scholarly journals La Crosse Virus Disease in the United States, 2003–2019

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Grace M. Vahey ◽  
Nicole P. Lindsey ◽  
J. Erin Staples ◽  
Susan L. Hills
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
Virus Disease ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Febrile Illness ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
La Crosse Virus ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

La Crosse virus (LACV) is an arthropod-borne virus that can cause a nonspecific febrile illness, meningitis, or encephalitis. We reviewed U.S. LACV surveillance data for 2003–2019, including human disease cases and nonhuman infections. Overall, 318 counties in 27 states, principally in the Great Lakes, mid-Atlantic, and southeastern regions, reported LACV activity. A total of 1,281 human LACV disease cases were reported, including 1,183 (92%) neuroinvasive disease cases. The median age of cases was 8 years (range: 1 month–95 years); 1,130 (88%) were aged < 18 years, and 754 (59%) were male. The most common clinical syndromes were encephalitis (N = 960; 75%) and meningitis (N = 219, 17%). The case fatality rate was 1% (N = 15). A median of 74 cases (range: 35–130) was reported per year. The average annual national incidence of neuroinvasive disease cases was 0.02 per 100,000 persons. West Virginia, North Carolina, Tennessee, and Ohio had the highest average annual state incidences (0.16–0.61 per 100,000), accounting for 80% (N = 1,030) of cases. No animal LACV infections were reported. Nine states reported LACV-positive mosquito pools, including three states with no reported human disease cases. La Crosse virus is the most common cause of pediatric neuroinvasive arboviral disease in the United States. However, surveillance data likely underestimate LACV disease incidence. Healthcare providers should consider LACV disease in patients, especially children, with febrile illness, meningitis, or encephalitis in areas where the virus circulates and advise their patients on ways to prevent mosquito bites.

DIPHTHERIA IN THE UNITED STATES, 1959-1960

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 194-205
Author(s):  
Theodore C. Doege ◽  
Clark W. Heath ◽  
Ida L. Sherman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Surveillance Data ◽  
Term Trend ◽  
The Past ◽  
Primary Series ◽  
Long Term Trend

Diphtheria attack rates and cases, and to a much lesser extent case-fatality rates, have fallen steadily within the United States during the past 25 years. However, during 1959 and 1960 there was a halt in this long-term trend. Epidemiologic data on 868 clinical cases of diphtheria occurring in 1959 and 873 cases in 1960 were submitted to the Communicable Disease Center by 45 states. The cases and several major outbreaks tended to concentrate in the southern and southwestern states. Attack rates and deaths were highest for children under 10 years, and attack rates were more than five times greater for nonwhite children. Analysis of 1960 immunization data shows that 72% of the patients had received no immunizations. Fifty-five per cent of carriers, but only 18% of persons with bacteriologically confirmed cases, had received a primary series. Only 1 person of 58 fatal cases occurring in 1960 had received a primary series. Certain problems for future investigation, disclosed by the surveillance data, are discussed.

scholarly journals LB9. Rising High Rate of Invasive Group A Streptococcus Infections Among Persons Experiencing Homelessness in San Francisco, 2010–2017

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (suppl_1) ◽  
pp. S762-S762
Author(s):  
Tara Scheuer ◽  
Tanya Libby ◽  
Chris Van Beneden ◽  
James Watt ◽  
Arthur Reingold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
San Francisco ◽  
Group A Streptococcus ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Invasive Group ◽  
Incidence Trends ◽  
Disease Case ◽  
Group A

