scholarly journals Phenomenon of Life and Death by Dōgen and Heidegger––In View of “Embodied Cognition” in Buddhist Philosophy and Phenomenology

Asian Studies ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Hisaki HASHI
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Philosophical Thinking ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Essential Unity ◽  
Asian Languages ◽  
Globalized World ◽  
Phenomenological Point

Contrary to occidental philosophy, which is to grasp and solidify the principles of essential being (ontos on), Buddhism seeks to understand the existence of human beings and the significance of suffering in human life. In the East Asian languages human beings are described as “inter-beings” in that they are enveloped by the topos of life and death. From breath to breath, our life is bound to the moments of emerging and vanishing, being and non-being in an essential unity. Dōgen’s philosophical thinking integrated this conception with the embodied cognition of both the thinking and the acting self. In the phenomenological point of view, Heidegger, in his early work, emphasizes that being is bound to a fundamental substantiality, which borders on the Abgrund, falling into nothingness. With Dōgen, the unity-within-contrast of life and death is exemplified in our breathing because it achieves a unity of body and cognition which can be called “corpus”. In perfect contrast, the essential reflection for Heidegger is that of grasping the fundament of being in the world, which represents the actualization of a thinking-being-unity. The goal of this comparison is to fundamentally grasp what is the essentiality of being, life, and recognition (jikaku 自覚), bound to embodied cognition in our globalized world.

scholarly journals Influence of Past on Present: A Naturalistic Study of Ghosts

The Batuk ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 55-66
Author(s):  
Arjun Dev Bhatta
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Transformation ◽  
Human Life ◽  
External Environment ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Naturalistic Study ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Philosophy Of Life ◽  
The Past ◽  
Present Life

This article analyzes and evaluates Henrik Ibsen’s most controversial drama “Ghosts” from naturalistic point of view. Naturalism views human life in relation to internal and external environment. It insists on the effect of the past that shapes the present life of human beings. Based on this philosophy of life, this article examines how the life of the leading characters Mrs. Alving and her son Oswald has been influenced. Mrs. Alving’s present values and views on life have a concern with conventional and religious past whereas Oswald’s philosophy of life is guided and governed by his dead father. This article also shows heredity and genetic transformation are biological facts that affect human life. Thus, the object of this article is to explore how human beings are controlled by the inescapable past.

scholarly journals Spaces, Semantics, and ‘Aesthetic Faculty’: Perspectives on Their Operative Plane of Concurrence, Constitution and Becoming

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-157
Author(s):  
Dhanesh M.
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Community Life ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Faculty Perspectives ◽  
Cultural Spaces ◽  
Potential Basis ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Way

This paper aims to look at one of the fundamental factors of human beings—the appreciation of things. Calling it ‘the aesthetic faculty’ this paper tries to see how it is inevitable to the way human beings as a species function. This paper aims to propose this idea of an ‘aesthetic faculty’ as a potential basis for our community life in its diverse operations in terms of cultural spaces and their semantics. Viewing the socio-systemic life from the point of view from the aesthetic faculty reveals how appreciation and evaluation are inevitable to human life and how an ideological ground cannot actually affect life without addressing this basic human faculty. This paper tries to take the term ‘aesthetic’ vis-a-vis ‘appreciation’ to a different semantic world altogether so that it is no longer a matter of artistic engagements alone, but something more fundamental and formative than that.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE IDEOLOGICAL ORIGINS OF ARMED STRUGGLE IN ISLAM

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (01) ◽  
pp. 111-135
Author(s):  
Sami Ud Din ◽  
Dr. Dost Muhammad
Keyword(s):  
Just War ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Just War Theory ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Armed Struggle ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Holy Quran ◽  
The Right ◽  
Do So

Armed struggle is an issue of life- and -death judgments and that’s why it needs solid justification from ethical and religious principles. Defending human life and preserving the society from anarchy, disintegration and destruction sometimes waging armed struggle become necessary and a group of people or nation is compelled to do so. Now one of the important aspects in this regard is, in which circumstances the nation is allowed for an armed struggle. All of the major world religions provide guidelines in this domain from strong militancy to absolute pacifism and just war theory. Islam too acknowledges the right of defense and preserving life to human beings. This paper seeks to map out the ideological approaches to armed struggle in Islam. The important scriptures from the holy Quran, Narrations of the holy prophet are briefly introduced and the relevant verses are extracted and summarized in the light of exegesis.

scholarly journals The Necessity of Philosophy in the Exercise Sciences

Philosophies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 45
Author(s):  
Matthew Hickson
Keyword(s):  
Sport Psychology ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Modern Science ◽  
Natural World ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Brain State ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Exercise Science ◽  
The Two Cultures ◽  
Human Reality

