Forage-corn production and N-fertilizer replacement values following 1 or 2 years of legumes

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 477-493 ◽  
Author(s):  
Théophile Paré ◽  
François P. Chalifour ◽  
Josée Bourassa ◽  
Hani Antoun
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
N Application ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Crop Sequence

The costs of N fertilizer and concern for sustainable agriculture have led to renewed interest in the use of legumes as a source of N for succeeding non-legume crops. In this regard, field experiments were conducted in 1987,1988 and 1989 on a Rivière-du-Loup sandy gravelly loam (Ferro-Humic Podzol) at St-Anselme and on a Chaloupe silty loam (Orthic Humic Gleysol) at Deschambault in eastern Quebec, Canada, to determine the effects of 1 or 2 years of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Outlook and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Maple Amber on subsequent forage-corn (Zea mays L.) Pioneer 3979 dry matter yields (DMY) and N uptake, and the N-fertilizer replacement values (NFRV) of the different crop sequences. Corn in monoculture or following a legume was fertilized with 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N ha−1, and legumes received 20 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3. In 1989, at both locations, the DMY and N uptake of forage corn in monoculture or following 2 consecutive years of soybean, or subsequent to soybean and faba bean grown 2 years previously, increased linearly with N application. After 2 consecutive years of faba bean, the DMY were not affected by increasing fertilization, but the N uptake generally increased proportionally to N application. The estimated NFRV (on a DMY basis) after 2 consecutive years of faba bean varied from 60 to 125 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme, and from 100 to 110 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault for the ears and stover, respectively. The NFRV estimated for the same cropping sequence varied from 122 to 129 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme and from 104 to 131 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault, for the stover and ears, respectively, on the basis of N uptake. For 2 consecutive years of soybean, it averaged 14 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme and 33 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault, on the basis of the DMY; when based on the N uptake, the NFRV of 2 consecutive years of soybean varied from 14 to 21 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme and from 0 to 15 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault for the stover and ears, respectively. The average NFRV (based on the DMY) for faba bean grown 2 years previously were 17 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme but NFRV varied from 0 to 16 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault for stover and ears, respectively; on the basis of N uptake, the NFRV for the same crop sequence averaged 24 kg N ha−1 at St-Anselme, but varied from 0 to 15 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault for the stover and ears, respectively. Key words: Corn, faba bean, soybean, crop sequence, N fertilization

Residual effects of faba bean and soybean for a second or third succeeding forage-corn production

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 495-507 ◽  
Author(s):  
Théophile Paré ◽  
François P. Chalifour ◽  
Josée Bourassa ◽  
Hani Antoun
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Corn Production ◽  
N Application ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Corn Crop ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Silty Loam

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of annual legumes on subsequent corn production but they rarely extended beyond a second succeeding crop. We have therefore conducted field experiments on a sandy gravelly loam at St-Anselme and on a silty loam at Deschambault in eastern Quebec to determine the residual effects of (i) faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) on a third succeeding corn (Zea mays L.) crop and (ii) 2 consecutive years of these legumes on a second subsequent corn crop. In monoculture or following legumes, corn was fertilized with 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3. The corn stover and whole-plant dry matter yields (DMY), and the ear and whole-plant N uptake were higher following faba bean grown 3 years earlier than in monoculture at both locations. At Deschambault, the stover DMY of second subsequent corn following 2 consecutive years of faba bean did not vary with the N application. At both locations, the DMY, N concentrations and N uptake of second subsequent corn were higher after 2 consecutive years of faba bean than after other previous crop sequences. Two consecutive years of soybean had significant effects on the DMY and N uptake of a second subsequent corn crop with N application at Deschambault. At both locations, the N-fertilizer replacement values (NFRV) of soybean were lower or equal to 0 kg N ha−1. The NFRV (DMY and N uptake bases) of faba bean grown three years earlier and of 2 consecutive years of this pulse varied widely between locations. Key words: Corn, faba bean, soybean, residual N, crop sequence, rotation effects

Forage corn dry-matter yields and N uptake as affected by previous legumes and N fertilizer

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 699-712 ◽  
Author(s):  
Théophile Paré ◽  
François-P. Chalifour ◽  
Josée Bourassa ◽  
Hani Antoun
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Previous Crop ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Silty Loam ◽  
Glycine Max L ◽  
Whole Plants