Abstract Background Rates of invasive group A Streptococcus (iGAS) disease in the United States have risen since 2014; reasons remain unclear. Outbreaks of iGAS infection among persons experiencing homelessness (PEH) and persons who inject drugs in Europe, Canada, and the United States have been described. Using active, population-based surveillance data from California’s Emerging Infections Program, we describe incidence trends and characteristics of iGAS infection among PEH and persons not experiencing homelessness (PNEH) in San Francisco (SF) County during 2010–2017. Methods We defined an iGAS case as infection with GAS isolated from a normally sterile site (e.g., blood) in an SF resident. We calculated annual iGAS disease incidence rates (cases per 100,000 population) for PEH and PNEH using denominators from SF’s Department of Homelessness and Supportive Housing and the State of California Department of Finance. Demographic, clinical, and exposure characteristics of PEH and PNEH were compared by chi-square or t-test. Results We identified 673 iGAS cases in SF during 2010–2017. Among these, 34% (229/673) were among PEH. Annual iGAS incidence among PEH rose from ~300 (2010–2014) to 547 (95% CI: 379–714) per 100,000 in 2017 (P &lt; 0.001, Cochran-Armitage trend test); rates peaked at 758 (95% CI: 561–955) in 2016. Annual iGAS incidence in PNEH rose from a mean of 5 in 2010–2013 to 9.3 (95% CI: 7.3–11.4) per 100,000 in 2017 (P &lt; 0.001). Annual iGAS incidence in PEH was 42–72 times that in PNEH. PEH with iGAS infections were significantly younger and more likely to be male, white, and uninsured or enrolled in Medicaid (P &lt; 0.05 for each) compared with PNEH with iGAS disease. Case fatality ratios, ICU admission, infection type, and length of hospital stay did not differ significantly. Smoking, current injection drug use, current alcohol abuse, and AIDS diagnosis were significantly more common among PEH with iGAS. Obesity, diabetes, and cancer were significantly more common among PNEH with iGAS. Conclusion In San Francisco, iGAS rates among both PEH and PNEH have risen significantly. Incidence of iGAS is strikingly higher in PEH than in PNEH and exposures differed between PEH and PNEH with iGAS. This information could inform development of disease control and prevention strategies. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

West Nile Virus Neuroinvasive Disease Incidence in the United States, 2002–2006

2008 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 35-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicole P. Lindsey ◽  
Stephanie Kuhn ◽  
Grant L. Campbell ◽  
Edward B. Hayes
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
West Nile Virus ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
West Nile ◽  
Neuroinvasive Disease

scholarly journals Urban Air Pollution May Enhance COVID-19 Case-Fatality and Mortality Rates in the United States

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 100047 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donghai Liang ◽  
Liuhua Shi ◽  
Jingxuan Zhao ◽  
Pengfei Liu ◽  
Jeremy A. Sarnat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Air Pollution ◽  
Urban Air Pollution ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Urban Air

scholarly journals A Survey of Genetic Variation in Streptomyces Isolates Causing Potato Common Scab in the United States

2006 ◽  
Vol 96 (12) ◽  
pp. 1363-1371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leslie A. Wanner
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Variation ◽  
Common Scab ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Population Genetic Study ◽  
Variable Regions ◽  
Genus Streptomyces ◽  
Characteristic Features

Common scab is a serious disease of potatoes and other root and tuber crops, affecting crop quality and market value. The disease is caused by gram positive soil bacteria in the genus Streptomyces. Disease incidence and severity vary in different locations and years; this is due in part to variation in the environment (weather) and genetic variation in potato cultivars. Little information is available on the contribution of genetic variation by the pathogen. To examine genetic diversity in different locations within the United States, streptomycetes were isolated from lesions on field-grown potatoes from six states. Isolates were classified into species based on sequence of variable regions in the 16s rRNA gene. The presence of genes associated with the recently described S. turgidiscabies pathogenicity island (PAI) was also determined. About half of the isolates belonged to S. scabies or S. europaeiscabiei based on 16s rDNA sequence, and had characteristic features of the PAI. They were found in all six states, and were pathogenic on potato and radish. The remaining isolates included pathogens and nonpathogens. They were varied in appearance, and represent several species, including one pathogenic species not previously reported. Some pathogenic isolates lacked one or more genes characteristic of the PAI, although all had genes for biosynthesis of the pathogenicity determinant thaxtomin. In this relatively small survey, regional differences in scab-causing streptomycetes were seen. This report furnishes tools and baseline data for population genetic study of scab-causing streptomycetes in the United States.

