Investigation of a chlorsulfuron-resistant chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.] population

A chickweed population (R) from a farm near Stony Plain, Alberta, was more resistant to chlorsulfuron than a population (S) collected near Vegreville, Alberta. In greenhouse experiments, the S population was controlled completely by chlorsulfuron applied at 5 g ha−1, whereas 22 g ha−1 was required to reduce dry weight of the R population by 50%. Experiments conducted in a germinator indicated that percentage germination of the R population was higher than that of the S population up to ~ 60 h. Growth analyses in the greenhouse indicated that leaf number, leaf area, shoot dry weight, days to flowering, flower number, seed weight and relative yields differed little between the two populations. In field experiments, control of the R population was poor with the sulfonylurea herbicides, chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron methyl, triasulfuron, amidosulfuron and thifensulfuron. Good to excellent control was obtained with cyanazine/MCPA, linuron, metribuzin, mecoprop, bentazon, metribuzin + MCPA, linuron + MCPA, and mecoprop + bentazon. Key words: Sulfonylurea herbicides, chlorsulfuron, herbicide resistance, relative competitiveness

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The competitive ability of wheat (Triticum aestivum) compared to rigid ryegrass (Lolium rigidum) and cowcockle (Vaccaria hispanica)

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500088706 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 45 (4) ◽

pp. 481-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Abbes Tanji ◽

Robert L. Zimdahl ◽

Philip Westra

Keyword(s):

Competitive Ability ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Wheat Plant ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Semiarid Areas ◽

Absolute Growth ◽

Rigid Ryegrass ◽

Growth Analyses ◽

Competition Growth

Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to study competition between wheat and rigid ryegrass or between wheat and cowcockle using additive series and growth analysis. Wheat was the dominant competitor with either weed. One wheat plant was as competitive as 1 1 or 19 rigid ryegrass plants in greenhouse and field experiments, respectively. One wheat plant was as competitive as three to 24 cowcockle plants, depending on environmental conditions. Dry weight of roots, leaves, stems, and spikes or capsules responded similarly to the effects of competition between wheat and rigid ryegrass or cowcockle. Shoot dry weight was the easiest, fastest, and least expensive component to measure competition. Growth analyses of individual plants showed that wheat had a greater leaf area, shoot and root dry weight, and absolute growth rate than rigid ryegrass or cowcockle, particularly early in the season. A range of 120 to 240 wheat plants m−2can minimize rigid ryegrass or cowcockle competition and achieve an acceptable grain yield in semiarid areas in Morocco.

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Control of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) in corn

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/cjps10065 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 90 (6) ◽

pp. 933-938 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

N. Soltani ◽

C. Shropshire ◽

P.H. Sikkema

Keyword(s):

Environmental Conditions ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Field Trials ◽

Xanthium Strumarium ◽

Corn Yield ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Herbicide Treatments ◽

Excellent Control

Nine field trials (five with PRE and four with POST herbicides) were conducted in 2006 to 2009 on various Ontario farms with heavy common cocklebur infestations to determine the effectiveness of PRE and POST herbicides for the control of common cocklebur in corn. There was no commercially significant corn injury from the PRE herbicides evaluated. Saflufenacil, saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p, isoxaflutole + atrazine, mesotrione + atrazine and dicamba/atrazine, applied PRE provided 85, 85, 76, 73 and 67% control of common cocklebur in corn 8 wk after emergence (WAE), respectively. Common cocklebur shoot dry weight was reduced 84, 80, 79, 75 and 68% with saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p, isoxaflutole + atrazine, mesotrione + atrazine, saflufenacil and dicamba/atrazine, respectively. There was no effect on corn yield compared with the weedy control with the PRE herbicides evaluated. The application of 2,4-D/atrazine POST resulted in unacceptable injury (28%) in corn. Dicamba/atrazine, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, dicamba and mesotrione + atrazine provided up to 98, 95, 90 and 90% control of common cocklebur 8 wk after application (WAA), respectively. All POST herbicide treatments increased corn yield compared with the non-treated control. Saflufenacil and saflufenacil/dimethenamid-p applied PRE and dicamba, dicamba/diflufenzopyr, dicamba/atrazine or mesotrione + atrazine applied POST have potential to provide good to excellent control of common cocklebur in corn under Ontario environmental conditions.

