scholarly journals The selection of Islamic capitals: causes and motives

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-296
Author(s):  
Athary Ibraheam Alshuaibi Athary Ibraheam Alshuaibi
Keyword(s):  
Common Factors ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
Geographic Factor ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Common ◽  
Military Politics ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Islamic Civilization ◽  
Selection Of

Choosing a capital for any country or nation is a key factor in its organizational and economical composition. It also gives an impression about its social status and political vision. Most of the motives in choosing a capital for any country are usually unannounced. Researchers have to study that and link it to previous and next events to fully understand the reasons for choosing the capital of any nation. There were many states which ruled and led the Islamic nation world-wide or region-wide. Each of these states had a new capital usually made by them and different from the states before them. This process requires searching and studying from researchers for the motives of choosing the capital of any state. It also needs to be analyzed to discover the common reasons in choosing a capital in these states. For these reasons this study came to discuss the motives and to identify the common factors in choosing the capitals for the Islamic states. As a result, the researcher chose four capitals as a selected sample for the main Islamic caliphates and countries. These capitals are: Kufa, Damascus, Baghdad, and Cairo. The researcher divided the paper into four major parts, and tried through that to study the advantages of these capitals in different areas. These areas are : geography, strategy, military, politics, and economy. The researcher ended the paper with a conclusion which discussed the main results. Overall, the results show that the geographic factor is the most important reason in choosing a capital. Self-sufficiency in economic and food supply was also essential in choosing a capital so the capital does not require any help or support in general. The rulers did not ignore to choose a capital which is a center for their supporters or at least close to them. So, it is clear that choosing the Islamic capitals was done with a lot of efforts and planning. There were some basic features in choosing the capital which gave these states: political strength, and provided military, and economic importance to these states which allowed the capital to stay strong and thriving for long periods. key words: Islamic history - Islamic capitals - Islamic civilization.

Stacking apertures and estimation strategies for reflection and diffraction enhancement

Geophysics ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. V271-V282 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jorge H. Faccipieri ◽  
Tiago A. Coimbra ◽  
Leiv-J. Gelius ◽  
Martin Tygel
Keyword(s):  
Fresnel Zone ◽  
Careful Selection ◽  
Time Migration ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Common Reflection Surface ◽  
Good Potential ◽  
Image Quality Improvement ◽  
The Common ◽  
Selection Of

It is well known that the quality of stacking results (e.g., noise reduction, event enhancement, and continuity) can be greatly influenced not only by the traveltime operator chosen but also by the apertures used. We have considered two so-called diffraction-stack traveltimes, together with the corresponding apertures, designed to enhance reflections and diffractions, respectively. The first one is the common-reflection-surface (CRS) diffraction traveltime that is obtained from the general CRS traveltime upon the condition that the target reflector reduced to a point, which we refer to as the diffraction CRS (DCRS) traveltime. The second one is the double-square-root (DSR) traveltime, well established in time migration. We have observed that the DCRS and DSR traveltimes depend on fewer parameters (two in 2D and five in 3D) than the full CRS traveltime (three in 2D and eight in 3D). For the DCRS and DSR traveltimes, we have proposed specific apertures based on the projected Fresnel zone, which are able to produce high-quality stacked sections using less parameters to be estimated. The key factor in that approach lies in the choice of traveltime operators together with careful selection of stacking apertures. In particular, suitable choices of operators and apertures lead to stacking volumes in which reflections are enhanced (and the diffractions are attenuated) or the corresponding ones in which diffractions are enhanced (and reflections are attenuated). Synthetic and field data confirm the proposed approach has good potential for image-quality improvement.

scholarly journals Does ENaC Work as Sodium Taste Receptor in Humans?

Nutrients ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 1195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albertino Bigiani
Keyword(s):  
Taste Receptor ◽  
Taste System ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Salty Taste ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Taste Reception ◽  
The Common ◽  
Preference Responses ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Epithelial Sodium Channel Enac

Taste reception is fundamental for the proper selection of food and beverages. Among the several chemicals recognized by the human taste system, sodium ions (Na+) are of particular relevance. Na+ represents the main extracellular cation and is a key factor in many physiological processes. Na+ elicits a specific sensation, called salty taste, and low-medium concentrations of table salt (NaCl, the common sodium-containing chemical we use to season foods) are perceived as pleasant and appetitive. How we detect this cation in foodstuffs is scarcely understood. In animal models, such as the mouse and the rat, the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) has been proposed as a key protein for recognizing Na+ and for mediating preference responses to low-medium salt concentrations. Here, I will review our current understanding regarding the possible involvement of ENaC in the detection of food Na+ by the human taste system.

