scholarly journals Growth of small and medium-sized agricultural enterprises and export market integration by smallholder farmers

Agro-Science ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
V.K. Dagbelou ◽  
S.A. Adekambi ◽  
J.A. Yabi
Keyword(s):  
Market Integration ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Measurement Instrument ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Shea Butter ◽  
Growth And Survival ◽  
Exporting Firms ◽  
Correspondence Factor Analysis

Small and medium-sized enterprise (SMEs) growth and survival constitute opportunities for the smallholders to become integrated into the export market. Smallholders can gain additional incomes from their transactions with SMEs and in turn, poverty problem could be alleviated. This article aims to better understand how export SMEs’ growth and survival strengthens smallholders’ market integration development and livelihood improvement. We collected data from 52 SMEs involved in the cassava and shea butter sectors in Benin. Interviews were organized, based on the need of value market access, with cassava producers in the Center Region, and women collecting and transforming shea nuts into butter in the Center and Northern Regions. When developing the measurement instrument, its validity and trustworthiness are concerned. SPSS was used for descriptive statistics and R was used for Multiple Correspondence Factor Analysis. Results suggest that 96% of SMEs exporting firms perceived exporting as profitable and resources generation tool. 95% of smallholders appreciate SMEs as value added markets for their products. SMEs are institutional context for smallholders exchange experience in value added process, customers’ needs and expectations satisfaction. They earn more profits from their selling when export SMEs grow and survive. Growth and survival are explained by export selling, share of exporting in total selling, satisfaction of Teklehaimanot exporting, manager perception of success and profitability and export profit.

scholarly journals Hilirisasi Kelapa Sawit: Kinerja, Kendala, dan Prospek

2019 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Delima Hasri Azahari
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Crude Palm Oil ◽  
Land Use Conflict ◽  
Oil Performance ◽  
Cultivation Technology ◽  
The Government ◽  
Policy Priority

<p>Palm oil is one of the main commodities in Indonesia’s economy as it plays an important role in export market of the non-oil and gas sector. Palm oil industry at farm level deals with lack of replanting, low yield, low quality, and undeveloped downstream industry. Indonesia is relatively potential to develop the palm oil downstream industry given the existing market. Global palm oil demand keeps increasing despite negative campaigns against crude palm oil (CPO) and its derivative products. Land availability, labor supply and cultivation technology are supportive. This paper discusses and evaluates national palm oil performance, especially opportunities and challenges in creating value added to this industry. There are four main challenges, i.e. limited infrastructure and financing, lack of access to local authorities, land use conflict, and environment pressure. The government needs to implement policy priority on palm oil downstream industry which is more competitive, integrated, and sustainable.</p><p> </p><p>Abstrak</p><p>Komoditas kelapa sawit merupakan salah satu komoditas andalan perekonomian nasional dan sebagai penghasil devisa negara terbesar di sektor nonmigas. Permasalahan yang dihadapi industri kelapa sawit pada tingkat usaha tani adalah terbatasnya investasi untuk peremajaan, rendahnya produktivitas dan kualitas hasil, dan belum berkembungnya industri hilir secara maksimal sehingga produk-produk turunan kelapa sawit masih terbatas. Sementara itu, Indonesia masih memiliki potensi yang besar untuk meningkatkan nilai tambah melalui industri pengolahan turunan kelapa sawit jika dilihat dari sisi permintaan pasar maupun penawarannya. Dari sisi permintaan, permintaan kelapa sawit global terus meningkat walalupun dalam kondisi adanya kampanye negatif (black campaign) terhadap produk minyak sawit atau CPO (Crude Palm Oil) dan produk-produk turunannya. Dari sisi penawaran, ketersediaan lahan, tenaga kerja dan teknologi budi daya sangat menudukung. Tulisan ini membahas dan mengevaluasi kinerja industri sawit nasional, khususnya bagaimana peluang dan kendala penciptaan nilai tambah industri sawit. Tulisan ini menekankan empat kendala utama dalam pemanfaatan peluang tersebut, yaitu keterbatasan infrastruktur dan sumber pendanaan, akses otonomi daerah, konflik lahan, dan tekanan isu lingkungan. Dalam hal ini, pemerintah dituntut untuk dapat menerapkan berbagai kebijakan yang memprioritaskan pada hilirisasi kelapa sawit dengan pendekatan klaster/kawasan guna membangun struktur industri kelapa sawit yang berdaya saing, terpadu dan berkelanjutan. </p>

scholarly journals Double Jeopardy: How Refugees Fare in One European Labor Market

