Utilisation de l'engrais azoté marqué au 15N par le maïs selon les modes d'application et les doses d'azote

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Sen Tran ◽  
Marcel Giroux ◽  
Michel P. Cescas
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Split Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
N Rates

The main objective of this study was to compare the recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer by different methods of N application and N rates. Field experiments were carried out for 3 yr at Saint-Hyacinthe (Saint-Damase, Du Contour, Sainte-Rosalie soils) and at Saint-Lambert, Lévis (Le Bras soil). Grain corn (cv. Pride K228, 2700 CHU) and silage corn (cv. Hyland 3251, 2300 CHU) were grown at Saint-Hyacinthe and Saint-Lambert, respectively. In 1988 and 1989, field trials were arranged in a randomized complete bloc design consisting of five treatments in three replications: control 0 N and four split application methods of N fertilizer. Labelled 15NH4 15NO3 fertilizer was applied either banded at planting as starter (D), broadcast and incorporated before planting (Vs) or sidedressing between rows at V6 to V8 stages of corn (Bp). In 1990 field trials, treatments consisted of four N rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1) labelled with 15NH4 15NO3. The effect of N rates on yield and N uptake by corn was significant in all years. However, the effect of application methods was significant only on the soil Du Contour in 1989 where corn grain yield was highest when N fertilizer was split as starter and sidedress band. The CUR of N fertilizer applied broadcast before planting (42 to 48%) was generally lower than sidedressing band application (43 to 54%). N fertilizer recovery in the starter showed also high CUR values (45 to 60%). Consequently, it is recommended to split N fertilizers and apply in band to increase efficiency for grain corn. The CUR values decreased with N rates only in Le Bras soil in 1990. Residual N fertilizer increased from 27 to 103 kg N ha−1 for 60 and 180 kg N ha−1 rates, respectively. Consequently, the environmental impact of N fertilization may increased with high N rate. Key words: Grain corn, silage corn, 15N recovery, fertilizer N split application

Forage-corn production and N-fertilizer replacement values following 1 or 2 years of legumes

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Théophile Paré ◽  
François P. Chalifour ◽  
Josée Bourassa ◽  
Hani Antoun
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
N Application ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Crop Sequence

The costs of N fertilizer and concern for sustainable agriculture have led to renewed interest in the use of legumes as a source of N for succeeding non-legume crops. In this regard, field experiments were conducted in 1987,1988 and 1989 on a Rivière-du-Loup sandy gravelly loam (Ferro-Humic Podzol) at St-Anselme and on a Chaloupe silty loam (Orthic Humic Gleysol) at Deschambault in eastern Quebec, Canada, to determine the effects of 1 or 2 years of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Outlook and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Maple Amber on subsequent forage-corn (Zea mays L.) Pioneer 3979 dry matter yields (DMY) and N uptake, and the N-fertilizer replacement values (NFRV) of the different crop sequences. Corn in monoculture or following a legume was fertilized with 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N ha−1, and legumes received 20 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3. In 1989, at both locations, the DMY and N uptake of forage corn in monoculture or following 2 consecutive years of soybean, or subsequent to soybean and faba bean grown 2 years previously, increased linearly with N application. After 2 consecutive years of faba bean, the DMY were not affected by increasing fertilization, but the N uptake generally increased proportionally to N application. The estimated NFRV (on a DMY basis) after 2 consecutive years of faba bean varied from 60 to 125 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme, and from 100 to 110 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault for the ears and stover, respectively. The NFRV estimated for the same cropping sequence varied from 122 to 129 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme and from 104 to 131 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault, for the stover and ears, respectively, on the basis of N uptake. For 2 consecutive years of soybean, it averaged 14 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme and 33 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault, on the basis of the DMY; when based on the N uptake, the NFRV of 2 consecutive years of soybean varied from 14 to 21 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme and from 0 to 15 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault for the stover and ears, respectively. The average NFRV (based on the DMY) for faba bean grown 2 years previously were 17 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme but NFRV varied from 0 to 16 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault for stover and ears, respectively; on the basis of N uptake, the NFRV for the same crop sequence averaged 24 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme, but varied from 0 to 15 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault for the stover and ears, respectively. Key words: Corn, faba bean, soybean, crop sequence, N fertilization

scholarly journals Nitrogen Leaching and Nitrogen Balance under Differing Nitrogen Fertilization for Sugarcane Cultivation on a Subtropical Island

