Encoding

Character String ◽

Digital Objects ◽

In their model of digital objects, David Dubin and others postulate three entity types (propositions, symbols, and documents) with three relationships: “expresses”, “encodes”, and “inscribes”. We can “express” an assertion with a sentence. We can also “inscribe” symbols in physical media. I’d like to investigate the cascade of “encodings” that we find in every digital computing system, and the articulation of those encodings that is bound up in everything we do. Encoding can be recursive, but do we really understand it? What is happening when we encode a sentence as a character string? A character as an integer? An integer as an octet? Is encoding a well-understood linguistic or mathematical relationship? Is encoding just a mapping (function)? Is it the same as the relationship between a name and its referent? Is it the same as the relationship between a sentence and the proposition it expresses? I don’t think so. So let’s explore some possibilities.

Carnivore Size and Quaternary Climatic Change in Southern Africa

Quaternary Research ◽

10.1016/0033-5894(86)90089-x ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 26 (1) ◽

pp. 153-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 74

Author(s):

Richard G. Klein

Keyword(s):

South Africa ◽

Southern Africa ◽

Late Quaternary ◽

Geochemical Data ◽

Carnivore Species ◽

Quantitative Estimates ◽

The Relationship ◽

Problematic Aspect ◽

Cool Conditions

The relationship between carnassial length and latitude south is analyzed for 17 African carnivore species to determine if individuals tend to be larger in cooler climates, as predicted by Bergmann's Rule. With modern data in support, middle and late Quaternary temperatures might then be inferred from mean carnassial length in fossil samples, such as those from Equus Cave, Elandsfontein, Sea Harvest. Duinefontein, and Swartklip in the Cape Province of South Africa. One problematic aspect of the study is the use of carnassial length and latitude as necessary but imperfect substitutes for body size and temperature, respectively. For some species, another difficulty is the relatively small number of available modern specimens, combined with their uneven latitudinal spread. Still, in 14 of the species, carnassial length does tend to increase with latitude south, while mean carnassial length in the same species tends to be greater in those fossil samples which accumulated under relatively cool conditions, as inferred from sedimentologic, palynological, or geochemical data. Given larger modern samples from a wide variety of latitudes, refinement of the mathematical relationship between carnassial length and latitude in various species may even permit quantitative estimates of past temperatures in southern Africa.

Design Model and Prediction Model on Preparation of Functionally Graded Material by Co-Sedimentation

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.492-493.471 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 492-493 ◽

pp. 471-476 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhi Guang Zhou ◽

Lian Meng Zhang ◽

Qiang Shen ◽

Dao Ren Gong

Keyword(s):

Prediction Model ◽

Volume Fraction ◽

Functionally Graded ◽

Design Model ◽

Design Experiment ◽

Graded Material ◽

Powder Properties ◽

Set Up ◽

From the process of sedimentation the mathematical relationship between deposition volume and powder properties as well as sedimentation parameters was deduced in this paper. The relationship was expressed by using indirect method. Based on the formula, design model and prediction model were set up. The models can be used to design powder properties and predict the volume fraction of FGM. Programs to solve the models were developed in numerical methods. As examples, TiC-Ni system FGM were designed and predicted. The prediction results fit well with the design. Experiment of Mo-Ti system FGM was used to validate the prediction model.

Units of Analysis and Rae's Fractionalization Index

Comparative Political Studies ◽

10.1177/0010414082015001004 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 15 (1) ◽

pp. 85-98 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

DONALD A. GROSS

Keyword(s):

Congressional Elections ◽

Unit Of Analysis ◽

Units Of Analysis ◽

The Mean ◽

This article examines the relationship between Rae's fractionalization index and the units of analysis on which it is based. It is shown that as one increases the size of the unit of analysis, the value of the index will increase. An exact mathematical relationship between the mean level of fractionalization for a given set of units and a fractionalization index based upon the aggregate voting totals for the units is established. This relationship shows that the aggregate fractionalization index overestimates the level of interparty competition in a system as measured by the mean level of fractionalization. U.S. congressional elections from 1824 to 1978 are used to indicate the importance of the overestimation by the aggregate fractionalization index.

