EFFECTS OF IRRIGATION AND NITROGEN ON A NATURAL PASTURE SWARD

1978 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-356
Author(s):  
W. N. BLACK
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Natural Pasture ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Grazing Period

Irrigation and nitrogen (N) requirements of a natural pasture sward were studied on a Charlottetown sandy loam soil over a 5-yr period. The soil moisture content at the 0-to 15- and 15- to 30-cm depths was determined at from 7- to 10-day intervals, while irrometer soil moisture readings at 15-, 30-, and 45-cm depths were recorded more frequently during the grazing seasons. Soil moisture content in irrigated plots averaged 92 and 94% of field capacity, respectively, at 0- to 15- and 15- to 30-cm sampling depths. In non-irrigated plots, corresponding values were 77 and 82%. N treatments resulted in significant dry matter (DM) increases over untreated plots. Yield differences among plots receiving 56, 84, and 112 kg of N/ha in mid-June and again in mid-August were not significant. Early spring and September applications of N at 56 kg/ha, combined with mid-June and early August supplements of N at 84 kg/ha were superior to all other treatments in prolonging the grazing period. Neither irrigation nor N affected the characteristic yield decline of naturally occurring forage species in mid- and late-season. Mean DM production for the 5-yr period, and for years, showed no significant N treatment × moisture level interaction. While irrigation failed to increase yields significantly, livestock preferred to graze the irrigated plots. As a result of less competition from grasses, volunteer white clover became better established, and constituted a larger percentage of the sward than on non-irrigated plots.

Some effects of urea and of soil moisture on solute translocation

1975 ◽  
Vol 53 (8) ◽  
pp. 756-763 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wm. Harold Minshall
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Tomato Plants ◽  
Soil Mixture ◽  
Solute Uptake ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Loam Soil

In detopped plants, stump exudation resulting from root pressure provides a measure of the quantity of solutes and of water being transferred to the xylem. In dry soil the transfer of water to the xylem stops when the force required to remove the water from the soil is equal to the osmotic pull of the solutes in the xylem. In a sandy loam soil mixture, detopped tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) treated with urea maintained stump exudation to a soil moisture content as low as 12.1% while water-control plants ceased exudation at 15.0% soil moisture. By maintaining the transfer of solutes to the xylem, the application of urea enhanced the ability of the detopped root system to remove water from the dry soil.By watering plants to pot capacity at different times before and after detopping, a series of soil moisture levels were obtained with detopped roots of tomato. In this clay loam soil mixture stump exudation started at 10% soil moisture (about −3.0 bars potential). With increasing moisture the rate of exudation increased rapidly to reach a maximum exceeding 5 ml per hour at soil moisture contents between 20 and 25% (about −0.05 bars potential). The rate then decreased gradually to 2.5 ml per hour as the soil moisture content increased from 25 to 45%. Starting at 10% soil moisture and continuing up to 25%, solute uptake increased proportionately with increasing moisture content, and at these dry and medium soil moisture levels, the supply of water to the root determined the quantity of solutes being translocated to the stump. The depletion of oxygen and accumulation of carbon dioxide in soils containing more than 25% moisture reduced the translocation of solutes in the plants.

scholarly journals The Effect of Some Primary Tillage Equipment on Performance Efficiency Under Two Level of Soil Moisture Content and Different Machinery Unit Speeds

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 206-218
Author(s):  
Yasir A. Alsayyah ◽  
Hussein A. Jebur
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Drawbar Pull

