Life-history transitions among Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) morphotypes

Morphotype distribution in Atlantic salmon populations is a critical determinant in the migration dynamics and rearing success of this species. The achievement of smolting status depends on the individual opportunities to reach the upper mode of the bimodal size distribution in the first winter. Growth of the morphotypes between 10 and 20 mo post-hatch was investigated. For this, an individual tagging system was applied on two replicates of parr from a Sella River sample (northem Spain). The smolt-like parr of the first winter (37%) became smolts in the first spring. Meanwhile, dwarf parr (25%) and precocious males (6%) did not smolt and became precocious males in the second winter. Medium-sized parr of the first winter (32%) became smolt-like parr (19%) or precocious males (13%) in the second winter. The average smolt-like sizes in the first and the second winters were 11.39 cm and 14.97 cm, respectively. These results indicate that for the Sella River sample (i) only upper modal fish smolt in the first spring, (ii) 1 + smolts are mainly females (77%), and (iii) smolting does not depend upon a population threshold size. Key words:Salmo salar, hatchery, morphotypes, smolting

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Multiple Haemoglobins of the Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar)

Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada ◽

10.1139/f68-235 ◽

1968 ◽

Vol 25 (12) ◽

pp. 2651-2663 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

N. P. Wilkins

Keyword(s):

Life Cycle ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Initial Increase ◽

Small Fish ◽

Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Complete Development ◽

Starch Gel ◽

The Individual

The haemoglobins of over 500 salmon of different lengths, from Scotland, Greenland, and Canada have been analysed by vertical starch–gel electrophoresis at pH 8.1. Complex ontogenetic variations, involving an initial increase and later reduction in the number of fractions evident, have been observed among the anodally migrating haemoglobins. The variations observed have been correlated with changes in length, and the complete development of the anodal haemoglobin complex from the single fraction of small fish to the nine-fraction pattern of adults is outlined. The individual haemoglobin fractions appear to represent structurally distinct molecules whose regulated occurrence at different phases of the life cycle is discussed at the individual and population levels.

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Parasitic infection and chronic energy deficiency in adults

Parasitology ◽

10.1017/s0031182000075582 ◽

1993 ◽

Vol 107 (S1) ◽

pp. S159-S167 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

P. S. Shetty ◽

N. Shetty

Keyword(s):

Nutritional Status ◽

Health Workers ◽

Parasitic Infection ◽

Critical Determinant ◽

Energy Deficiency ◽

Chronic Energy Deficiency ◽

Wide Range ◽

The Individual ◽

The Tropics ◽

Relationship Of

Interactions between infection and nutrition have been well recognized for several years now since they contribute directly to the health of individuals and communities. Malnourished individuals are specially prone to developing infections while infections themselves can lead to profound changes in the nutritional status of the individual. Health workers in developing countries in the tropics have long recognized the mutually aggravating interactions of malnutrition and infection. The importance of this synergistic relationship between infection and nu-tritional status has been studied extensively in the case of young children. The nutritional status of a young child is a critical determinant of both c morbidity and mortality resulting from a wide range of infections: bacterial, viral, or parasitic. Chandra (1983), in his review on the relationship of nutrition, immunity and infection has categorized the wide range of infectious agents (bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic) into those that are definitely, variably or minimally influenced by the nutritional status of the child.

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Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolt and early post-smolt migration and survival inferred from multi-year and multi-stock acoustic telemetry studies in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, northwest Atlantic

ICES Journal of Marine Science ◽

10.1093/icesjms/fsy156 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 1107-1121 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Gérald Chaput ◽

Jonathan Carr ◽

Jason Daniels ◽

Steve Tinker ◽

Ian Jonsen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Survival Rates ◽

Fork Length ◽

Probability Of Survival ◽

Size Dependent ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Key Points ◽

Migration Dynamics

Abstract The migration dynamics and inter-annual variation in early at-sea survival of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) smolts over 14 years of study are reported for four river populations located in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (Canada). Acoustically tagged smolts were monitored at three points along their migration from freshwater to the Labrador Sea, a migration extending more than 800 km at sea and a period of 2 months. A hierarchical state-space version of the Cormack–Jolly–Seber model was used to estimate apparent survival rates from incomplete acoustic detections at key points. There was a positive size-dependent probability of survival through the freshwater and estuary areas; the odds of survival of a 16 cm smolt were 1.5–1.7 times higher than for a 13.5 cm smolt, length at tagging. Length adjusted (centred to the mean fork length of smolts during the study of 14.6 cm) survivals through the estuary and nearshore waters were estimated to range between 67 and 90% for the two river populations migrating through Chaleur Bay in contrast to lower survival estimates of 28–82% for the two populations from the neighbouring Miramichi Bay. Across the 14 years of study, survival estimates varied without trend for the populations of Chaleur Bay, but declined for the populations migrating through Miramichi Bay. Survival through the Gulf of St. Lawrence was variable but generally high among years and rivers, ranging from 96% day−1 to 99% day−1. Long term, replicated studies at multiple sites using acoustically tagged smolts can provide empirical data to examine hypotheses of the location and timing of factors contributing to smolt and post-smolt mortality of salmon at sea.