The Relationship between Lennard-Jones (12-6) and Morse Potential Functions

Zeitschrift für Naturforschung A ◽

10.1515/zna-2003-1104 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 58 (11) ◽

pp. 615-617 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Teik-Cheng Lim

Keyword(s):

Morse Potential ◽

Morse Function ◽

Van Der Waals ◽

Potential Functions ◽

Van Der Waals Interactions ◽

Lennard Jones ◽

The most commonly used potentials for van der Waals interactions are the Exponential-6 and the Lennard-Jones (12-6) potential. In this paper a correlation between them is described. The Morse function, which is normally applied for quantifying 2-body interactions, has been adopted in one software. This paper deals with the validity of the Morse function for non-bonded interactions by means of obtaining a relationship between the Morse and the Lennard-Jones (12-6) potential functions. An approximate and an exact mathematical relationship is demonstrated to exist between these two potentials.

A study of approach to assessing a functional relationship between solidity ratios for the rope/net part of midwater trawl

Izvestiya TINRO ◽

10.26428/1606-9919-2020-200-656-670 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 200 (3) ◽

pp. 656-670

Author(s):

L. M. Simkin

Keyword(s):

Functional Relationship ◽

Fishing Gear ◽

Midwater Trawl ◽

Existing Structures ◽

Trawl Fishing ◽

Relationship Of ◽

Mathematical Relationships ◽

In this paper we have analyzed an approach to assessing the relationship between some characteristics of the net panels forming the rope/net cone of a fishing trawl. Using the mathematical relationship of solidity ratios for the rope/net panels, it is possible to analyze existing structures and, furthermore, reduce the time for selecting the prototype trawl. Such mathematical relationship allows faster calculation of new trawl designs which takes into account the production specifics of an enterprise manufacturing the trawl fishing gear. The use of mathematical relationships provides the opportunity to accelerate the process of trawl construction.

Representing a Relationship: The use of metadata to represent the relationship between physical objects and their digital surrogates

10.26686/wgtn.17148809.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Laura Jamieson

Keyword(s):

Best Practice ◽

Physical Object ◽

Digital Collections ◽

Significant Development ◽

Digital Material ◽

Digital Objects ◽

Physical Objects ◽

<p>Digital collections are increasingly prominent in museums as born-digital material is acquired by institutions, and digital surrogates of physical items are created through digital imaging, digitisation, and reformatting projects. These digital collections are a significant development in museums and a useful tool, particularly for access. When a digital surrogate is created of a physical object, they have an inherent connection to one another. Representing this relationship is important for museums in order to provide context for their collection items. These types of relationships also occur across physical formats, and the consequence of a breakdown in this relationship has been shown in the literature to lead to a loss of context. However, it is unclear how the relationship a physical object has with its digital surrogate is represented in the metadata. Current literature on digital collections only briefly explores existing relationships between digital and physical collections and provides no framework for best practice in a museum context. This thesis examines how metadata is used to represent the relationship between a physical object and its digital surrogate at the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. The research involved a single-site case study, with interviews and documentary research which were thematically analysed. This thesis shows how the relationship between physical and digital objects are primarily represented at Te Papa through the collection management system’s structure, with some metadata elements representing the relationship incidentally. It also shows that there are differing worldviews and perspectives across the GLAM domains in the language and the drivers of digitisation. This research serves as a snapshot of current practice at one institution and encourages further research to better understand the long-term implications of this and other approaches. For museums, understanding how the relationship between physical objects and digital surrogates is currently being represented through metadata could help support professional practice for both types of collections, ensure the relationship is maintained, and help support existing and future digital interventions in museums.</p>

Unifying framework for the diffusion of microscopic particles in mucus

10.1101/2020.07.25.221416 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Antonio Cobarrubia ◽

Jarod Tall ◽

Austin Crispin-Smith ◽

Antoni Luque

Keyword(s):

Anomalous Diffusion ◽

First Principles ◽

Time Window ◽

Effective Diffusion ◽

Exponential Relationship ◽

Physical Systems ◽

The Impact ◽

AbstractMucus is a fluid that protects animals against pathogens while promoting interactions with commensal microbes. Changes in the diffusivity of particles in mucus alter viruses’ infectivity, the efficiency of bacterial pathogens to invade a host, and the effectivity of drug delivery. Multiple physicochemical properties modulate the diffusion of microscopic particles in mucus, but their combined effect is unclear. Here, we analyzed the impact of particle size, charge, chemistry, anomalous diffusion exponent, and mucus composition in the diffusivity of particles from 106 published experiments. We used a time window sampling of one second to define a consistent, effective diffusion across experiments. The effective diffusion spanned seven orders of magnitude from 10−5 to 102 µm2/s. The anomalous exponent was the strongest predictor among all variables tested. It displayed an exponential relationship with the effective diffusion that explained 90% of the empirical data variance. We showed that the relationship and dominance of the anomalous diffusion exponent resulted from a general mathematical relationship obtained from first-principles for any subdiffusion mechanism. Our derivation demonstrated that the generalized diffusion coefficient is not a measurable physical quantity and must be replaced by the length and time scales associated with the underlying mobility mechanisms. This led us to a fundamental reformulation of the classic subdiffusion equation, which calls for a reinterpretation of anomalous diffusion in physical systems. We also discussed how our results impact the characterization of microscopic particle diffusion in mucus and other hydrogels.