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Ken Okamoto ◽  
Shinkichi Goto ◽  
Toshihiko Anzai ◽  
Shotaro Ando
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Fertilizer application during sugarcane cultivation is a main source of nitrogen (N) loads to groundwater on small islands in southwestern Japan. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of reducing the N fertilizer application rate on sugarcane yield, N leaching, and N balance. We conducted a sugarcane cultivation experiment with drainage lysimeters and different N application rates in three cropping seasons (three years). N loads were reduced by reducing the first N application rate in all cropping seasons. The sugarcane yields of the treatment to which the first N application was halved (T2 = 195 kg ha−1 N) were slightly lower than those of the conventional application (T1 = 230 kg ha−1 N) in the first and third seasons (T1 = 91 or 93 tons ha−1, T2 = 89 or 87 tons ha−1). N uptake in T1 and T2 was almost the same in seasons 1 (186–188 kg ha−1) and 3 (147–151 kg ha−1). Based on the responses of sugarcane yield and N uptake to fertilizer reduction in two of the three years, T2 is considered to represent a feasible fertilization practice for farmers. The reduction of the first N fertilizer application reduced the underground amounts of N loads (0–19 kg ha−1). However, application of 0 N in the first fertilization would lead to a substantial reduction in yield in all seasons. Reducing the amount of N in the first application (i.e., replacing T1 with T2) improved N recovery by 9.7–11.9% and reduced N leaching by 13 kg ha−1. These results suggest that halving the amount of N used in the first application can improve N fertilizer use efficiency and reduce N loss to groundwater.

Triticale out-performs wheat on range of UK soils with a similar nitrogen requirement

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. ROQUES ◽  
D. R. KINDRED ◽  
S. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk ◽  
N Rates

SUMMARYTriticale has a reputation for performing well on poor soils, under drought and with reduced inputs, but there has been little investigation of its performance on the better yielding soils dominated by wheat production. The present paper reports 16 field experiments comparing wheat and triticale yield responses to nitrogen (N) fertilizer on high-yielding soils in the UK in harvest years 2009–2014. Each experiment included at least two wheat and at least two triticale varieties, grown at five or six N fertilizer rates from 0 to at least 260 kg N/ha. Linear plus exponential curves were fitted to describe the yield response to N and to calculate economically optimal N rates. Normal type curves with depletion were used to describe protein responses to N. Whole crop samples from selected treatments were taken prior to harvest to measure crop biomass, harvest index, crop N content and yield components. At commercial N rates, mean triticale yield was higher than the mean wheat yield at 13 out of 16 sites; the mean yield advantage of triticale was 0·53 t/ha in the first cereal position and 1·26 t/ha in the second cereal position. Optimal N requirement varied with variety at ten of the 16 sites, but there was no consistent difference between the optimal N rates of wheat and triticale. Triticale grain had lower protein content and lower specific weight than wheat grain. Triticale typically showed higher biomass and straw yields, lower harvest index and higher total N uptake than wheat. Consequently, triticale had higher N uptake efficiency and higher N use efficiency. Based on this study, current N fertilizer recommendations for triticale in the UK are too low, as are national statistics and expectations of triticale yields. The implications of these findings for arable cropping and cereals markets in the UK and Northern Europe are discussed, and the changes which would need to occur to allow triticale to fulfil a role in achieving sustainable intensification are explored.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Requirements and N Status Determination of Lettuce