Field experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 on a Rivière-du-Loup sandy gravelly loam (Ferro-Humic Podzol) at St-Anselme and on a Chaloupe silty loam (Orthic Humic Gleysol) at Deschambault in Eastern Quebec. In monoculture, or following a legume, corn (Zea mays L.) Pioneer 3979 was fertilized with 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N ha−1, and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) Outlook and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) Maple Amber received 20 kg N ha−1 as NH4NO3. In 1987, the whole-plant dry-matter yields (DMY) of corn increased linearly with the supply of N at St-Anselme and Deschambault. The stover and whole-plant N uptake, also increased linearly with the N levels at both locations, but the supply of N had no effect on the ear N uptake. In 1988, at St-Anselme and at Deschambault, the ear, stover and whole-plant DMY of plants not receiving N and following faba bean were significantly higher than those in monoculture or following soybean and not fertilized with N; these differences between previous crops were more evident at St-Anselme than at Deschambault. At both locations, the DMY of the stover, ears and whole plants of corn were more responsive to the increased N levels following soybean or corn. At both locations, the N uptake of corn following faba bean did not increase with the N levels in contrast to corn following corn or soybean. The N-fertilizer replacement values (NFRV) for soybean (on the basis of corn DMY) were negligible or lower than 0 kg N ha−1 at both locations. At St-Anselme, the values for faba bean were higher than 150 kg N ha−1, but averaged 32 kg N ha−1 at Deschambault (DMY basis). On the basis of corn N uptake, the NFRV of faba bean ranged from 92 kg N ha−1 for ears and was higher than 150 kg N ha−1 for whole plants at St-Anselme, and varied from 37 kg N ha−1 for stover to 44 kg N ha−1 for ears at Deschambault.Key words: Previous crop, forage corn, soybean, faba bean, N-fertilizer replacement value

Utilisation de l'engrais azoté marqué au 15N par le maïs selon les modes d'application et les doses d'azote

1997 ◽  
Vol 77 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thi Sen Tran ◽  
Marcel Giroux ◽  
Michel P. Cescas
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Split Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Application Methods ◽  
N Rates

The main objective of this study was to compare the recovery of 15N-labelled fertilizer by different methods of N application and N rates. Field experiments were carried out for 3 yr at Saint-Hyacinthe (Saint-Damase, Du Contour, Sainte-Rosalie soils) and at Saint-Lambert, Lévis (Le Bras soil). Grain corn (cv. Pride K228, 2700 CHU) and silage corn (cv. Hyland 3251, 2300 CHU) were grown at Saint-Hyacinthe and Saint-Lambert, respectively. In 1988 and 1989, field trials were arranged in a randomized complete bloc design consisting of five treatments in three replications: control 0 N and four split application methods of N fertilizer. Labelled 15NH4 15NO3 fertilizer was applied either banded at planting as starter (D), broadcast and incorporated before planting (Vs) or sidedressing between rows at V6 to V8 stages of corn (Bp). In 1990 field trials, treatments consisted of four N rates (0, 60, 120 and 180 kg N ha−1) labelled with 15NH4 15NO3. The effect of N rates on yield and N uptake by corn was significant in all years. However, the effect of application methods was significant only on the soil Du Contour in 1989 where corn grain yield was highest when N fertilizer was split as starter and sidedress band. The CUR of N fertilizer applied broadcast before planting (42 to 48%) was generally lower than sidedressing band application (43 to 54%). N fertilizer recovery in the starter showed also high CUR values (45 to 60%). Consequently, it is recommended to split N fertilizers and apply in band to increase efficiency for grain corn. The CUR values decreased with N rates only in Le Bras soil in 1990. Residual N fertilizer increased from 27 to 103 kg N ha−1 for 60 and 180 kg N ha−1 rates, respectively. Consequently, the environmental impact of N fertilization may increased with high N rate. Key words: Grain corn, silage corn, 15N recovery, fertilizer N split application

The effect of stubble management and N-fertilization practices on the nitrogen economy under intensive rice cropping

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (4) ◽  
pp. 685 ◽  
Author(s):  
PE Bacon ◽  
LG Lewin ◽  
JW McGarity ◽  
EH Hoult ◽  
D Alter
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Rice Crop ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Total N

