in all ages. Feed efficiency is best at earlier age but up to 16 weeks it is 3.77 formale after that it detoriates progressively. Male turkey exhibited better feed efficiency than thatof female for all weeks. Significantly higher return per bird was obtained from male than that offemale in all age. The profit per bird for both male and female was found maximum in 16 weeksof rearing, followed by 20 weeks and 24 weeks. Therefore, instead of waiting for highest bodyweight, it is better to sell turkey at 16 to 20 weeks of age to take maximum advantage of higherweight gain, higher efficiency of feed utilization and higher profit.Key words: Economics; feed utilization; growth; rearing period; turkeyDOI: 10.3126/narj.v6i0.3369Nepal Agriculture Research Journal Vol.6 2005 pp.84-88

BREEDING FOR FEED EFFICIENCY: POULTRY

1984 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 513-527 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. W. FAIRFULL ◽  
J. R. CHAMBERS
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Feed Efficiency ◽  
Body Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Direct Selection ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
Economic Traits ◽  
Management Techniques ◽  
Selection For

In egg-type poultry, variation in egg mass, body weight and change in body weight account for about 50–70% of the variation in feed consumed. In meat-type poultry, about 40% of the variation in feed consumption is attributable to variation in change of body weight (gain), and body weight itself. Past selection, primarily for egg numbers and egg size (egg mass) in egg stocks and for gain in meat stocks, has resulted in a correlated improvement in feed efficiency. Heterosis from breed or strain crosses contributes an average of 6% to improvement of feed efficiency in both egg and meat stocks. The success of direct selection for feed efficiency depends upon variation in feed consumption not attributable to economic traits in present poultry selection programs. There is evidence that such variation exists which could be successfully exploited in poultry. In egg stocks, the evidence is mainly from studies of variation within and between strains. In meat stocks, there is evidence from uni-trait selection studies as well as studies of within and between strain variation. The degree to which such selection would be successful in a multi-trait selection program and the economic viability of such success as compared to alternatives needs to be determined. Improvement of feed efficiency is possible by reducing feed requirements for maintenance and activity, by reducing behaviors causing feed wastage, or by reducing body fat to require less feed energy per unit gain. Feed wastage can be reduced by management techniques. Thus, the exploitation of feed-wasting behavior is not presently necessary. The best prospects are those associated with maintenance energy requirements in both egg and meat stocks of poultry, and the reduction of body fat in meat stocks. It is improbable that the opportunities for breeding to improve feed efficiency have been exhausted, much less identified. Key words: Breeding, feed efficiency, poultry, selection

scholarly journals Genotype, sex and interaction effect on lamb growth traits

2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.C. Petrovic ◽  
M.P. Petrovic ◽  
D. Ruzic-Muslic ◽  
N. Maksimovic ◽  
M Selionova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Growth Traits ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Genotype 1 ◽  
Genotype 4 ◽  
Genotype 2 ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
The Impact

The pure breeds and crossing have an important role in production. It is essential in sheep meat production to maintain the genetic diversity of the adapted breeds, pure breeds and their crosses. Objective of the study is to determine the impact of genotype and sex on growth traits of lambs. Results of the study showed that male of all genotypes were dominant on body weight in all ages (from BWB to BW90). The highest birth weight (BWB) got male of genotype 2 (W). The lowest body weight at birth was the female lambs of genotype 1 (P). Body weights at ages 30, 60 and 90 days, male and female of genotype 4 (PxWxF) were dominant among other genotypes. Genotype 1 (P) of both sexes had the lowest bodyweights in all ages (BWB, BW30, BW60, BW90). The result showed better growth efficiency from males compared with females. The results of fixed factors and its impact on body weights of lambs showed very significant effect of genotype (P<0.01) on body weights of lambs at birth (BWB), ages 30, 60 and 90 days (BW30, BW60, BW90). The effect of sex had highly significant effects (P<0.001) on all ages. The interaction between genotype x sex showed a very significant effect (P?0.01) on body weight at birth (BWB) but were not significant (P?0.05) on body weights of lambs at ages BW30, BW60 and BW90. Superiority on growth traits of genotype 4 (PxWxF) at ages 30, 60 and 90 days, indicating that three-bred crossing resulted in high growth traits.

