Determination of pod and crop maturity for peanuts using percent pod-fill

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057-1065 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret J. Hinds ◽  
Bharat Singh ◽  
John C. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Soil Type ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Crop Maturity ◽  
Composite Samples

A simple method for determining pod and crop maturity for peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) was developed using percent pod-fill (PF) — the percentage of green-pod volume that is seed. Peanut samples were collected 99–141 days after planting (DAP) for 3 yr from two soil types in the eastern Caribbean. PF of the composite pods and of the individual maturity classes from each treatment was determined. ANOVA, significance of means separation and correlation coefficients were computed. The results from the composite samples were correlated with optimum reaping time (ORT) established from the shellout method. ORT occurred 117–141 DAP. PF rate varied with season and soil type, but PF values for mature pods and for composite pods at ORT were independent of pod size, season and soil type. PF of mature pods was 41.5 ± 1.3% and was significantly different from that of other maturity classes. PF for composite pods at ORT was 38.2 ± 2.2% and was significantly different from PF values before ORT. The results indicated that percent pod-fill could be a reliable indicator of pod and crop maturity for peanuts.Key words: Arachis hypogaea, peanut maturity, pod-fill, maturity index

scholarly journals Liquid Chromatographic/Mass Spectrometric Determination of Desmedipham and Phenmedipham and Their Metabolites in Soil

2001 ◽  
Vol 84 (5) ◽  
pp. 1407-1412 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniela Perret ◽  
Alessandra Gentili ◽  
Stefano Marchese ◽  
Aldo Marino ◽  
Federica Bruno
Keyword(s):  
Reversed Phase ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Reversed Phase Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Soil Suspension ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Phase Liquid ◽  
Liquid Chromatographic ◽  
Chromatographic Mass

Abstract A simple method is described for the simultaneous determination of residues of 2 carbamate herbicides (phenmedipham and desmedipham) and related metabolites (m-aminophenol, aniline, and m-toluidine) in soil. The analytes are extracted from spiked soils with methanol. The solvent/soil suspension is centrifuged, and the supernatant is directly injected, without any further cleanup, into a reversed-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry apparatus equipped with a TurboIonSpray interface. The method was tested on 5 soils having different physicochemical properties. Recoveries from the soil types, spiked over the range of 50–200 ppb, were essentially quantitative for each analyte. The detection limits of the method are ≤25 ng/g.

Genetic variation in the quantitative levels of an NADP (H)-binding protein (FX) in human erythrocytes

Blood ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
L Lenzerini ◽  
U Benatti ◽  
A Morelli ◽  
S Pontremoli ◽  
A De Flora ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Preliminary Data ◽  
Binding Protein ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Genetic Origin ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Individual

Abstract FX is a red cell NADP(H)-binding protein that has been well defined biochemically and immunologically but whose function is still unknown. Preliminary data indicated that the levels of this protein are significantly increased in hemizygotes, heterozygotes, and homozygotes for the G6PD Mediterranean mutant, thus raising the question of whether or not the individual variation in FX levels is more or less directly influenced by X-linked genes. The present study, based on a large series of population and family data collected in Sardinia, confirms unequivocally the above mentioned interaction, but shows at the same time that the variances in FX levels “between sibships” are 2–3 times larger than those “within sibships,” when the analysis is done separately for the G6PD-normal or the G6PD-deficient sibs. From the comparison of the interclass and intraclass correlation coefficients, it appears that about 60% of the total variation of FX is of genetic origin. Moreover, the FX levels of children, analyzed in a pairwise manner, were found to be more positively correlated with those of their fathers (r = 0.39) than with those of their maternal grandfathers (0.20). This latter finding obviously favors the conclusion that “autosomal”; rather than “X-linked” genes are involved in the determination of the FX levels.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Tertiary Butylhydroquinone as an Antioxidant in Powdered Roasted Peanuts Products1

1979 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-57 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Hoover ◽  
P. N. Painter
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Determination ◽  
Shelf Life ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Drug Administration ◽  
Food And Drug Administration ◽  
Fat Content ◽  
Tertiary Butylhydroquinone ◽  
Life Study ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L

Abstract A fifteen month shelf life study was conducted to determine the effectiveness of tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) as an antioxidant in products made from roasted peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Five levels of TBHQ were studied, 0.0%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, and 0.04% based on the fat content of the peanuts. Total carbonyl assays performed monthly served as indices of rancidity. Results indicate that the shelf life of the product may be extended up to thirteen months using the 0.02% level of TBHQ now allowed by the Food and Drug Administration. In addition, the quantitative determination of total carbonyls proved to be an acceptable indicator of rancidity of roasted peanuts.