The fate of 15N-labelled fertilizer applied to rice (Oryza sativa L) was studied in microplots established within two field experiments comprising a range of stubble levels, stubble management techniques, N application rates and times. The first experiment investigated uptake of soil and fertilizer N in plots where application of 0 or 100 kg N ha-1 to the previous rice crop had produced 11.5 and 16.1 t ha-1 of stubble respectively. The stubble was then treated in one of four ways-burn (no till); burn then cultivated; incorporated in autumn or incorporated at sawing. Microplots within these large plots received 60 kg ha-1 of 5% 15N enriched urea at sowing, just prior to permanent flood (PF), or just after panicle initiation (PI) of the second crop. The second experiment was undertaken within a field in which half of the plots had stubble from the previous three rice crops burned, while the other plots had all stubble incorporated. In the fourth successive rice crop, the two stubble management systems were factorially combined with three N rates (0, 70 or 140 kg N ha-1) and three application times (PF, PI or a 50 : 50 split between PF and PI). Nitrogen uptake and retention in the soil were studied within 15N-labelled microplots established within each of these large plots. Only 4% of the 15N applied at sowing in the first experiment was recovered in the rice crop, while delaying N application to PF or PI increased this to an average of 20% and 44% respectively over the two experiments. The doubling of N application rate doubled fertilizer N uptake and also increased uptake of soil N at maturity by 12 kgN ha-1. Three years of stubble incorporation increased average uptake of fertilizer and soil N in the second experiment by 5 and 12 kg N ha-1 respectively. In both experiments, the soil was the major source of N, contributing 66-96% of total N uptake. On average, in the fourth crop, 20% of fertilizer N was in the grain, 12% in the straw and 3% in the roots, while 23% was located in the top 300 mm of soil. A further 3% was in the soil below 300 mm. The remaining 39% was lost, presumably by denitrification.

Previous legumes and N fertilizer effects on mineral concentration and uptake by forage corn

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 461-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Théophile Paré ◽  
François P. Chalifour ◽  
Josée Bourassa ◽  
Hani Antoun
Keyword(s):  
Mineral Composition ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Continuous Cropping ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Mineral Concentration ◽  
N Application ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
The Impact

The beneficial effects of legumes grown in rotation with cereal crops can, in part, be attributed to soil N increments through the fixation of atmospheric N2 and conservation of soil N. Other rotation effects have been suspected, but have not all been characterized. The objectives of the present study were to determine the impact of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) and soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) on the mineral composition and uptake of a subsequent forage-corn (Zea mays L.) crop. Field experiments were conducted in 1987 and 1988 on a Rivière-du-Loup gravelly sandy loam (Ferro Humic Podzol) at St-Anselme and on a Chaloupe silty loam (Orthic Humic Gleysol) at Deschambault in eastern Quebec. In continuous cropping or following soybean Maple Amber or faba bean Outlook, N rates applied to corn Pioneer 3979 were 0, 50, 100 or 150 kg N ha−1. In 1987, generally, the corn mineral composition and uptake were not significantly affected by N treatments. Soil mineral concentrations were measured in spring 1988 at both sites, but only a few differences were observed among treatments. In 1988, at St-Anselme, the K concentration of stover and whole plants increased following legumes at all N levels applied, but decreased at Deschambault as the N level increased up to 100 kg N ha−1 for all previous crops. At St-Anselme, the Ca uptake of the corn stover following faba bean was higher than that following corn. At the same location, the K uptake by stover was higher following legumes than following corn. The Mg uptake by subsequent corn at St-Anselme was higher following faba bean than following corn and soybean, while at Deschambault, it generally increased with N application following all previous crops. At both sites, the stover and the whole-plant P uptake varied with N application that also affected Fe and Mn concentrations and uptake. Key words: Forage corn, faba bean, soybean, N fertilizer, mineral concentration and uptake

Evaluation of different nitrogen use efficiency indices using field-grown green bell peppers (Capsicum annuum L.)