The pervasive and often uncritical acceptance of materialistic philosophical commitments within exercise science is deeply problematic. This commitment to materialism is wrong for several reasons. Among the most important are that it ushers in fallacious metaphysical assumptions regarding the nature of causation and the nature of human beings. These mistaken philosophical commitments are key because the belief that only matter is real severely impedes the exercise scientist’s ability to accurately understand or deal with human beings, whether as subjects of study or as data points to be interpreted. One example of materialist metaphysics is the assertion that all causation is physical- one lever moving another lever, one atom striking another atom, one brain state leading to another (Kretchmer, 2005). In such a world, human life is reduced to action and reaction, stimulus and response and as a result, the human being disappears. As such, a deterministic philosophy is detrimental to kinesiologists’ attempts to interpret and understand human behavior, for a materialistic philosophy, must ignore or explain away human motivation, human freedom and ultimately culture itself. In showing how mistaken these philosophic commitments are, I will focus on the sub-discipline of sport psychology for most examples, as that is the field of exercise science of which I am paradigmatically most familiar. It is also the field, when rightly understood that straddles the “two cultures” in kinesiology (i.e., the sciences and the humanities). In referencing the dangers of the materialistic conception of human beings for sport psychology, I will propose, that the materialist’s account of the natural world, causation and human beings stems from the unjustified and unnecessary rejection by the founders of modern science of the Aristotelian picture of the world (Feser, 2012). One reason that this mechanistic point of view, concerning human reality has gained ground in kinesiology is as a result of a previous philosophic commitment to quantification. As philosopher Doug Anderson (2002) has pointed out, many kinesiologists believe that shifting the discipline in the direction of mathematics and science would result in enhanced academic credibility. Moreover, given the dominance of the scientific narrative in our culture it makes it very difficult for us not to conform to it. That is, as Twietmeyer (2015) argued, kinesiologists do not just reject non-materialistic philosophic conceptions of the field, we are oblivious to their possibility. Therefore, I will propose two things; first, Aristotelian philosophy is a viable alternative to materialistic accounts of nature and causation and second, that Aristotle’s holistic anthropology is an important way to wake kinesiologists from their self-imposed philosophic slumber.

"Brain Death," Death, and Personal Identity

KronoScope ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 227-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian Steineck
Keyword(s):  
Brain Death ◽  
Personal Identity ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Social Dimension ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
The Social ◽  
Temporal Aspects ◽  
Whole Brain Death

AbstractThe issue of brain death touches directly on questions pertaining to our understanding of what it means to be human. Technological progress made possible the sustaining of signs of life in individuals who seem dead to the world. The concept of brain death was introduced to describe this phenomenon, and to answer some of the normative questions that were raised by it. In my article, I approach the problem of brain death with a focus on its temporal aspects. First I sketch out some general features of human life and death in terms of the theories of time of J. T. Fraser and G. Dux. Then I describe and analyze various definitions of brain death and criteria for its testing.The two most important variants are 'whole brain death' as the death of the organism, and 'cerebral death' as the death of the person. I discuss arguments in favor of, and against these concepts and analyze the framework and structuring of temporalities involved in each of them. I conclude that the extant theories in favor of 'brain death' are unsatisfactory, for factual and conceptual reasons. Most importantly, they neglect essential factors of personal identity. Because they employ a naturalistic concept of the human body, they fail to grasp its expressive quality and its function as a medium of communication. Furthermore, they fail to grasp the social dimension of personal identity. Because the concepts of 'brain death' as a criterion for the determination of death fail, we should regard brain-dead people as living human beings, and decide about their treatment accordingly.

scholarly journals Sport and Ethics of Weak Thought: A New Manifesto for Sport Education

2013 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Isidori ◽  
Claudia Maulini ◽  
Francisco Javier López Frías
Keyword(s):  
Human Life ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
Sport Education ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Western Tradition ◽  
Educational Values ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Fundamental Categories ◽  
Philosophical Structure

Abstract The so-called “weak thought”, theorized by the Italian postmodernist philosopher Gianni Vattimo (born in 1936), considered one of the most important Italian philosophers, has dismantled the main concepts on which Western philosophy was based (that is, the notion of Truth, God, Reason, an absolute foundation to thought, etc.). This philosophy, which is inspired by Nietzsche’s nihilism, by Heidegger, and by the philosophy of hermeneutics and deconstruction, offers a critical starting point not only to rethink, in a less rigid way, our Western culture, its philosophy, and its problems, but also the ethical principles and educational values that guide human life. Sport - as a human phenomenon and philosophical problem characterized by the presence of values, norms, behaviors, and rules that involves the action of human beings who interact and communicate “in” and “by” the game - can also be read in the light of this emerging philosophical theory. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that weak thought and its fundamental categories can be used and applied from a theoretical point of view in order to interpret and understand sport, deconstructing its meanings and its sociocultural and educational values. Using the critical contribution of weak thought, in this study we will reflect on and rethink in a new way some of the main concepts considered absolute and fundamental to sport’s logical and philosophical structure, such as “winning” and “losing”, “referee” (which embodies the principle of “authority”), “opponent”, “freedom” in the game, “rules”, and respect when one plays. The purpose of this study is to undertake a critical reflection on the limits of the concept of sport proposed by the Western tradition and to lay the foundations for a new model of ethics and education for the sports of the future.