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dries Lens ◽  
Ive Marx ◽  
Sunčica Vujić
Keyword(s):  
Labor Market ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Labor Migrants ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Labor Market Access ◽  
First Job ◽  
Work Histories ◽  
Longitudinal Dataset

AbstractThis paper examines the labor market trajectories of refugees who arrived in Belgium between 1999 and 2009. Belgium offers a relatively easy formal labor market access to refugees and other types of migrants but they face many other barriers in this strongly regulated and institutionalized labor market. Based on a longitudinal dataset that links respondents’ information from the Belgian Labor Force Survey with comprehensive social security data on their work histories, we estimate discrete-time hazard models to analyze refugees’ entry into and exit out of the first employment spell, contrasting their outcomes with family and labor migrants of the same arrival cohort. The analysis shows that refugees take significantly longer to enter their first employment spell as compared with other migrant groups. They also run a greater risk of exiting out of their first employment spell (back) into social assistance and into unemployment. The low employment rates of refugees are thus not only due to a slow integration process upon arrival, but also reflect a disproportional risk of exiting the labor market after a period in work. Our findings indicate that helping refugees into a first job is not sufficient to ensure labor market participation in the long run, because these jobs may be short-lived. Instead, our results provide clear arguments in favor of policies that support sustainable labor market integration.

scholarly journals PERSPEKTIF KELEMBAGAAN DIREKTORAT JENDERAL BEA DAN CUKAI (DJBC) DALAM BIDANG PELAYANAN KEMUDAHAN IMPOR TUJUAN EKSPOR (KITE) DI INDONESIA (Institutional Perspective of Directorate General of Customs And Excise in Ease of Import For Export Purposes (KITE), In Indonesia)

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 105
Author(s):  
Djafar Albram
Keyword(s):  
Market Integration ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Import Duty ◽  
Value Added Tax ◽  
Institutional Perspective ◽  
Business Interests ◽  
Directorate General ◽  
Technology Transformation

The policy of free trading can be observed by promoting the economy competitiveness of a country through global market integration. One of the integrations that is dynamic of service policy in ease of import for export purposes (KITE) of business interests to those who invest in Indonesia which managed by Directorate General of Customs and Excise (DJBC) that facility return of import duty (BM), or Customs and value-added tax (PPn) and value-added tax of import duty especially other commodities for export purposes. By facilitating that, it is hoped can improve and increase the trading value of export tax revenues,create jobs and then, it makes technology transformation exchange for development of human resources quality of manufacturing industry which running the business in ease of import for export purposes (KITE), in Indonesia. Keywords: KITE, customs and excise, ABSTRAKAdanya kebijakan Perdagangan bebas dapat dilihat dengan upaya peningkatan daya saing ekonomi suatunegara, melalui integrasi pasar global. Salah satu bentuk integrasi dimaksud yaitu adanya dinamika kebijakan pelayanan Kemudahan Impor Tujuan Ekspor yang dikenal dengan istilah (KITE) bagi kepentingan kelancaran usaha bisnis para Investor yang menanamkan Investasinya di Indonesia yang penangganannya ditangani  oleh Institusi Direktorat Jenderal Bea dan Cukai (DJBC) yang memberikan kemudahan fasilitas dalam bidang Pengembalian Bea Masuk (BM), atau Cukai serta PPn dan PPn BM terutama bagi komoditas lainnya yang hasil akhirnya adalah tujuan Ekspor. Dengan pemberian fasilitas tersebut, diharapkan terjadinya peningkatan nilai perdagangan dari penerimaan Pajak Ekspor, Membuka usaha lapangan kerja dan pada gilirannya akan terjadi alih transformasi tehnologi bagi kepentingan peningkatan kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia pekerja  Industri Manufaktur yang bergerak di bidang usaha   KITE di Indonesia. Kata Kunci: KITE menciptakan Iklim Usaha Kondusif.