scholarly journals Field Evaluations of Leaf Spot Resistance and Yield in Peanut Genotypes in the United States and Bolivia

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. K. Gremillion ◽  
A. K. Culbreath ◽  
D. W. Gorbet ◽  
B. G. Mullinix ◽  
R. N. Pittman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Disease Resistance ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
The United States ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Cercospora Arachidicola ◽  
Breeding Lines ◽  
Progress Curve

Field experiments were conducted in 2002 to 2006 to characterize yield potential and disease resistance in the Bolivian landrace peanut (Arachis hypogaea) cv. Bayo Grande, and breeding lines developed from crosses of Bayo Grande and U.S. cv. Florida MDR-98. Diseases of interest included early leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercospora arachidicola, and late leaf spot, caused by the fungus Cercosporidium personatum. Bayo Grande, MDR-98, and three breeding lines, along with U.S. cvs. C-99R and Georgia Green, were included in split-plot field experiments in six locations across the United States and Bolivia. Whole-plot treatments consisted of two tebuconazole applications and a nontreated control. Genotypes were the subplot treatments. Area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) for percent defoliation due to leaf spot was lower for Bayo Grande and all breeding lines than for Georgia Green at all U.S. locations across years. AUDPC for disease incidence from one U.S. location indicated similar results. Severity of leaf spot epidemics and relative effects of the genotypes were less consistent in the Bolivian experiments. In Bolivia, there were no indications of greater levels of disease resistance in any of the breeding lines than in Bayo Grande. In the United States, yields of Bayo Grande and the breeding lines were greater than those of the other genotypes in 1 of 2 years. In Bolivia, low disease intensity resulted in the highest yields in Georgia Green, while high disease intensity resulted in comparable yields among the breeding lines, MDR-98, and C-99R. Leaf spot suppression by tebuconazole was greater in Bolivia than in the United States. This result indicates a possible higher level of fungicide resistance in the U.S. population of leaf spot pathogens. Overall, data from this study suggest that Bayo Grande and the breeding lines may be desirable germplasm for U.S. and Bolivian breeding programs or production.

Changing Trends in Age and Sex Distributions of Lyme Disease—United States, 1992-2016

2021 ◽  
pp. 003335492110267
Author(s):  
Kiersten J. Kugeler ◽  
Paul S. Mead ◽  
Amy M. Schwartz ◽  
Alison F. Hinckley
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Lyme Disease ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Relative Size ◽  
The United States ◽  
Male Predominance ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Age And Sex

Lyme disease is the most common vector-borne disease in the United States and is characterized by a bimodal age distribution and male predominance. We examined trends in reported cases during a 25-year period to describe changes in the populations most affected by Lyme disease in the United States. We examined demographic characteristics of people with confirmed cases of Lyme disease reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention during 1992-2016 through the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System. We grouped cases into 5-year periods (1992-1996, 1997-2001, 2002-2006, 2007-2011, 2012-2016). We calculated the average annual incidence by age and sex and used incidence rate ratios (IRRs) to describe changes in Lyme disease incidence by age and sex over time. We converted patient age at time of illness into patient birth year to ascertain disease patterns according to birth cohorts. The incidence of Lyme disease in the United States doubled from 1992-1996 to 2012-2016 (IRR = 1.74; 95% CI, 1.70-1.78) and increased disproportionately among males; IRRs were 39%-89% higher among males than among females for most age groups. During the study period, children aged 5-9 years were most frequently and consistently affected. In contrast, the average age of adults with Lyme disease increased over time; of all adults, people born during 1950-1964 were the most affected by Lyme disease. Our findings suggest that age-related behaviors and susceptibilities may drive infections among children, and the shifting peak among adults likely reflects a probability proportional to the relative size of the baby boom population. These findings can inform targeted and efficient public health education and intervention efforts.

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