2007 ◽  
Vol 87 (3) ◽  
pp. 565-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura L Van
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Nutrient Use Efficiency ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Marketable Yield ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
N Application ◽  
Bell Peppers ◽  
Use Efficiency

The effects of increasing nitrogen (N) fertilization on N use efficiency (NUE) and yield of green bell pepper were assessed in five field experiments over 2004 and 2005. These data were used to evaluate and contrast conclusions drawn from among 12 different NUE indices. In two diferent years (i.e., cool/wet vs. warm/dry), marketable yield response to N application was either positive or no response was observed. Total percent N in the fruit and shoot was lower in non-fertilized plants compared with plants grown in plots that received 70 or 210 kg N ha-1. There were considerable differences among locations in soil mineral N, yield, NUE, and plant N uptake and removal. For all eight fertilizer- and soil-based NUE indices assessed, NUE decreased as N application increased. However, for plant-based NUE indices, there was no difference in NUE values between N treatments. Thus, the interpretation and applicability of NUE depends on the goals of the research and the index used. Key words: Nutrient use efficiency, green bell peppers, harvest index, nitrogen, fertilizer, vegetable

scholarly journals 15N-Fertilizer Recovery in Maize as an Additional Strategy for Understanding Nitrogen Fertilization Management with Blends of Controlled-Release and Conventional Urea

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1932
Author(s):  
Pedro Lopes Garcia ◽  
Renata Alcarde Sermarini ◽  
Carlos Roberto de Sant Ana Filho ◽  
José Albertino Bendassolli ◽  
Beatriz Nastaro Boschiero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growth Cycle ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Maize Growth ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Coated Urea ◽  
15N Fertilizer ◽  
Fertilizer Recovery

A single application of polymer-sulfur coated urea (PSCU) and conventional urea (U) is expected to ensure nitrogen (N) throughout the maize (Zea mays L.) growth cycle being U the likely main N-fertilizer supplier at the beginning and PSCU during the maize growth cycle. This research aimed to evaluate N fertilization management (split, incorporated, and broadcast application) and fertilizer blends (30%PSCU + 70%U and 70%PSCU + 30%U) on volatilization of ammonia (AV) and soil N mineral content (NM); plant N uptake (NU) and 15N-fertilizer recovery (NR); and yield (GY). Field experiments were conducted for two growing seasons (2017–2018 and 2019–2020) in Rhodic Eutrustox soil. U was treated with NBPT (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide). N rate was 180 kg ha−1. AV reached 12% of the applied N (broadcast-applied 70%PSCU + 30%U, 2017–2018). The 30%PSCU + 70%U application resulted in higher NM at 40–60 cm depth in vegetative and reproductive stages in both seasons. The 70%PSCU + 30%U application resulted in the highest GY in 2017–2018, and the N treatments did not affect GY in 2019–2020. NR was 3% on average at vegetative leaf stage 4 (V4), and PSCU, the main N-fertilizer supplier applying 70%PSCU + 30%U. After V4, the main N-fertilizer supplier is PSCU for 70%PSCU + 30%U and U for 30%PSCU + 70%U application. These blends (incorporated, broadcast, and split application) can ensure N during the maize growth cycle, with NR of 72.5% at maturity (R6) being 47.9% in the grain.

scholarly journals Nitrogen Leaching and Nitrogen Balance under Differing Nitrogen Fertilization for Sugarcane Cultivation on a Subtropical Island

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (5) ◽  
pp. 740
Author(s):  
Ken Okamoto ◽  
Shinkichi Goto ◽  
Toshihiko Anzai ◽  
Shotaro Ando
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Application Rate ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
N Application ◽  
Fertilizer Application Rate ◽  
Sugarcane Yield ◽  
Cropping Seasons

Fertilizer application during sugarcane cultivation is a main source of nitrogen (N) loads to groundwater on small islands in southwestern Japan. The aim of this study was to quantify the effect of reducing the N fertilizer application rate on sugarcane yield, N leaching, and N balance. We conducted a sugarcane cultivation experiment with drainage lysimeters and different N application rates in three cropping seasons (three years). N loads were reduced by reducing the first N application rate in all cropping seasons. The sugarcane yields of the treatment to which the first N application was halved (T2 = 195 kg ha−1 N) were slightly lower than those of the conventional application (T1 = 230 kg ha−1 N) in the first and third seasons (T1 = 91 or 93 tons ha−1, T2 = 89 or 87 tons ha−1). N uptake in T1 and T2 was almost the same in seasons 1 (186–188 kg ha−1) and 3 (147–151 kg ha−1). Based on the responses of sugarcane yield and N uptake to fertilizer reduction in two of the three years, T2 is considered to represent a feasible fertilization practice for farmers. The reduction of the first N fertilizer application reduced the underground amounts of N loads (0–19 kg ha−1). However, application of 0 N in the first fertilization would lead to a substantial reduction in yield in all seasons. Reducing the amount of N in the first application (i.e., replacing T1 with T2) improved N recovery by 9.7–11.9% and reduced N leaching by 13 kg ha−1. These results suggest that halving the amount of N used in the first application can improve N fertilizer use efficiency and reduce N loss to groundwater.