scholarly journals Formulasi Nilai Tambah pada Rantai Pasok Minyak Sawit

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 576
Author(s):  
Syarif Hidayat ◽  
Nunung Nurhasanah ◽  
Rizki Ayuning Prasongko
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Smallholder Farmers ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Stakeholder Dialogue ◽  
Fresh Fruit Bunch ◽  
Oil Supply ◽  
Fair Distribution ◽  
Technology Level

In palm oil supply chain (POSC) the smallholder farmers sell their fresh fruit bunch (FFB) to Palm Oil Mills through traders. Palm Oil Mills convert the FFB into crude palm oil (CPO). CPO is sold to the refinery, who converts CPO into frying oil and sends the product to the distributors. The distributors subsequently sell them to the consumers. Each member of the POSC will try to optimize its added value. The aim of this paper is to develop an added value formulation as a function of risk, investment and technology levels of each of the POSC member. To facilitate fair distribution of rewards a concept of added value utility based on rsk, investment and technology level was introduced. To optimize the added value distribution between the members the concept of stakeholder dialogue was used. The selling prices were negotiated between the actors until each reached a satisfactory value, which was ruled by the levels of optimum added value utility. This research is important because the developed model can facilitate a better formula to calculate the fair distribution of added values, therefore ensure its sustainability and improve the total supply chain added value.Keywords:Utility, Value Added, Palm Oil Supply Chain, Exponential FunctionAbstrakPada suatu rantai pasok agroindustri minyak sawit (RPMS), petani menjual tandan buah segar (TBS) ke pabrik CPO melalui pedagang/pemasok. Pabrik CPO merubah TBS menjadi CPO. CPO dijual ke refinery (pabrik minyak goreng), yang merubah CPO menjadi minyak goreng, dan menjualnya melalui distributor kepada para konsumen. Setiap anggota RPMS akan berusaha untuk mengoptimumkan nilai tambahnya masing-masing. Tujuan penulisan makalah ini adalah menyusun formula perhitungan nilai tambah RPMS yang dipengaruhi oleh tingkat risiko, tingkat investasi dan tingkat teknologi yang terkait dengan masingmasing pelaku rantai pasok. Untuk mengusahakan distribusi yang adil dari imbalan maka digunakan pendekatan stakeholder dialogue. Harga jual dinegosiasikan diantara para pelaku RPMS sampai didapat suatu nilai yang memuaskan semua pihak, yang ditentukan berdasarkan utilitas nilai tambah yang optimum. Penelitian ini penting karena model yang dikembangkan dapat memfasilitasi formula yang lebih baik untuk menghitung distribusi nillia tambah yang adil, sehingga akan dicapai keberlangsungan usaha dan meningkatnya nilai tambah total dari RPMS.Kata kunci: Utilitas, Nilai Tambah, Rantai Pasok Minyak Sawit, Fungsi Eksponensial.

scholarly journals Pakistan’s Experience with the Pakistan–China FTA: Lessons for CPEC

2017 ◽  
Vol 22 (Special Edition) ◽  
pp. 1-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theresa Theresa ◽  
Nida Jamil ◽  
Azam Chaudhry
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Firm Level ◽  
Trade Data ◽  
Chinese Markets ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Tariff Reductions

As Pakistan enters the CPEC era, there is a sense of optimism as well as concern in the country, given the uncertain economic impact of this major collaboration between China and Pakistan. Using firm-level and trade data, we empirically test the impact of the 2006 free trade agreement (FTA) between the two countries on the productivity, size and value added of potentially affected Pakistani firms. These results have important policy implications for CPEC initiatives. We start with a difference-in-difference analysis, comparing trends in those sectors in Pakistan made more vulnerable by tariff reductions on Chinese goods relative to sectors for which the tariff did not change significantly. Next, we examine those sectors in Pakistan that were given greater access to Chinese markets through reductions in the Chinese tariff on Pakistani goods relative to sectors for which market access remained roughly the same. In the sectors made more vulnerable by reductions in Pakistani tariffs on Chinese goods, imports to Pakistan have risen, while productivity, value added and value added per worker have fallen relative to other sectors since the FTA. In the sectors for which Pakistan gained access to Chinese markets, exports and employment have risen, but productivity and value added have fallen relative to other sectors since the FTA.

scholarly journals Fair Trade for Whom? The Contribution of Fair Trade to Combatting Trade Inequities Faced by East Timorese Coffee Producers