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Pre-maturity gradients in shoot size and in number and size of florets for spring barley treated with mepiquat chloride

The Journal of Agricultural Science ◽

10.1017/s002185960008223x ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 110 (3) ◽

pp. 633-639

Author(s):

S. R. Waddington ◽

Phyllis Cartwright

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Spring Barley ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Stem Length ◽

Small Scale ◽

Main Shoot ◽

Mepiquat Chloride ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Spike Development ◽

Shoot Size

SummaryEffects of mepiquat chloride on gradients of shoot growth within spring barley plants (cv. Koru) were determined in two small-scale field experiments. Mepiquat chloride was applied at either the lemma primordium stage or the late carpel primordium stage of spike development in the main shoot. The shoot dry weight, stem length, spike length, number and size of florets and floret developmental score were measured for all shoots, over the period from the lemma primordium stage of main shoot spike development to the late milk stage of grain development.Lemma primordium mepiquat chloride increased the size and developmental score of later-formed shorter shoots pre-anthesis while delaying the spike development of the main shoot and other longer shoots by up to 4 days. The overall effect was to produce plants with a reduced range of shoot and spike sizes from the end of floret initiation in the main shoot until maturity. In addition, there was a slight increase in the number of shoots per plant in both experiments. Gradients of carpel development and carpel width along the spike were reduced in all treated spikes by the time of floret abortion in the main shoot but the effects were more noticeable in shorter shoots. The number of florets initiated per plant was increased by 21–22%. All shoots contributed to the larger number of florets but again the major additions came from the shorter shoots. The few extra florets initiated in longer shoots were lost during abortion of distal florets while the 2–5 extra florets on shorter shoots were retained to give extra grains at maturity.Application of mepiquat chloride at the late carpel primordium stage had little effect on gradients of spike size or on number, size and development of florets.

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Tolerance and Physiological Responses in Two Populations of Harmel Plant to Silver Stress, A Suitable Candidate for Accumulation of Ag

10.21203/rs.3.rs-926165/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kobra Mahdavian

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Translocation Factor ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Chlorophyll B ◽

Total Soluble Sugars ◽

Suitable Candidate ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Two Populations ◽

Silver Metal

Abstract By studying harmel plants in Ag metal-contaminated mineral areas, it was found that harmel plants can accumulate Ag metal, so the present study aimed to investigate the effects of Ag exposure (0, 1, 2.5, 5, 10 mgL− 1 Ag) to harmel seedlings. Two populations (metallicolous and non-metallicolous) were compared about Ag tolerance, Ag accumulation, translocation factor (TF), photosynthetic pigments, antioxidant enzyme activity and, non-enzyme metabolite. At first, harmel plants were studied for their ability to accumulate silver metal in a silver metal-contaminated mineral area. Also, the results of hydroponic culture showed that the increase of Ag concentrations in the nutrient solution reduced root length, shoot length, root dry weight, shoot dry weight, chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid and, total soluble sugars in both populations, but the accumulation is more pronounced in metallicolous populations than non-metallicolous. In response to this, the antioxidant activities were increased under Ag exposure, and sharp in the metallicolous population. In conclusion, the above results show that harmel seems a suitable candidate for Ag-accumulation; and these findings support the use of harmel as an acceptable species for cultivation in soils that are contaminated with Ag and strategies to minimize the toxicity of Ag in plants.

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Response of Corn to Simulated Glyphosate Drift Followed by In-Crop Herbicides

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-08-067.1 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 11-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Lynette R. Brown ◽

Darren E. Robinson ◽

Bryan G. Young ◽

Mark M. Loux ◽

William G. Johnson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Crop Injury ◽

Glyphosate Drift

Thirteen field experiments were conducted in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Ontario from 2005 to 2007 to determine the effects of simulated glyphosate drift followed by in-crop applications of nicosulfuron/rimsulfuron plus dicamba/diflufenzopyr or foramsulfuron plus bromoxynil plus atrazine on nontransgenic corn injury, height, stand count, shoot dry weight, and yield. Simulated glyphosate drift at 100 and 200 g/ha, resulted in 11 to 61% visual crop injury and a 19 to 45% decrease in corn height. Simulated glyphosate drift at 200 g/ha caused a reduction in shoot dry weight by 46%, stand count by 28% and yield by 49 to 56%. Generally, simulated glyphosate drift followed by the in-crop herbicides resulted in an additive response with respect to visual crop injury, height, stand count, shoot dry weight, and yield.