The Digital Laocoön: Replication, Narrative and Authenticity

Museum and Society ◽

10.29311/mas.v19i2.3583 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 166-183

Author(s):

Stuart Jeffrey ◽

Steve Love ◽

Matthieu Poyade

Keyword(s):

Plaster Cast ◽

Digital Representations ◽

Extended Object ◽

The Status ◽

History Of ◽

Funded Project ◽

Digital Objects ◽

History Of Use ◽

Centre Piece ◽

This paper examines what qualities and affordances of a digital object allow it to emerge as a new cultural object in its own right. Due to the relationship between authenticity and replication, this is particularly important for digital objects derived from real world objects, such as digital ‘replicas’. Such objects are not an inauthentic or surrogate form of an ‘authentic’ object, but a new object with a complex relationship to the original and its own uses and affordances. The Digital Laocoön Immersive (VR exhibit), part of an AHRC funded project, was a response to the tragic fires at the Mackintosh Building of the Glasgow School of Art in 2014 and 2018. In this project a digital replica of a plaster cast of Laocoön, with a long history of use within the school, was chosen as the centre piece for the proposed immersive. As a consequence of both the immersive’s design methodology and the lessons learnt in its production, the Laocoön proved to be an ideal subject through which to critically assess the question of the status of the replica. This paper will explore not only how the material infrastructure, form and content of digital representations have an impact on its broader set relationships, but how the concept of an extended object, its production processes, and the way that these are explicitly acknowledged (or not), operate on its relationship to the original.

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series A - Mathematical and Physical Sciences ◽

A note on three-dimensional turbulence and evaporation in the lower atmosphere

10.1098/rspa.1950.0087 ◽

1950 ◽

Vol 202 (1068) ◽

pp. 96-103 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Lower Atmosphere ◽

Practical Significance ◽

Dimensional System ◽

Dimensional Model ◽

Three Dimensional Model ◽

Dimensional Diffusion ◽

Lateral Extent ◽

In view of the practical significance in dynamical meteorology of the problem of evaporation from areas of finite lateral extent, it is a matter of fundamental importance to test as fully as possible the applicability of the hypothetical three-dimensional model of turbulence which was introduced by the author in 1947. The present paper describes in detail the manner in which the two-dimensional system developed by O. G. Sutton, K. L. Calder and E. L. Deacon for flow over aerodynamically smooth and rough surfaces may be extended to three-dimensional diffusion of vapour over an evaporating area. The agreement obtained between theory and experiment is good at points over the area. This agreement indicates that the assumed law, introduced by the author to give the variation of the coefficient of lateral diffusivity with height above the surface, may be used satisfactorily in evaporation problems as long as attention is confined to points not too far outside the boundaries of the area. The complicated mathematical relationship previously obtained for the vapour distribution vertically above the down-wind edge of a parabolic strip is reduced to a much simpler one. This serves to bring out explicitly the relationship between the effects of the two- and three-dimensional theoretical systems of turbulent transfer at points on the central axis of the area.

Adaptive Image Rendering Using a Nonlinear Mapping-Function-Based Retinex Model

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19040969 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (4) ◽

pp. 969

Author(s):

JongGeun Oh ◽

Min-Cheol Hong

Keyword(s):

Light Source ◽

State Of The Art ◽

Contrast Ratio ◽

Mapping Function ◽

Experimental Results ◽

Nonlinear Mapping ◽

Low Light ◽

Reconstruction Process ◽

Image Rendering ◽

This paper introduces an adaptive image rendering using a parametric nonlinear mapping-function-based on the retinex model in a low-light source. For this study, only a luminance channel was used to estimate the reflectance component of an observed low-light image, therefore halo artifacts coming from the use of the multiple center/surround Gaussian filters were reduced. A new nonlinear mapping function that incorporates the statistics of the luminance and the estimated reflectance in the reconstruction process is proposed. In addition, a new method to determine the gain and offset of the mapping function is addressed to adaptively control the contrast ratio. Finally, the relationship between the estimated luminance and the reconstructed luminance is used to reconstruct the chrominance channels. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method leads to the promised subjective and objective improvements over state-of-the-art, scale-based retinex methods.