A field experiment was conducted in the experiment fields of the college of agriculture - University of Baghdad – Abu Ghraib , 2016 in a silt clay loam soil , to Evaluate the effect of some primary tillage equipment and two of levels of soil moisture content in some of performance efficiency indicator for different forward speed , ArmaTrac 845e and ITM 285 New tractor with moldboard and chisel and sweep plow as a machinery unit have been used in this study . Two levels of soil Moisture content include (18 – 20 % ) and (14 – 16%) represented main plot , three types of plow ( moldboard , chisel and sweep) represent sub plot , five machinery speeds included ( 1.5 , 2.53 , 3.75 , 5.3 and 6.71 km.hr-1 ) represent sub plot , Slippage percentage (%) , fuel consumption (L.hr-1) , drawbar pull (KN) , Field capacity (he.hr-1) are have beenbeen measured in this study  . And the results have been analyzed by using the order of the spilt - spilt - plot with randomize complete block design with three replicates and tested by the way averages less significant difference and the level of probability of 0.05 . The results show that : the soil  moisture content ( 14 – 16 % ) has got a less value of slippage percentage % , fuel consumption L.hr-1 , drawbar pull Kn and higher field capacity ha.hr-1 , and sweep plow has got a less value of slippage percentage , fuel consumption and drawbar pull , and the chisel plow has got a higher field capacity , and when the tractor speed is increased it leads to aincrease in the slippage and fuel consumption and drawbar pull and field capacity will be anincrease .

Water-Fertilizer Coupling Effects and Efficient Utilization under Peanut-Millet Interplanting Conditions

2013 ◽  
Vol 742 ◽  
pp. 272-277
Author(s):  
Liang Shan Feng ◽  
Zhan Xiang Sun ◽  
Jia Ming Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Coupling Effect ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Optimal Value ◽  
Factor Interactions ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

In this study, the results showed that water is the most important factor to affect crop yields and optimum soil moisture is lower under the conditions of peanut-and-millet interplanting. Thus, peanut-and-millet interplanting is generally able to fit most of the semi-arid region. In the interaction of various factors, the coupling effect of water and phosphorus was stronger than the coupling effect of fertilizers, following by the coupling effect of water and nitrogen. Among peanuts factors of water, nitrogen, and multi-factorial interaction of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus, water and nitrogen showed a negative effect, whereas the two-factor interactions had a positive effect. There were some differences between peanut and millet in the need for water and fertilizer, in which peanut required more nitrogen and millet needed slightly higher soil moisture and phosphorus. When other factors were in rich level, both of the optimal value for single factors of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus and the optimal value for two-factor interactions of water-nitrogen, water-phosphorus, and nitrogen-phosphorus, were higher than the optimal value for the interaction of water, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The tiny demand difference on moisture in peanut-millet interplanting could be compromised by configuring a reasonable interplanting population structure and the corresponding demand difference on fertilizer could be resolved by uneven crop planting strips. Under the condition of water-nitrogen-phosphorus interaction, the soil moisture content optimal for peanut accounted for 57.3% of the field capacity, and the related appropriate application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were 0.98 g/pot (81.18 kg/hm2) and 0.39g/pot (32.18 kg/hm2), respectively. Likewise, the soil moisture content optimal for millet was 59.1% of the field capacity, and the counterpart appropriate application rates of nitrogen and phosphorus were 0.57 g/pot (47.03 kg/hm2) and 0.45g / pot (37.13 kg/hm2), respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of Ploughing Depth, Tractor Forward Speed, and Plough Types on the Fuel Consumption and Tractor Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-49
Author(s):  
Kareem Ibrahim kareem ◽  
P. Sven
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Forward Speed ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Primary Tillage ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Ploughing Depth

Cost of fuel has a significant impact on the input costs of agricultural production, especially during primary tillage. It is affected by several parameters including tractor forward speed, depths of ploughing, and plough types. The experiment was performed in a Soil Hall at Harper Adams University, United Kingdom, in April 2015. A Massey Ferguson 8480 4WD tractor was used for investigating objectives of this study. The experiment was performed in a sandy loam soil texture at 11.73% soil moisture content and 1.35 (g/cm3) dry bulk density to study the amount of fuel consumption (l/ha) and the performance of tractor with effect of moldboard and disc ploughs as ploughs type, 15 and 20 cm as ploughing depth and 5 and 7 km/h as tractor forward speeds. The results showed that fuel consumption with a disc plough 5% was higher compared to the moldboard. Fuel consumption decreased approximately 8% when tractor at 7 km/h. Fuel consumption significantly decreased about 34% when ploughing depth increased from 15 to 20 cm. The power requirement to operate moldboard plough was higher by about 14% than a disc. The power requirement at speeds of 7 km/h was higher compared to the speeds of 5 km/h by about 27%. When the depth of ploughing increased from 15 to 20 cm, the power requirement increased by about 1.5%.