REDUCED RATE OF ADIPOSE TISSUE GROWTH AND LIPID ACCUMULATION IN MICE SELECTED FOR HIGH BODY WEIGHT

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 545-556
Author(s):  
R. KEITH SALMON ◽  
ROY T. BERG
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Lipid Accumulation ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Tissue Growth ◽  
Growth Patterns ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Growth Curve Analysis ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body

To elucidate the influence of high body weight selection on tissue growth patterns, adipose tissue growth and lipid accumulation were investigated in both a line of mice selected for high 42-day body weight (High line; HL-3) and an unselected (Foundation; FP-3) population. All comparisons between the two lines were performed on a within-sex basis. Logistic growth curve analysis revealed that HL-3 mice exhibited an accelerated growth rate, and reached a higher mature body weight, than FP-3 mice. Employing the allometric equation, Y = aXb, this investigation further revealed that, relative to both body weight and nonadipose tissue weight, adipose tissue and extractable lipid increased slower in HL-3 mice than in FP-3 mice. Only at fixed body and nonadipose tissue weights, which exceeded the maximum weights achieved by the FP-3, did HL-3 adipose tissue and lipid weights exceed those of FP-3 mice. HL-3 mice have previously been demonstrated to exhibit an increased appetite. Therefore, the existing model of selection-mediated compositional changes should be expanded to allow the coupling of an increased appetite with an enhanced relative rate of nonfat tissue growth. Key words: Growth-selected mice, adipose tissue growth, lipid accumulation

Food intake, growth and body composition in Australian Merino sheep selected for high and low weaning weight. 1. Food intake, food efficiency and growth

1985 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Thompson ◽  
J. R. Parks ◽  
Diana Perry
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Food Intake ◽  
Conversion Efficiency ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Growth Efficiency ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Regular Oscillation ◽  
Selection For ◽  
Food Conversion Efficiency

ABSTRACTChanges in the pattern of food intake, food conversion efficiency and growth from weaning to maturity, were examined in 35 rams and ewes from flocks of Merino sheep selected for high (weight-plus) and low (weight-minus) weaning weight and from a randomly bred control flock. The sheep were individually fed a pelleted ration ad libitum for at least 72 weeks and up to 90 weeks post weaning. Weekly food intake was described as an increasing exponential function of age with a linearly declining asymptote, about which a regular oscillation occurred, and weekly body-weight gain was described as an increasing exponential function of weekly food intake, about which a regular oscillation also occurred.The oscillations in weekly food intake had a period of about 52 weeks and appeared to be largely associated with seasonal variations in temperature, with an increased food intake during winter and a decreased food intake during summer. The oscillations in both the food-intake and body-weight functions were of similar phase and period and it was suggested that the body-weight oscillations were due to variation in gut-fill, a result of the seasonal oscillations in food intake.Selection for weaning weight changed the shape and magnitude of the food-intake curve, with the weight-plus having a greater rate of food intake (i.e. appetite) in the early stages of growth and a greater asymptote than the weight-minus animals. Selection for high and low weaning weight also resulted in an increase and a decrease in mature weight. Both strains had a similar growth efficiency, although when calculated as gross food conversion efficiency the weight-plus were higher than the weight-minus animals at the same body weight, whereas there was no difference between strains at the same age.The rams had both a higher asymptote and a slower rate of decline in food intake than the ewes. Rams had a higher mature weight than the ewes, although ewes had a slightly greater growth efficiency. However, when calculated as gross food conversion efficiency, ewes tended to be lower than rams, when compared either at the same age, or at the same body weight.When the food-intake curves were standardized for differences in mature size, strain differences in the magnitude of the food-intake curves were reduced, although differences in the shape were still apparent. Shape differences in the food-intake curves were reflected in the shape of the standardized growth curves, with the weight-plus maturing at a faster rate than the weight-minus animals. There was little difference between the sexes in the initial shape of the food-intake curve, although at later ages ewes had a lower food intake than rams. There was little difference between the sexes in the shape of the standardized growth curves.