HortScience ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (12) ◽  
pp. 1768-1774 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas G. Bottoms ◽  
Richard F. Smith ◽  
Michael D. Cahn ◽  
Timothy K. Hartz
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Fertilizer Efficiency ◽  
Residual Soil ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fresh Biomass ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Crop N Uptake ◽  
N Rates

As concern over NO3-N pollution of groundwater increases, California lettuce growers are under pressure to improve nitrogen (N) fertilizer efficiency. Crop growth, N uptake, and the value of soil and plant N diagnostic measures were evaluated in 24 iceberg and romaine lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. var. capitata L., and longifolia Lam., respectively) field trials from 2007 to 2010. The reliability of presidedressing soil nitrate testing (PSNT) to identify fields in which N application could be reduced or eliminated was evaluated in 16 non-replicated strip trials and five replicated trials on commercial farms. All commercial field sites had greater than 20 mg·kg−1 residual soil NO3-N at the time of the first in-season N application. In the strip trials, plots in which the cooperating growers’ initial sidedress N application was eliminated or reduced were compared with the growers’ standard N fertilization program. In the replicated trials, the growers’ N regime was compared with treatments in which one or more N fertigation through drip irrigation was eliminated. Additionally, seasonal N rates from 11 to 336 kg·ha−1 were compared in three replicated drip-irrigated research farm trials. Seasonal N application in the strip trials was reduced by an average of 77 kg·ha−1 (73 kg·ha−1 vs. 150 kg·ha−1 for the grower N regime) with no reduction in fresh biomass produced and only a slight reduction in crop N uptake (151 kg·ha−1 vs. 156 kg·ha−1 for the grower N regime). Similarly, an average seasonal N rate reduction of 88 kg·ha−1 (96 kg·ha−1 vs. 184 kg·ha−1) was achieved in the replicated commercial trials with no biomass reduction. Seasonal N rates between 111 and 192 kg·ha−1 maximized fresh biomass in the research farm trials, which were conducted in fields with lower residual soil NO3-N than the commercial trials. Across fields, lettuce N uptake was slow in the first 4 weeks after planting, averaging less than 0.5 kg·ha−1·d−1. N uptake then increased linearly until harvest (≈9 weeks after planting), averaging ≈4 kg·ha−1·d−1 over that period. Whole plant critical N concentration (Nc, the minimum whole plant N concentration required to maximize growth) was estimated by the equation Nc (g·kg−1) = 42 − 2.8 dry mass (DM, Mg·ha−1); on that basis, critical N uptake (crop N uptake required to maintain whole plant N above Nc) in the commercial fields averaged 116 kg·ha−1 compared with the mean uptake of 145 kg·ha−1 with the grower N regime. Soil NO3-N greater than 20 mg·kg−1 was a reliable indicator that N application could be reduced or delayed. Neither leaf N nor midrib NO3-N was correlated with concurrently measured soil NO3-N and therefore of limited value in directing in-season N fertilization.

Effect of rate of nitrogen fertilizer on the above- and below-ground biomass of irrigated bromegrass in southwest Saskatchewan

1991 ◽  
Vol 71 (4) ◽  
pp. 1057-1067 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Leyshon
Keyword(s):  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Root Mass ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
N Application ◽  
Nutrient Quality ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Below Ground ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
N Rates