scholarly journals Draft Requirement of Two Animal - Drawn Institute for Agricultural Research (IAR) Weeders

2020 ◽  
pp. 14-20
Author(s):  
Y. A. Unguwanrimi ◽  
A. M. Sada ◽  
G. N. Ugama ◽  
H. S. Garuba ◽  
A. Ugoani
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Soil Samples ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Experimental Plot ◽  
Moisture Contents ◽  
Loam Soil

Draft requirements of two animal – drawn (IAR) weeders operating on loam soil were determined in the study. The implements include a straddle row weeder and an emcot attached rotary weeder evaluated under the same soil conditions, using a pair of white Fulani breed of oxen. The animal draft requirement was first estimated from the animal ergonomics measurements. Using area of 0.054 hectare as experimental plot for each implement the draft requirement of each implement was investigated after taking soil samples for soil moisture content and bulk density determinations. The implements tested showed variation in their average draft requirement. The straddle row weeder had the highest value of 338.15 N respectively while the emcot attached rotary weeder had the lowest value of 188.12 N with 47.03%, respectively. The average soil moisture contents and bulk density were 13.0% and 1.46%/cm3, respectively.

TIME OF SAMPLING AFTER AN IRRIGATION TO DETERMINE FIELD CAPACITY OF SOIL

1965 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-176 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Wilcox
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Percentage Error ◽  
High Positive Correlation ◽  
Positive Correlation

Drainage curves following irrigation were determined at six depths in eight soils having unrestricted drainage but varying widely in soil texture. The field capacities were determined under relatively high rates of evapotranspiration. The time after irrigation that it was necessary to wait before sampling the soil, to determine field capacity, was also determined. A high positive correlation was obtained between the log of field capacity in inches and the log of time after irrigation at which to sample the soil. The time varied from about 0.5 day with 1.5 in. field capacity to 4.0 days with 35 in. From the curves of soil moisture content versus time, the errors caused by sampling too soon or too late were determined. The percentage error (i.e. percent of field capacity) increased with an increase in the error in time of sampling; it decreased with an increase in field capacity in inches; and it was greater when sampling was too soon than when it was too late.

scholarly journals Root Regeneration of Fall-Lifted White Spruce Nursery Stock in Relation to Soil Moisture Content

1975 ◽  
Vol 51 (5) ◽  
pp. 196-199 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Day ◽  
G. R. MacGillivray
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Root Elongation ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
White Spruce ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Root Regeneration ◽  
Nursery Stock

The root regenerating potential of fall-lifted 2+0 white spruce nursery stock is described after transplanting into soil-maintained at 8, 10 and 15% soil moisture content (SMC) in glass fronted root boxes. At 15% SMC (0.1 bar soil moisture tension), which is close to field capacity, root regeneration began 10 days after transplanting and root elongation continued at a high rate for the remainder of a 40-day study period. At 10% SMC (0.6 bar SMT) root regeneration was delayed until 20 days after transplanting and root elongation was at a slower rate. At 8% SMC (1.5 bars) root regeneration and elongation was negligible. Plant moisture stress measured at 40 days was least when root regeneration was most and vice versa. The results suggest that field planting of white spruce in soils with moisture tensions of over 0.6 bar will be hazardous.

scholarly journals Effects of Rain Intensity and Initial Soil Moisture on Hydrological Responses in Laboratory Conditions

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulvahed Khaledi Darvishan ◽  
Kazimierz Banasik ◽  
Seyed Hamidreza Sadeghi ◽  
Leila Gholami ◽  
Leszek Hejduk
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Initial Moisture Content ◽  
Hydrological Responses ◽  
Laboratory Conditions ◽  
Initial Soil Moisture ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Initial Soil