scholarly journals Impact of exogenous alpha tocopherol on peanut seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.) treated by norflurazon

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (2) ◽  
pp. 125-133
Author(s):  
Imene Manaa ◽  
Reda Djebbar ◽  
Ouzna Abrous-Belbachir
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Photosynthetic Activity ◽  
Reduced Glutathione ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Ascorbic Acid Content ◽  
Alpha Tocopherol ◽  
Glutathione S Transferase ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Mda Content

Norflurazon 100 µM alone or in combination with α-tocopherol (0.25 mM) was applied in pre-emergence of peanut seedlings (Arachis hypogaea L.). Norflurazon treatment allowed to partially or totally photobleach plants which were noticeably smaller than the control. Norflurazon impaired the photosynthetic activity by decreasing photosynthetic pigments (carotenoids and chlorophylls) and by reducing quantities of soluble sugar. The determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) showed that its content was higher in treated plants in relation with enhancement of reactive oxygen species by the herbicide and decreased the endogenous α-tocopherol. The addition of exogenous α-tocopherol reduced the damage done by the herbicide at the membrane level because of the MDA content was less important than in norflurazon treated seedlings. Furthermore, the norflurazon decreased the glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in the leaves and the roots of peanut seedlings, while it increased the level of reduced glutathione. This activity decreased even more with the application of exogenous α-tocopherol in combination with the herbicide. The herbicide alone or in association with the antioxidant α-tocopherol increased ascorbic acid content. The supplementation of α-tocopherol did not decrease the phytotoxicity of norflurazon although we observed a decrease in MDA content.

Capillary Gas Chromatographic Determination of Cyclohexanone and 2-Ethyl-l-Hexanol Leached from Solution Administration Set

1991 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 476-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W Danielson
Keyword(s):  
Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Chloride Solution ◽  
Sodium Bicarbonate Solution ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Chromatographic Determination ◽  
Solution Ph ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Gas Chromatographic Method

Abstract A capillary gas chromatographic method is described for the determination of cyclohexanone and 2-ethyl-1-hexanol leached from solution administration sets. A preliminary study was made of compounds leached from solution administration sets by 5% sodium bicarbonate solution (pH 8.1), 0.9% sodium chloride solution (pH 6.8), and water. Water was selected as the leaching solvent because similar quantities of the compounds were leached into water and into both types of parenteral solutions. The correlation coefficients were 0.99977 for cyclohexanone and 0.99974 for 2-ethyl-1- hexanol, and recoveries were good (93-94%). Five administration sets from each of 2 manufacturers were analyzed by this method. The amounts of cyclohexanone that were leached from the individual sets varied considerably; however, similar quantities were leached from sets of both manufacturers. 2-Ethyl-1-hexanol was also found in extracts from each of the sets analyzed.

scholarly journals Usage of the graph clustering algorithm to the recognition of geotechnical layers

2007 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-67
Author(s):  
Simon Rabarijoely ◽  
Piotr Bilski ◽  
Tomasz Falkowski
Keyword(s):  
Soil Type ◽  
Clustering Algorithm ◽  
Optimal Parameter ◽  
Life Sciences ◽  
Graph Clustering ◽  
Test Site ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Actual Situation ◽  
Parameter Values

Usage of the graph clustering algorithm to the recognition of geotechnical layers The aim of the paper is to present the approach to the application of the graph clustering algorithm to the recognition of geotechnical layers from the dilatometer tests. Results of the measurements obtained from the DMT test in the test site (subsoil of one of the buildings in the Warsaw University of Life Sciences campus) were analyzed by the clustering algorithm which was able to extract the separate groups of the measurements, representing identical soil type. This method is parameterized, so its verification by the geotechnical experts was necessary to determine the optimal parameter values. They lead to the determination of the soil types as close to the actual situation, as possible. Also, the output of the algorithm was analyzed by the geotechnical experts to identify and label the extracted soil types.