Selection of Outsourcing Supplier Based on AHP

2012 ◽  
Vol 490-495 ◽  
pp. 2921-2925 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen Li Geng ◽  
Ying Song Hu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Common Factors ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Consistency Check ◽  
Analytic Hierarchy ◽  
Quantitative Analysis Method ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Selection Of

With the development of the economy and society, more and more enterprises outsource the procuring of services or products from an outside supplier or manufacturer in order to cut costs. To realize outsourcing, the outsourcing needer must choose the supplier carefully, so the method that how to choose the right supplier to realize the outsourcing is particularly important. Lots of factors should be taken into account, but the common factors are cost, quality, additional resources, prior works and contract terms. With the qualitative analysis and quantitative analysis method of analytic hierarchy process, put forward the model of the outsourcing. The model includes three aspects: objective layer, criterion layer and alternative layer. The objective layer is the aim of select supplier; the criterion layer is the factors which affect the choice and the alternative layer is the different selectable enterprise. After calculating the synthetic level value to order in single level and whole system and though the consistency check, eventually got the different weights of different alternations, it can provides direct basis for the decision-making, that is, the enterprise which has the biggest weight of the choice should be placed ahead of the others.

scholarly journals The Common Ancestor of Archaea and Eukarya Was Not an Archaeon

Archaea ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-18 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Forterre
Keyword(s):  
Common Ancestor ◽  
Phylogenetic Analyses ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Last Common Ancestor ◽  
Dna Viruses ◽  
The Common ◽  
Basic Features ◽  
Origin Of Eukaryotes ◽  
Archaeal Ancestor ◽  
Selection Of

It is often assumed that eukarya originated from archaea. This view has been recently supported by phylogenetic analyses in which eukarya are nested within archaea. Here, I argue that these analyses are not reliable, and I critically discuss archaeal ancestor scenarios, as well as fusion scenarios for the origin of eukaryotes. Based on recognized evolutionary trends toward reduction in archaea and toward complexity in eukarya, I suggest that their last common ancestor was more complex than modern archaea but simpler than modern eukaryotes (the bug in-between scenario). I propose that the ancestors of archaea (and bacteria) escaped protoeukaryotic predators by invading high temperature biotopes, triggering their reductive evolution toward the “prokaryotic” phenotype (the thermoreduction hypothesis). Intriguingly, whereas archaea and eukarya share many basic features at the molecular level, the archaeal mobilome resembles more the bacterial than the eukaryotic one. I suggest that selection of different parts of the ancestral virosphere at the onset of the three domains played a critical role in shaping their respective biology. Eukarya probably evolved toward complexity with the help of retroviruses and large DNA viruses, whereas similar selection pressure (thermoreduction) could explain why the archaeal and bacterial mobilomes somehow resemble each other.

Kesulitan Mahasiswa Pembelajar Pemula Bahasa Perancis dalam Memahami Gramatika

Metahumaniora ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 354
Author(s):  
Ferli Hasanah
Keyword(s):  
French Literature ◽  
French Language ◽  
First Year ◽  
The Common ◽  
French Grammar ◽  
Bahasa Indonesia ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRAKGramatika pada setiap bahasa memiliki kekhasannya masing-masing.Mahasiswa Program Studi Sastra Perancis tahun pertama sebagai pembelajar pemulasering mengalami kesulitan dalam memahami gramatika bahasa. Kesulitan mereka tidakterlepas dari perbedaan-perbedaan mendasar pada struktur bahasa Indonesia sebagaibahasa ibu mereka dan bahasa Perancis yang tengah dipelajari. Penelitian ini dilaksanakandengan tujuan untuk mengetahui hambatan yang dimiliki mahasiswa pembelajar pemuladi Program Studi Sastra Perancis Universitas Padjadjaran dalam memahami gramatikabahasa Perancis. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode simak dancatat. Hasil analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa kesalahan-kesalahan yang umum dilakukanpembelajar pemula ada pada penggunaan accent, konjugasi verba, partikel défini maupunindéfini, accord penanda feminin atau jamak, serta pemilihan preposisi.Kata kunci: gramatika, bahasa Perancis, konjugasiABST RACTThe grammar in every language has its own particularities. French literaturestudents in the first year as a beginner learners often have problem in understandingFrench grammar which is frequently considered difficult. Their struggle is inseparablefrom the fundamental differences between Indonesian structure as their mother tongueand the French language which being studied. This research aims to know the obstaclesof the students of beginner learners in the French Literature of Padjadjaran university inunderstanding the basic French grammar. The method used in this research is referringand taking notes method. The results of the analysis shows that the common mistakes oflearners are in the use of accents, verb conjugations, particles défini or indéfini, markeraccord feminine or plural, and the selection of prepositions.Keywords: grammar, French, conjugation

Philosophcal review of h. white̕s tropological theory in the context of the new philosophy of history

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (152) ◽  
pp. 92-99
Author(s):  
S. M. Geiko ◽  
◽  
O. D. Lauta
Keyword(s):  
Modern Science ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Text Organization ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Actual Material ◽  
The Common ◽  
Historical Nature ◽  
Selection Of