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Electrophoretic Assessment of the Contribution of Transplanted Scottish Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) to the Esva River (Northern Spain)

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/f94-025 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 51 (2) ◽

pp. 248-252 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Paloma Morán ◽

Alberto M. Pendás ◽

Eva Garcia-Vázquez ◽

Jorge T. Izquierdo ◽

Dennis T. Rutherford

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Gene Pool ◽

Mature Male ◽

Genetic Influence ◽

Northern Spain ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

Precocious Males ◽

Mature Male Parr

The genetic influence of stocking on the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) population from the Spanish Esva River was analysed by electrophoresis of protein loci. Genetic variation within parr and mature male parr samples demonstrated that Scottish-origin parr stocked in 1990 survived the first summer. However, samples collected from returning adults in 1990 and 1991 did not indicate any contribution from previous stocking programs. Altered MEP-2* frequencies indicate that the native gene pool may have been disrupted by foreign genomes from precocious males or grilse.

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Spatial diffusion modelling of juvenile Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) shows ontogenetic increase in movement rates

Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences ◽

10.1139/cjfas-2015-0315 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 74 (2) ◽

pp. 202-207 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Foldvik ◽

S. Einum ◽

A.G. Finstad

Keyword(s):

Spatial Distribution ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Salar ◽

Continuous Distribution ◽

Diffusion Models ◽

Ontogenetic Changes ◽

Ecological Processes ◽

Breeding Sites ◽

Atlantic Salmon Salmo Salar ◽

The Individual

For organisms with extensive ontogenetic changes in phenotypes, knowledge of how movement of individuals changes throughout life is pivotal to understanding ecological processes. Here, we study the spatial distribution of a cohort of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) from hatching to their third summer of juvenile life, during which they go through a fourfold change in body size. The fish originated from three distinct breeding sites, and their distribution was mapped using electrofishing throughout the river at 10 sampling periods. The spatial distribution throughout ontogeny was analysed using diffusion models. The distribution changed from three distinct nonoverlapping distributions centred on the individual breeding sites at the early first summer stage to a single continuous distribution at the end of the study. The diffusion coefficient increased throughout ontogeny, and spatial distributions were well-described using diffusion models, explaining 46%–89% of the variation. This highlights the utility of diffusion models when considering spatial habitat structure both in conservation and research.

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Plasticity in probabilistic reaction norms for maturation in a salmonid fish

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2009.0290 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 5 (5) ◽

pp. 628-631 ◽

Cited By ~ 44

Author(s):

Kentaro Morita ◽

Jun-ichi Tsuboi ◽

Toru Nagasawa

Keyword(s):

Genetic Variation ◽

Body Size ◽

Reproductive Success ◽

Reaction Norm ◽

Reaction Norms ◽

Transplant Experiment ◽

Size At Maturity ◽

Threshold Size ◽

Precocious Males ◽

The Relationship

The relationship between body size and the probability of maturing, often referred to as the probabilistic maturation reaction norm (PMRN), has been increasingly used to infer genetic variation in maturation schedule. Despite this trend, few studies have directly evaluated plasticity in the PMRN. A transplant experiment using white-spotted charr demonstrated that the PMRN for precocious males exhibited plasticity. A smaller threshold size at maturity occurred in charr inhabiting narrow streams where more refuges are probably available for small charr, which in turn might enhance the reproductive success of sneaker precocious males. Our findings suggested that plastic effects should clearly be included in investigations of variation in PMRNs.

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RESULTS OF ATLANTIC SALMON INVESTIGATIONS IN NORTHERN DVINA RIVER DURING FISHING FOR RESEARCH PURPOSES

Fisheries ◽

10.37663/0131-6184-2020-3-64-70 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 (3) ◽

pp. 64-70

Author(s):

Igor Studenov ◽

Dmitriy Chupov ◽

Gennadiy Ustyuzhinskiy ◽

Alexey Tortsev

Keyword(s):

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Age Structure ◽

Innovative Development ◽

Financing System ◽

Fishery Research ◽

Migration Dynamics

Since 2008, due to the change in the fishery research financing system, a decrease in research variety was noticed. After changes in fisheries legislation, the use of the "quasi-budget" financing through the implementation of "scientific" quotas was discontinued. Obvious enough, that the destruction of valuable living resources caught during research fishing led to inability of fisheries research to ensure innovative development of the branch, as well as to preserve the scope of research achieved by 2008. Despite this, the studies carried out in 1994-2014 have significantly expanded the understanding of the Atlantic salmon biology in the Northern Dvina River. The observations produced extensive material on migration dynamics, catch on effort in fishing gear, length and weight indicators, sex and age structure of spawning herds of Atlantic salmon of the Northern Dvina River.