A 9-yr study was conducted on an alluvial clay loam at Swift Current, Saskatchewan to determine the effect of annual applications of urea-N (46-0-0) fertilizer on production, nutrient quality, N use efficiency, root mass, and root distribution of bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.). Nitrogen was applied annually at the rates of 0, 50, 100, and 200 kg ha−1 N to an established stand of bromegrass. Plots were flood irrigated. Forage DM yields increased linearly with rate of N applied. In all years, the slope of the response was similar and averaged 24 kg DM kg−1 N. The average y-intercept value was 1794 kg DM ha−1. In years 1–4, the N concentration in the grass was depressed at low N rates but after 5 yr the N concentration increased at all N rates. Tissue [Formula: see text] levels over 100 ppm occurred at the 200 kg N rate after 3 yr. Applications of N reduced plant P in all years; the extent depended on N rate. Uptake of N increased with increasing N rate as did the apparent N recovery. Nitrogen rate had no effect on root mass or distribution. Root mass totalled 13 888 kg DM ha−1 to 105-cm depth. Approximately 36% of the root mass was in the top 7.5 cm, 11.9% in the 7.5- to 15-cm depth and 16.9% in the 15-to 30-cm depth. Estimates of the soil space occupied by roots indicate that they would occupy a large proportion of the available pore volume. It was concluded that producers growing bromegrass under irrigation on medium- to heavy-textured soils in southern Saskatchewan can consistently expect considerable increases in hay yield of good quality with N fertilizer at rates up to 200 kg N ha−1. While forage production increased linearly in response to N fertilization, root accumulation remained at a constant level. Further studies are needed to establish maximum yields and economic rates of N application. Key words: N rate, N recovery, roots, forage N, forage P

The effect of stubble management and N-fertilization practices on the nitrogen economy under intensive rice cropping

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Bacon ◽  
LG Lewin ◽  
JW McGarity ◽  
EH Hoult ◽  
D Alter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N

The fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to rice (Oryza sativa L) was studied in microplots established within two field experiments comprising a range of stubble levels, stubble management techniques, N application rates and times. The first experiment investigated uptake of soil and fertilizer N in plots where application of 0 or 100 kg N ha-1 to the previous rice crop had produced 11.5 and 16.1 t ha-1 of stubble respectively. The stubble was then treated in one of four ways-burn (no till); burn then cultivated; incorporated in autumn or incorporated at sawing. Microplots within these large plots received 60 kg ha-1 of 5% 15N enriched urea at sowing, just prior to permanent flood (PF), or just after panicle initiation (PI) of the second crop. The second experiment was undertaken within a field in which half of the plots had stubble from the previous three rice crops burned, while the other plots had all stubble incorporated. In the fourth successive rice crop, the two stubble management systems were factorially combined with three N rates (0, 70 or 140 kg N ha-1) and three application times (PF, PI or a 50 : 50 split between PF and PI). Nitrogen uptake and retention in the soil were studied within 15N-labelled microplots established within each of these large plots. Only 4% of the 15N applied at sowing in the first experiment was recovered in the rice crop, while delaying N application to PF or PI increased this to an average of 20% and 44% respectively over the two experiments. The doubling of N application rate doubled fertilizer N uptake and also increased uptake of soil N at maturity by 12 kgN ha-1. Three years of stubble incorporation increased average uptake of fertilizer and soil N in the second experiment by 5 and 12 kg N ha-1 respectively. In both experiments, the soil was the major source of N, contributing 66-96% of total N uptake. On average, in the fourth crop, 20% of fertilizer N was in the grain, 12% in the straw and 3% in the roots, while 23% was located in the top 300 mm of soil. A further 3% was in the soil below 300 mm. The remaining 39% was lost, presumably by denitrification.

RESPONSE OF AN ORCHARDGRASS-PERENNIAL RYEGRASS SWARD TO RATE AND METHOD OF UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE APPLICATION

1983 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 719-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. A. BOMKE ◽  
R. A. BERTRAND
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Split Application ◽  
Single Application ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
N Application ◽  
N Source ◽  
N Rates

Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at rates of 75, 150 and 300 kg N/ha as either a single application in April or split into three equal increments, one applied in April and the second and third following cuts one and two. The orchardgrass-perennial ryegrass sward responded significantly to applied N in each year; however, the yield produced by the two sources differed in only one of the three years. In that year split applied ammonium nitrate gave 8% higher yields than similarly applied urea. The sources were found to be equivalent when applied in the spring. Split application of the N rates increased total annual dry matter yields in one of the three years regardless of N source. In all three years split application of N shifted forage production from cut one to cuts two and three. Key words: N uptake, split N application, orchardgrass-perennial ryegrass sward

scholarly journals Nitrogen recovery and dry matter production of silage maize (Zea mays L.) as affected by subsurface band application of mineral nitrogen fertilizer