Growth and body composition of mice selected for high body weight

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 570-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. C. Bailey ◽  
R. Keith Salmon ◽  
Roy T. Berg ◽  
Howard T. Fredeen
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Rate ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Body Growth ◽  
High Body Weight ◽  
High Body ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Growth Selection

To elucidate the influence of high body weight selection on body compositional relationships, the accumulation of lipid, protein, and ash was investigated in two lines of mice selected for high 42-day body weight (H lines) and an unselected foundation population (FP). The two H lines differed in population size and were designated as the high–large (HL) and high–small (HS) lines. Logistic body growth curves revealed that HL mice exhibited an accelerated growth rate and reached a higher mature body weight than FP or HS mice. Over the range of body weights examined, HL mice had more lipid, less protein, and less ash than FP or HS mice of the same sex and body weight. However, HL lipid accumulation (relative to body weight increase) was not accelerated in comparison to that of FP mice. This study suggests that the existing model of selection-mediated compositional changes requires expansion to account for the ability of high-growth selection to direct an acceleration of body growth without a correlated enhancement of the relative rate of fat accumulation.Key words: mice, selection, body composition.

scholarly journals Correlated responses to selection for large body size in oMt1a-oGH transgenic mice: organ traits

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 771-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.R. Parks ◽  
E.J. Eisen ◽  
J.D. Murray
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Large Body ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Correlated Responses ◽  
Large Body Size ◽  
Organ Weights ◽  
Growth Increase ◽  
Selection For

The objective of the present study was to compare correlated responses in liver, spleen, kidney, heart and testis absolute weights and as a percentage of 8-week body weight following selection for large 8-week body weight in twice-replicated nontransgenic and transgene-carrier lines of mice from two genetic backgrounds. The transgene was an ovine metallothionein 1a-ovine growth hormone (oMt1a-oGH) construct, which was activated by adding 25 mM ZnSO4 to the drinking water. Lines NM and NC were nontransgenic lines derived from a high-growth and randomly selected background, respectively. Lines TM and TC were transgene-carrier lines formed from the respective genetic backgrounds. Line CC was a nontransgenic control from the randomly selected background. At weaning, male mice from each line were assigned to either zinc supplemented or control drinking water. Toe-clips were assayed by PCR for the presence or absence of the transgene. Correlated responses of absolute weights of all organs in nontransgenic lines indicated moderately high genetic correlations of organ weights with body weight, but on a percentage of body weight basis, the correlated responses were much lower. The correlated responses in visceral organ weights were lower in the presence of the inactivated oMt1a-oGH transgene than in its absence. The presence of the activated oMt1a-oGH combined with the effects of selection for growth increase had a greater impact on increasing the size of the splanchnic organs than did selection for large body weight in the absence of the transgene.

Evaluation of unconventional poultry feed in broilers

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Blood Meal ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Trial Period ◽  
Feed Ingredients ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Broiler Production ◽  
Group I ◽  
Unconventional Feed

Background: Commercial broiler is a rapidly growing sector in Bangladesh. The broilers are supplied with the balanced ration prepared from a number of ingredients which are not available uniformly throughout the years. On the other hands, manufactured feeds are costly and inconvenient for the rural farmers. This study is undertaken to use unconventional feed ingredients aiming to decrease the broiler production cost. Method: A total of ninety-nine day- old broiler chicks (Hubbard) of either sex were used in this study in 3 treatment groups to assess processed unconventional feed item (shoti, blood meal, poultry dropping and molasses) on growth and profitability upon rearing for 60 days. Broilers were reared in dip litter system and were fed ad libitum on conventional and unconventional diet dividing into 3 treatment diets namely, treatment diet 1 (T1: Conventional as control), treatment diet 2 (T2: unconventional with blood meal and shoti), and treatment diet 3 (T3: unconventional with blood meal, shoti, poultry droppings and molasses) throughout the trial period. Treatment group 1 (T1) was used as control. Results: Broilers fed on control diet (conventional feed) achieved higher (P<0.01) body weight, while the broilers offered diets with the highest amount of unconventional feed had the lowest body weight. Increased (P<0.01) feed intake was observed during 21days and 49 days of age when broilers fed diets with the supplementation, but no significant differences were found among the groups in terms of feed consumption during 33 day of age. FCR differed significantly (P<.01) throughout the trial period with the broilers fed diets without supplementation of unconventional feed item had the superior FCR than the others. Mortality rate was 6.06%,9.09%, and 9.09% in treatment group I, treatment group II, and treatment group III respectively while live weights, feed conversion and feed consumption was unaffected by all the dietary groups with/without incorporation of unconventional feed item up to day 60 days of age. Statistically significant (P<0.01) decreased live weight was observed among the treatment groups in 60-day-old birds. Productivity and cost-benefit analysis were performed. Conclusion: Use of unconventional feed ingredients in broiler production greatly reduces the feed cost with little hampering the growth rate and hence, it is profitable for the farmers.

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