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Rare and fleeting: an example of interspecific recombination in animal mitochondrial DNA

Biology Letters ◽

10.1098/rsbl.2007.0290 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 554-557 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Kate L Ciborowski ◽

Sofía Consuegra ◽

Carlos García de Leániz ◽

Mark A Beaumont ◽

Jinliang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mitochondrial Dna ◽

Atlantic Salmon ◽

Salmo Trutta ◽

Sequence Divergence ◽

F1 Hybrid ◽

Phylogenetic Studies ◽

Recombinant Haplotype ◽

The Individual ◽

Historical Variation ◽

Interspecific Recombination

Recombination is thought to occur only rarely in animal mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). However, detection of mtDNA recombination requires that cells become heteroplasmic through mutation, intramolecular recombination or ‘leakage’ of paternal mtDNA. Interspecific hybridization increases the probability of detecting mtDNA recombinants due to higher levels of sequence divergence and potentially higher levels of paternal leakage. During a study of historical variation in Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar ) mtDNA, an individual with a recombinant haplotype containing sequence from both Atlantic salmon and brown trout ( Salmo trutta ) was detected. The individual was not an F1 hybrid but it did have an unusual nuclear genotype which suggested that it was a later-generation backcross. No other similar recombinant haplotype was found from the same population or three neighbouring Atlantic salmon populations in 717 individuals collected during 1948–2002. Interspecific recombination may increase mtDNA variability within species and can have implications for phylogenetic studies.

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A264 HELMINTH-INFECTION MOBILIZES HOST AND MICROBIAL FACTORS THAT CO-OPERATE TO SUPPRESS CHEMICAL-INDUCED COLITIS IN MICE

Journal of the Canadian Association of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1093/jcag/gwz047.263 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 141-142

Author(s):

A J Shute ◽

B E Callejas Pina ◽

T S Jayme ◽

A Wang ◽

A Buret ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Murine Model ◽

Hymenolepis Diminuta ◽

Model Systems ◽

Epithelial Cell Line ◽

Helminth Parasites ◽

Critical Determinant ◽

The Individual ◽

Helminth Therapy

Abstract Background Infection with helminth parasites suppresses inflammation in murine model systems; for example, IL-10 is important in Hymenolepis diminuta-inhibition of DNBS-induced colitis. Bacteria-derived products can have anti-inflammatory effects. Given that infection with H. diminuta, or other parasitic worms, results in perturbation of the gut microbiota, the present study tested a role for bacteria in helminth-suppression of colitis by assessing reciprocity between IL-10 and butyrate signaling in the amelioration of colitis. Aims To determine if a functional relationship exists between IL-10 and butyrate in the inhibition of colitis observed following infection with the lumen-dwelling tapeworm, Hymenolepis diminuta. Methods Colitis was induced in male BALB/c mice by intra-rectal dinitrobenzene sulphonic acid (DNBS) (3 mg/~22g mouse), with necropsy and assessment 3 days later. Mice received either infection with five H. diminuta cysticercoids by gavage or daily butyrate enemas or acetate in their drinking water. Immunostaining assessed IL-10R protein expression on formalin-fixed sections of colon. The murine IEC4.1 epithelial cell line and epithelial organoids were treated with butyrate and mRNA for the IL10Rα chain assessed, as was colonic tissue from mice. Results Mice infected with H. diminuta or receiving butyrate enemas (n=8–12) were protected from DNBS-induced colitis as gauged by colon length, and macroscopic disease and histopathology scores. Addition of acetate to the drinking water resulted in a more modest anti-colitic effect. Suppression of colitis was accompanied by increased epithelial expression of IL-10 in butyrate- and H. diminuta-treated mice, with the later also showing upregulation of the IL-10R on lamina propria cells; an effect negated by co-treating the mice with broad spectrum antibiotics. In vitro analyses revealed increased IL10Rα mRNA in butyrate-treated epithelia (n=4). Conclusions This study begins to tease apart the host (i.e. IL-10) and bacterial (i.e. butyrate) molecules that mediate H. diminuta-evoked suppression of colitis in a murine model. These proof-of-principle data suggest that knowledge of the individual patient (i.e. immunological basis of their disease and their microbiota) may be a critical determinant of the success or failure of helminth therapy. Funding Agencies CAG, CCCNSERC

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