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Growth and Development of Quackgrass (Agropyron repens) Biotypes

Weed Science ◽

10.1017/s0043174500025819 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 29 (1) ◽

pp. 44-52 ◽

Cited By ~ 18

Author(s):

P. H. Westra ◽

D. L. Wyse

Keyword(s):

Growth And Development ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Reproductive Potential ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Leaf Pubescence ◽

Flag Leaves ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Shoot Production ◽

Dark Green ◽

Agropyron Repens

Greenhouse and field experiments (at Rosemount and Roseau, Minnesota) were conducted to characterize the growth and development of 10 quackgrass [Agropyron repens (L.) Beauv.] biotypes selected near Roseau, Minnesota. The biotypes were highly variable for all traits studied. Eight of the biotypes had flag leaves approximately 1 cm wide, but two biotypes had flag leaves approximately 1.5 cm wide. Four biotypes were glaucous and blue-green in color, and the other biotypes varied from light to dark green and had varying leaf pubescence. In the field, plant height varied from 59 to 79 cm, and rhizome length varied from 105 to 135 cm. Spike production varied from 4 to 62 spikes per plant, and mid-season rhizome bud production varied from 246 to 1,211 buds, suggesting that the biotypes varied in their reproductive potential. Shoot dry weight varied from 48 to 362 g per plant, and daughter shoot production varied from 7 to 235 shoots per plant. The quackgrass near Roseau, Minnesota, appears to be made up of several distinct biotypes.

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Selective Weed Control in Syrian Marjoram (Origanum syriacum) with Oxadiazon and Oxyfluorfen Herbicides

Weed Technology ◽

10.1614/wt-04-129r1.1 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 20 (3) ◽

pp. 670-676 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jamal R. Qasem ◽

Chester L. Foy

Keyword(s):

Weed Control ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Weed Competition ◽

Jordan Valley ◽

Crop Failure ◽

Growing Period ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Central Jordan ◽

Low Rate

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of oxadiazon and oxyfluorfen on weeds and Syrian marjoram (Origanum syriacumL.) in the central Jordan Valley during the period from 1998 to 2001. Results showed that weed competition with marjoram for the whole growing period resulted in almost complete crop failure. Oxyfluorfen and oxadiazon applied preplanting or postplanting to marjoram controlled weeds effectively, resulted in significant increase in marjoram shoot fresh and dry weight yields and in more branches per plant compared with the weed-infested control. High marjoram yield was obtained with oxyfluorfen applied at 0.72 kg ai/ha in preplanting treatment and with oxadiazon at 1.25 and 0.75 kg ai/ha in pre- and postplanting treatments, respectively. In preplanting treatment, 0.36 kg ai/ha of oxyfluorfen was highly selective, but 1.44 kg ai/ha reduced marjoram yield. Conflicting results were obtained with oxadiazon under the same treatments. In postplanting, oxyfluorfen at 0.24 and 0.96 kg ai/ha significantly increased marjoram yield over the weed-infested control. However, the highest shoot dry weight of marjoram was obtained at 0.96 kg ai/ha of this herbicide. In contrast, the low rate (0.38 kg ai/ha) of oxadiazon was highly selective and increased marjoram yield, but the herbicide failed to increase yield beyond the weed-infested control when the higher rate (1.5 kg ai/ha) was used. Results showed that both oxyfluorfen and oxadiazon herbicides were highly selective and effective for weed control in Syrian marjoram, providing normal rates of both are used, although high rates of the two herbicides were also selective and increased marjoram yield over the weed-infested control.