scholarly journals JATIDIRI MANUSIA BERDASARKAN FILSAFAT TINDAKAN HANNAH ARENDT PERSPEKTIF FILSAFAT MANUSIA: RELEVANSI DENGAN PELANGGARAN HAM TAHUN 1965-1966 DI INDONESIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Astrid Veranita Indah
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Human Person ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Self Identity ◽  
Human Rights Violation

The essential problem of human rights violation is a matter of human life. The issue raises many new problems, including the trauma suffered by victims and guilty feelings experienced by perpetrators. Some cases of human rights violation, can often be resolved by the constitutional court. Other cases cannot be solved by laws and regulations that have been established. In such cases, it requires an accomplishment by using another point of view, for example, by understanding the basic structure of human person, based on Hannah Arendt's philosophy of action. This research is a qualitative research with emphasises library research in obtaining datas. Methods used in this study are: hermeneutics, and heuristics. The formal object is human person that is part of philosophy of human. Theory of human person which is categorized into three parts, namely: the personality of human, self identity of human, and the uniqueness in the sociality of human. The result of this research is an exposure of the philosophy of human action, as an ultimate activity in the vita activa. Human beings as individuals, are body and soul; soul and mind. Self identity is understood not only as the present, but also the past and the projections of the future. Human beings develop continuously in the historicity of the time, so that each individual is unique from the others. This uniqueness colors the difference in plurality of life which is expected to keep the friendship in a community. Arendt's philosophy has been successfully answered the problem for human rights violation during the under Nazi rule. Arendt's analysis of the problem for the emphasis on the human personality-conscious thinking in a situation that tends to be authoritarian. Another analysis is the human ability to forgive, promise and build friendship. It is inspire to answer the problem for human rights violation at Indonesia upon 1965-1966. Understanding based on consciousness thinking, forgiveness, promise and friendship will break the cycle of revenge, restore social memory, and ensure the creation of rights of every citizen.

scholarly journals A (re)constituição da Psicologia Fenomenológica em Edmund Husserl

2008 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 137-138
Author(s):  
Tommy Akira Goto
Keyword(s):  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Transcendental Phenomenology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Scientific Psychology ◽  
Phenomenological Psychology ◽  
German Philosopher ◽  
Basic Functions ◽  
Object Of Study

The German philosopher Edmund Husserl (1859-1938), founding father of Phenomenology, was one of the most prominent thinkers of the 20th century, who not only influenced the philosophical trends of his time but also the sciences in general. Nevertheless, psychology was the science which strongly had direct influence of phenomenology which, in its turn, provided the possibility of developing a phenomenological psychology. The aim of this thesis is to (re)constitute, from a historical-critical point of view, the conception of phenomenological psychology in Husserl’s last work: The Crisis of European Sciences and the Transcendental Phenomenology (Die Krisis der europäischen Wissenchaften und die transzendentale Phänomenologie. Eine Einleitung in die phänomenologische Philosophie). At present, psychologists are developing a large number of versions of phenomenological psychology, particularly in Brazil; however, none of them have rigorously been based on Husserl’s concepts. Thus, in order to have an understanding of what constitutes to Husserl a phenomenological psychology, we present, to start with, a brief introduction to the transcendental phenomenology, explaining the variations of the phenomenological method (i. e. phenomenological levels). After that, we point out the most meaningful aspects of Husserl’s last piece of writing, concentrating our efforts on the revelation the philosopher makes concerning a crisis of the sciences and of reason, as well as his phenomenological criticism on epistemology of Psychology. At last, following Husserl’s analyses of phenomenology and psychology, we conclude that the conception of phenomenological psychology will constitute a universal science of human beings whose object of study is the animistic being. This science will have basic functions such as: a) the rebuilding of the scientific psychology and the explanation of the psychological concepts; b) the constitution of a universal science of the psychic; c) the description of the intentional experiences and d) be a propaedeutic discipline for the transcendental phenomenology. For Husserl, the authentic and genuine conception of the phenomenological psychology is important to the psychologists since that it is through the development of this discipline that they will recover the subjectivity as the original source of human life and its correlation with the world-life.

scholarly journals The Issues of Bio- and Psychopolitics in Pandemic Times as Reminiscences of the Romantic Glorification of Life

2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 135-154
Author(s):  
Józef Bremer
Keyword(s):  
Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Short Description ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Friedrich Schiller ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
Romantic Era ◽  
The One

The present coronavirus pandemic has confronted each of us individually and our society at large with new existential and theoretical-practical challenges. In the following article I present a look at the pandemic from the point of view of biopolitics (Michael Foucault, Giorgio Agamben) and psychopolitics (Byung-Chul Han). The reflections on biopolitics and psychopolitics, on top of the terms they used, make us aware of the fragility of human life on the one hand, and on the other hand, they encourage us to look for historical equiva­lents to our current struggle with the pandemic. For me, such an equivalent would be the culture of Romanticism: for example, works by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, Friedrich Schiller, Juliusz Słowacki, and Friedrich von Schelling. Starting from a short description of the Romantic era, I proceed to my goal which is to show how, during the pandemic, fundamental questions asked by biotechnology and psychopolitics come to the fore as questions about us, human beings, and our individual and social survival.

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