Abstract Although the possibility of measuring and analysing all parts of the rainfall, infiltration, runoff, and erosion process as a natural hydrologic cycle in field conditions is still one of the more unattainable goals in the hydrological sciences, it can be accomplished in laboratory conditions as a way to understand the whole process. The initial moisture content is one of the most effective factors on soil infiltration, runoff, and erosion responses. The present research was conducted on a 2 m2 laboratory plot at a slope of 9% on a typical sandy-loam soil. The effects of the initial soil moisture content on the infiltration, runoff, and erosion processes were studied at four levels of initial soil moisture content (12, 25, 33, and 40 volumetric percentage) and two rainfall intensities (60 and 120 mm h-1). The results showed a significant (p ≤ 0.05) correlation between rainfall intensity and downstream splash, with r = 0.87. The results reflected the theory of hydrological responses, showing significant (p ≤ 0.05) correlations with r =-0.93, 0.98, -0.83, 0.88, and 0.73 between the initial soil moisture content and the time-to-runoff, runoff coefficient, drainage as a part of the infiltrated water, downstream splash, and total outflow sediment, respectively.

A LABORATORY STUDY ON THE EFFECTS OF SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT, TEXTURE, AND TIMING OF LEACHING ON N LOSS FROM TWO SOUTHERN ALBERTA SOILS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 407-413 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. G. SOMMERFELDT ◽  
C. CHANG ◽  
J. M. CAREFOOT
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Soil Moisture Content ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Wetting Front ◽  
N Losses ◽  
Initial Soil Moisture ◽  
N Removal ◽  
Southern Alberta ◽  
Initial Soil

A column study was conducted to determine the effects of soil texture, initial soil moisture content and timing of leaching on N removal from two irrigated soils of southern Alberta. Pelleted NH4NO3 fertilizer (0.639 g N per column = 336 kg∙ha−1) was applied to Lethbridge loam (Leth L) and Cavendish fine sandy loam (CV FSL) at three initial levels of soil moisture: air dry (AD), 0.5 field capacity (0.5 FC), and wet (W, 25 cm suction). Leaching began immediately after the fertilizer application or was delayed 1 wk. Water was applied in 1400-mL (7.6 cm depth) increments every 2nd day for a total of 33 600 mL (175 cm depth). The leachate was collected, measured, and analyzed for NH4-N and NO3-N. The soil was analyzed for N content before and after leaching. More N was leached from CV FSL (0.600 g) than from Leth L (0.521 g). Responses to initial soil moisture were similar for both soils; the NO3-N concentration peak followed the advancing wetting front more closely in the AD than in the W systems and leaching losses were greatest from the 0.5 FC treatment. Delayed leaching did not significantly affect the amount of N leached. N losses, other than from leaching, were greatest in the W and AD treatments, in the AD treatment these losses were attributed to volatilization and, in the W soils, to denitrification.

WINTER CHANGES IN SOIL NITRATE AND EXCHANGEABLE AMMONIUM

1970 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
W. S. FERGUSON ◽  
F. G. WARDER
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Near Field ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Soil Nitrate ◽  
Regular Monitoring ◽  
Late Fall ◽  
Loam Soil ◽  
Field Plots

Cylinders of a loam soil were placed in the field in late fall and sampled in midwinter and early spring. In soil wetted to near field capacity, nitrate and moisture moved upwards in winter and downwards again in early spring. The amount of movement was negligible in a soil wet to near the wilting percentage. To inhibit nitrification, N-serve was applied in 10 cm of water to field plots (120 × 120 cm) in late fall. Other plots received water but no N-serve. Regular monitoring of soil nitrate, exchangeable ammonium, and soil moisture and temperature in the top 90 cm of these plots showed evidence of upward moisture and nitrate movement as the soil froze. Large and sudden unexplainable decreases in exchangeable ammonium occurred following steady fall build-up.

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