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Heritability in the early nodulation of F3 and F4 soybean lines

Canadian Journal of Plant Science ◽

10.4141/p96-098 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 77 (2) ◽

pp. 201-205 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

D. L. Pazdernik ◽

P. H. Graham ◽

J. H. Orf

Keyword(s):

Glycine Max ◽

Growth Stage ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Plant Performance ◽

Nodule Development ◽

Plant Introductions ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Glycine Max L ◽

Shoot Mass ◽

Two Populations

We have previously identified differences among soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] lines in early nodulation and N2 fixation, and related early nodule development and overall plant performance under N-limited field conditions. The objectives of the present study were: 1) to estimate heritabilities for nodule fresh weight (NFW), shoot dry weight (SDW), and root dry weight (RDW) determined 17 d after inoculation (DAI); 2) to examine genetic variation for total nodule soluble protein (TSOLP) at 17 DAI, and SDW and shoot N derived from fixation (SNdfa) at the R5 growth stage; and 3) to assess relationships between early nodulation and subsequent R5 shoot mass and SNdfa. The two populations used were derived from the Minnesota-adapted cultivars Kasota and Parker, and two plant introductions PI 437966 and PI 384469B. Genetic variances within populations were significant for most traits measured at 17 DAI, and at the R5 growth stage. Heritability estimates ranged from 0.79–0.82 for NFW, 0.51–0.56 for SDW, and 0.38–0.40 for RDW, with SDW also correlated with seed size at 17 DAI (r = 0.88**). Additional correlation analyses showed SNdfa correlated with NFW (r = 0.33**) and TSOLP (r = 0.46**). The results of this study suggest that gains from selection are possible for NFW and SDW at early stages of plant development. Key words: Glycine max (L.) Merr., nodulation, nitrogen fixation, heritabilitynot available

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The Effects of Elemental Sulphur on Shoot Dry Weight, Nodulation and Pod Yield of Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) under Irrigation

Experimental Agriculture ◽

10.1017/s0014479700001174 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 93-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

Tageldin M. Hago ◽

M. A. Salama

Keyword(s):

Arachis Hypogaea ◽

Field Experiments ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Elemental Sulphur ◽

Sulphur Content ◽

Nodule Number ◽

Pod Yield ◽

Total Sulphur ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Total Sulphur Content

SUMMARYField experiments were carried out to study the effects of elemental sulphur on irrigated groundnut. The sulphur was applied at rates of 50, 100 or 150 kg ha−1, either at sowing, at flowering or in two equal splits at sowing and flowering. Shoot dry weight, total sulphur content of leaves, nodule number per plant and pod yield were all significantly increased by sulphur treatment, but nodule dry weight was unaffected. The greatest response lay at or below 50 kg ha−1 applied at sowing. There were no further increases in response above this level.

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Co-Inoculation of Mesorhizobium ciceri with Either Bacillus sp. or Enterobacter aerogenes on Chickpea Improves Growth and Productivity in Phosphate-Deficient Soils in Dry Areas of a Mediterranean Region

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants10030571 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 571

Author(s):

Imane Benjelloun ◽

Imane Thami Alami ◽

Mohamed El Khadir ◽

Allal Douira ◽

Sripada M. Udupa

Keyword(s):

Field Experiments ◽

Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽

Dry Weight ◽

Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria ◽

Bacillus Sp ◽

Mesorhizobium Ciceri ◽

Shoot Dry Weight ◽

Combined Application ◽

Dry Areas ◽

Phosphate Solubilizing

Biological nitrogen fixation requires a large amount of phosphorus (P). However, most of the soils are P-deficient and the extensive use of P- chemical fertilizers constitute a serious threat to the environment. In this context, two field experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of co-inoculation of Mesorhizobium ciceri with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Bacillus sp., and Enterobacter aerogenes, on chickpea as an alternative to chemical nitrogen (N) and phosphorous fertilizers in P-deficient soils in dry areas of Morocco. The results revealed that combined inoculation of chickpea with rhizobia and PSB showed a significant enhancement of chickpea nodulation, biomass production, yields and N, P, and protein content in grains as compared to single inoculation or single application of N or P. A significantly higher increase was obtained by inoculating chickpea with Mesorhizobium sp. MA72 combined with E. aerogenes P1S6. This combination allowed an enhancement of more than 270% in nodulation, 192% in shoot dry weight and 242% in grain yield. The effect of this combination was equivalent to the effect of combined application of N and P fertilizers. Formulation of biofertilizers based on tasted strains could be used for chickpea co-inoculation in P-deficient soils for an eco-friendly sustainable production of chickpea.

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