The article provides a philosophical analysis of the tropological theory of the history of H. White. The researcher claims that history is a specific kind of literature, and the historical works is the connection of a certain set of research and narrative operations. The first type of operation answers the question of why the event happened this way and not the other. The second operation is the social description, the narrative of events, the intellectual act of organizing the actual material. According to H. White, this is where the set of ideas and preferences of the researcher begin to work, mainly of a literary and historical nature. Explanations are the main mechanism that becomes the common thread of the narrative. The are implemented through using plot (romantic, satire, comic and tragic) and trope systems – the main stylistic forms of text organization (metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, irony). The latter decisively influenced for result of the work historians. Historiographical style follows the tropological model, the selection of which is determined by the historian’s individual language practice. When the choice is made, the imagination is ready to create a narrative. Therefore, the historical understanding, according to H. White, can only be tropological. H. White proposes a new methodology for historical research. During the discourse, adequate speech is created to analyze historical phenomena, which the philosopher defines as prefigurative tropological movement. This is how history is revealed through the art of anthropology. Thus, H. White’s tropical history theory offers modern science f meaningful and metatheoretically significant. The structure of concepts on which the classification of historiographical styles can be based and the predictive function of philosophy regarding historical knowledge can be refined.

Peculiarities of the juvenile period of the native Chechen genotypes of willow leaf pear (Pyrus salicifolia Pall.)

2020 ◽  
Vol 62 ◽  
pp. 32-38
Author(s):  
E. A. Dolmatov ◽  
R. B. Borzayev ◽  
A. N. Shaipov
Keyword(s):  
Chestnut Soil ◽  
Crop Breeding ◽  
Juvenile Period ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Russian Research Institute ◽  
The Common ◽  
One Year ◽  
First Time ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Creative Cooperation

The results of the study of the duration of the juvenile period of indigenous Chechen willow leaf pear genotypes (Pyrus salicifolia Pall.) are given in connection with the acceleration of the breeding process and the use of selected forms in pear breeding for high precocity. The studies were carried out in 2016-2019 at OOO “Orchards of Chechnya” in accordance with the Agreement on creative cooperation with the Russian Research Institute of Fruit Crop Breeding. The work was carried out in accordance with generally accepted programs and methods. The objects of the study were one-year and two-year-old pear seedlings obtained from sowing seeds of selected dwarf and low-growing local Chechen forms of willow pear (P. salicifolia Pall.), laying fruit buds on annual growths and seedlings of Caucasian pear (P. caucasica Fed.), 20 500 pcs. of each specie. The aim of the research was to study the potential of precocity of willow pear seedlings and to reveal of selected forms with the greatest degree of this trait. Stratified seeds were sown in the sowing department of the OOO “Orchards of Chechnya” production nursery in April, 2017. The seedlings were grown according to the common technology in dryland conditions on the plot with chestnut soil. The first fl owering of plants was noted in the spring, 2019. As a result of the research, for the first time on a large number of the experimental material it was found that in the off spring of the indigenous Chechen willow leaf pear genotypes, the selection of a little more than 2% of seedlings with a very short juvenile period (2 years) was possible. They are of great interest in accelerating the breeding process and in the selection of new pear varieties with high precocity. 20 willow leaf pear genotypes were selected for the further use in breeding for high precocity and as sources of the trait of short juvenile period.

scholarly journals N-soliton solutions and the Hirota conditions in (1 + 1)-dimensions

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wen-Xiu Ma
Keyword(s):  
Common Factors ◽  
Soliton Solutions ◽  
Higher Order ◽  
Kdv Equations ◽  
The Common ◽  
Bilinear Formulation ◽  
Generalized Kdv Equations ◽  
Hirota Bilinear

Abstract We analyze N-soliton solutions and explore the Hirota N-soliton conditions for scalar (1 + 1)-dimensional equations, within the Hirota bilinear formulation. An algorithm to verify the Hirota conditions is proposed by factoring out common factors out of the Hirota function in N wave vectors and comparing degrees of the involved polynomials containing the common factors. Applications to a class of generalized KdV equations and a class of generalized higher-order KdV equations are made, together with all proofs of the existence of N-soliton solutions to all equations in two classes.

Maṣlaḥa as Sovereignty: Fadlallah and Khomeini Compared

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-112
Author(s):  
Nachman Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Political Thought ◽  
Common Good ◽  
Islamic History ◽  
The Common Good ◽  
Islamic Political Thought ◽  
Popular Movement ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of

This article examines how Fadlallah and Khomeini’s respective quests for sovereignty are reflected in their political thought, particularly vis-a-vis their notions of maṣlaḥa, which I define as the “common good.” I argue that if, to an extent, Islamic political thought seeks to maximise maṣlaḥa, then this can also constitute a claim to sovereignty, the definition of which remains multidimensional and contentious. By closely examining Fadlallah and Khomeini’s writings and pronouncements on governance, popular movement, and state, I attempt to reveal how discussions regarding Islamic governance demonstrate a broader claim to authority in Islamic history.

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