Evaluation of Detached Leaf Culture for Screening Peanuts for Leafspot Resistance1

1980 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 98-100 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. J. Foster ◽  
J. C. Wynne ◽  
M. K. Beute
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Leaf Age ◽  
Field Tests ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Detached Leaf ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Abstract A detached leaf culturing technique has been proposed as a rapid and simple method for screening peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) genotypes for leafspot resistance. This study was conducted to (a) determine the effect of both leaf age and outdoor plant weathering on infection with Cercospora arachidicola Hori as measured by the detached leaf technique, (b) evaluate the resistance to early leafspot of several peanut genotypes in the field and in the greenhouse using the detached leaf technique, and (c) determine the relationship between leafspot resistance measured in the field and the greenhouse. The age of the leaf had a significant effect on leafspot resistance when evaluated using the detached leaf technique. Younger leaves averaged 11.4 lesions per leaflet compared to 5.6 lesions per leaflet for older leaves. The number of lesions per leaflet was similar for weathered and greenhouse-grown plants. PI 270806, PI 109839, Kanyoma, and PI 259679, four Virginia (ssp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) types, were the most resistant genotypes evaluated in these tests. The number of lesions per leaflet caused by early leaf-spot for the 16 genotypes measured by the detached leaf technique was significantly correlated (r = 0.85) with the same trait measured in the field. PI 109839 had the fewest number of lesions per leaflet in both greenhouse and field tests.

scholarly journals Comparison of Five Extraction Methods for Determination of Incurred and Added Pesticides in Dietary Composites

2002 ◽  
Vol 85 (5) ◽  
pp. 1167-1176 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Rosenblum ◽  
Sherry T Garris ◽  
Jeffrey N Morgan
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Microwave Assisted ◽  
Assisted Extraction ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Cis And Trans ◽  
Composite Samples ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract The National Exposure Research Laboratory of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency conducts research to measure exposure of individuals to chemical pollutants through the diet. In support of this research, methods are being evaluated for the determination of pesticides in dietary composite samples. In the present study, Soxhlet, blender, microwave-assisted, pressurized fluid, and supercritical fluid extraction methods were compared for the determination of incurred and added pesticides in 4 dietary composites, which varied in fat and water content. Incurred pesticides were chlorothalonil, chlorpyrifos, DDE, dicloran, dieldrin, endosulfan I, malathion, cis- and trans-permethrin, and trifluralin. Added pesticides were α- and γ-chlordane, hexachlorobenzene, and fonofos. Concentrations of the individual pesticides were between 0.2 and 20 ng/g composite. All 5 methods tested could extract pesticides from dietary composites. Most incurred pesticides were recovered from the dietary composites within the range of 59–140% of expected values. Recoveries of added pesticides were between 60 and 130%. Microwave-assisted extraction led to significantly higher concentrations of 7 pesticides. Blender extraction yielded significantly higher concentrations of chlorothalonil and fonofos. Water content was a significant factor in the recovery of chlorothalonil, and fat content was a significant factor in the recovery of fonofos. In designing an exposure study, the selection of the extraction method would be determined by number of samples to be extracted, analyte stability, and cost.

Simple Method for Determination of Dietary Fiber in Frozen Foods

1993 ◽  
Vol 76 (5) ◽  
pp. 1014-1016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sami M Al-Hasani ◽  
Jan Hlavac ◽  
Mark A Huntsman
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Fiber ◽  
Phosphate Buffer ◽  
Pancreatic Enzyme ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Single Component ◽  
Frozen Foods ◽  
Simple Method ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation

Abstract A simple method was developed for the determination of dietary fiber in multicomponent foods. The method involves dispersing the sample into pH 7.4 phosphate buffer and adding bile and pancreatic enzyme as described. Results were comparable to AOAC methods with correlation coefficients of 86% for multicomponent dinners and 89% for breakfast foods. Coefficients of variation ranged from 7.4 to 20.0% for multicomponent foods and 1.0 to 3.6% for single component foods. In addition, blind duplicate samples had a correlation of 0.99. The described method required less time, labor, and manipulation than AOAC methods

Effect of N Rate and Application on Spanish Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) Yield and Seed Grade, N and Oil.1

1974 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Milton E. Walker ◽  
Jerome Ethredge
Keyword(s):  
Arachis Hypogaea ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Arachis Hypogaea L ◽  
Effect On Yield ◽  
N Rates ◽  
Spanish Peanut

Abstract Due to conflicting results of previous studies, experiments were conducted to study the effect of rate and time of application of N on the yield of fruit and on seed grade, percent N and oil content of Spanish peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.). Rates and times of application of N had no significant effect on yield, grade or percent N in seed of Starr peanuts grown on three different soil types. Application of 134.4 kg of N/ha to Fuquay soil 6 weeks after planting decreased oil content in the seed. When the same rate of N was split into two applications (1/2 at planting and 1/2 at 6 weeks), the oil content was significantly higher than when all the N was applied 6 weeks after planting. On Tifton soil, split applications of N (1/2 at 6 weeks and 1/2 at 12 weeks) tend to reduce the oil content of seeds as the N rates increased. The 134.4 kg/ha rate of N applied by this method produced a significantly lower oil content than where all the N was applied at planting or 6 weeks after planting.

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