1998 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Van Dijk ◽  
G. Brouwer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Matter Production ◽  
Negative Effect

In 1991-94 the effects of subsurface band application of mineral N fertilizer on the N recovery and dry matter (DM) yield of silage maize were studied in nine field experiments on sandy and clay soils in the Netherlands. In the early crop stages and especially in the clay soil experiments, banded N had a significant negative effect on the N uptake and DM yield compared to broadcast N, possibly due to salt damage. At final harvest, however, banding significantly increased the N uptake and DM yield in most of the experiments. The apparent N recovery increased by circa 20-25% (absolute). The positive effects indicated that band application improved the efficiency of the N fertilizer. It could be calculated that banding allowed a reduction in the N rate of 20-30% without significant effects on the N uptake and DM yield of the silage maize. Benefits of banding were positively (P

scholarly journals Split application of reduced nitrogen rate improves nitrogen uptake and use efficiency in sweetpotato

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiangbei Du ◽  
Min Xi ◽  
Lingcong Kong
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Partition Ratio ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Storage Root ◽  
Split Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Use Efficiency ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity

Abstract Splitting nitrogen (N) application is beneficial for enhancing sweetpotato growth and promoting optimum yields under reduced N rates; however, studies concerning how split N can affect sweetpotato N dynamics and utilization are limited. Field experiments were conducted from 2015 to 2016 to determine how split N application affects sweetpotato N uptake and N use efficiency (NUE) under a reduced N rate. Two cultivars (Xushu 22 and Shangshu 19) were planted under four N treatments, a conventional basal application of 100 kg N ha−1 (100:0), a basal application of 80 kg N ha−1 (80:0), two equal split applications of 80 kg N ha−1 (basal and 35 days after transplanting, 40:40) and a N omission treatment (N0). Data from two years revealed that sweetpotato yields decreased at a reduced 20% N rate with a basal application (80:0); however, the reduced 20% N rate with a split application (40:40) significantly increased the yield by 16.6–19.0%. Although the 80:0 treatment decreased sweetpotato N uptake, the 40:40 treatment increased the N uptake by increasing the N uptake rate and prolonging the duration of the fast N uptake phase. In comparison to the basal application, the split N application used N more efficiently, showing consistently higher levels of agronomic use efficiency, recovery efficiency, physiological efficiency and partial factor productivity. NUEs under split N improved due to increased N uptake during the middle and late growth stages and a higher N partition ratio to the storage root. The above results indicate that split N application provides better N for crop developmental stages and is recommended as an alternative approach to simultaneously increasing storage root yield and NUE under a reduced N rate in sweetpotato production in China.

Evaluation of different nitrogen use efficiency indices using field-grown green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L Van
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Use Efficiency

The effects of increasing nitrogen (N) fertilization on N use efficiency (NUE) and yield of green bell pepper were assessed in five field experiments over 2004 and 2005. These data were used to evaluate and contrast conclusions drawn from among 12 different NUE indices. In two diferent years (i.e., cool/wet vs. warm/dry), marketable yield response to N application was either positive or no response was observed. Total percent N in the fruit and shoot was lower in non-fertilized plants compared with plants grown in plots that received 70 or 210 kg N ha-1. There were considerable differences among locations in soil mineral N, yield, NUE, and plant N uptake and removal. For all eight fertilizer- and soil-based NUE indices assessed, NUE decreased as N application increased. However, for plant-based NUE indices, there was no difference in NUE values between N treatments. Thus, the interpretation and applicability of NUE depends on the goals of the research and the index used. Key words: Nutrient use efficiency, green bell peppers, harvest index, nitrogen, fertilizer, vegetable

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