scholarly journals Optimizing Nitrogen Application for Growth and Productivity of Pomegranates

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 366
Author(s):  
Silit Lazare ◽  
Yang Lyu ◽  
Uri Yermiyahu ◽  
Yehuda Heler ◽  
Alon Ben-Gal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilization ◽  
Field Conditions ◽  
Nitrogen Application ◽  
N Application ◽  
Environmentally Responsible ◽  
Irrigation Solution ◽  
Vegetative Indices ◽  
Leaf N ◽  
Usage Efficiency

Quantification of actual plant consumption of nitrogen (N) is necessary to optimize fertilization efficiency and minimize contamination of earth resources. We examined the performance of fruit-bearing pomegranate trees grown in soilless media and exposed to eight N-fertigation treatments, from 5 to 200 mg N L−1. Reproductive and vegetative indices were found to be optimal when 20 to 70 mg N L−1 was supplied. Nitrogen application levels over 70 mg L−1 reduced pomegranate development and reproduction. N uptake in low-level treatments was almost 100% and decreased gradually, down to 13% in 200 mg N L−1 treatment. N usage efficiency was maximized under 20 mg N L−1, in which case 80% to 90% of added N was taken up by the trees. At high N application, its efficiency was reduced with less than 50% utilized by the trees. Leaf N increased to a plateau as a function of increasing irrigation solution N, maximizing at ~15 to 20 mg N g−1. Therefore, analysis of diagnostic leaves is not a valid method to identify excessive detrimental N. The results should be valuable in the development of efficient, sustainable, environmentally responsible protocols for N fertilization in commercial pomegranate orchards, following adaptation and validation to real soil field conditions.

Triticale out-performs wheat on range of UK soils with a similar nitrogen requirement

2016 ◽  
Vol 155 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. ROQUES ◽  
D. R. KINDRED ◽  
S. CLARKE
Keyword(s):  
Harvest Index ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Yield Response ◽  
Consistent Difference ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Uk ◽  
N Rates

SUMMARYTriticale has a reputation for performing well on poor soils, under drought and with reduced inputs, but there has been little investigation of its performance on the better yielding soils dominated by wheat production. The present paper reports 16 field experiments comparing wheat and triticale yield responses to nitrogen (N) fertilizer on high-yielding soils in the UK in harvest years 2009–2014. Each experiment included at least two wheat and at least two triticale varieties, grown at five or six N fertilizer rates from 0 to at least 260 kg N/ha. Linear plus exponential curves were fitted to describe the yield response to N and to calculate economically optimal N rates. Normal type curves with depletion were used to describe protein responses to N. Whole crop samples from selected treatments were taken prior to harvest to measure crop biomass, harvest index, crop N content and yield components. At commercial N rates, mean triticale yield was higher than the mean wheat yield at 13 out of 16 sites; the mean yield advantage of triticale was 0·53 t/ha in the first cereal position and 1·26 t/ha in the second cereal position. Optimal N requirement varied with variety at ten of the 16 sites, but there was no consistent difference between the optimal N rates of wheat and triticale. Triticale grain had lower protein content and lower specific weight than wheat grain. Triticale typically showed higher biomass and straw yields, lower harvest index and higher total N uptake than wheat. Consequently, triticale had higher N uptake efficiency and higher N use efficiency. Based on this study, current N fertilizer recommendations for triticale in the UK are too low, as are national statistics and expectations of triticale yields. The implications of these findings for arable cropping and cereals markets in the UK and Northern Europe are discussed, and the changes which would need to occur to allow triticale to fulfil a role in achieving sustainable intensification are explored.

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