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Kelle Howson
Keyword(s):  
Fair Trade ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Ethical Consumption ◽  
Agricultural Producers ◽  
Mixed Methods Approach ◽  
Democratic Management ◽  
External Pressures ◽  
Governance Practices

<p>Fair trade aims to empower smallholder agricultural producers in the global South to gain more power over their industries by the formation of transparent and democratically representative cooperatives. However, critiques of the fair trade system have emerged in ethical consumption literature, and pockets suggest that individual producer contexts have more of a role to play in determining the benefits of fair trade than had been previously understood or addressed. This work constitutes a case study designed to examine implementation and practice anomalies within the Timorese fair trade certified coffee industry, and the ways in which they impact on producers’ livelihoods and development. A mixed methods approach is deployed to analyse the coffee cooperative Cooperativa Café Timor, and the producers who sell to it. It finds the cooperative to be subject to a number of external pressures that prevent it from passing on the benefits of fair trade certification to farmers. Governance practices in terms of transparency and grassroots representation are found to be significantly hindered by reliance on outside organisations for market access. Also, producers are found to remain superficially represented within commodity chains; having little or no access to value-added income. The involvement of American private enterprise within the East Timorese fair trade system has served to distance the fair trade cooperative from its grassroots, and acts as somewhat of a barrier to democratic management, participatory decision-making, and the realisation of the objectives of fair trade.</p>

scholarly journals Strategi Pengembangan Rantai Pasok Berbasis Sistem Kendali Internal pada Produksi Beras Organik

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 143
Author(s):  
Shofia Nurul Hakim ◽  
Rizal Syarief Sjaiful Nazli ◽  
Nurheni Sri Palupi
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Development Strategy ◽  
Internal Control ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Internal Force ◽  
Export Market ◽  
Rice Farming ◽  
Organic Rice

<p>The high demand for organic rice on the market indicates that the organic rice business has good potential and opportunities to be developed, so as to encourage organic agriculture to become competitive and sustainable. This is an opportunity for farmers, especially farmers who are under CV. Sirtanio Organic Indonesia is expected to provide high value added to its member farmers, so as to boost the economy of farmers towards prosperity. The purpose of this study are: (1) Assessing the simple feasibility of organic rice farming based on Internal Control System (ICS) organic farming in the company is seen from the financial aspect; (2) Describe and analyze the characteristics of organic rice products in supply chains based on ICS in organic farming; and (3) Formulate supply chain strategies for organic rice based ICS agricultural products. The analytical method used is business feasibility analysis which is then identified internal and external factors which are then accumulated using SWOT and formulated several strategies using QSPM. The conclusion of the research results are: (1) The advantage is quite good (&gt;1), the analysis of the R/C ratio calculation for organic rice farming for farmers and companies, namely farmers (2.25) and CV Sirtanio (1.56); (2) Organic certification is an internal force with the opportunity to offer export market share that is quite open, so that it is obtained a ICS -based supply chain development strategy, namely: (a) Development of collaboration with online-shop (score 5,895); (b) Strengthening ICS-based supply chain functions through the implementation of internal audits conducted by the ICS team (score 5,671); and (c) Maintained the organic farming system based on the agreed ICS according to the rules of SNI 6729: 2016 (score 5,541).</p>

18. The Single Market

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle Egan
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Comparative Politics ◽  
Market Integration ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Single Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regulatory Strategies ◽  
Shed Light

This chapter focuses on the evolution of the single market project, from its original conception in the 1950s, beginning with the Rome Treaty and ending with the Single Market Act I and II. It first considers market integration in historical perspective before discussing the role of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) in promoting market access, the balance between different economic ideals, and the regulatory strategies used to foster market integration. It then analyses the importance of the single market in promoting competitiveness and growth, along with the politics of neoliberalism and the ‘1992 Programme’. It also explores the politics of regulated capitalism and whether the single market contributes to globalization. It concludes by explaining how both traditional international relations theories of integration and newer approaches in comparative politics and international relations can be used to shed light on the governance of the single market.

An Assessment of Barbados' Competitiveness within the EU Market 1992-2006

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1850194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Troy Lorde ◽  
Antonio Alleyne ◽  
Brian Francis
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Market Access ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Rules Of Origin ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Partnership ◽  
Partnership Agreement ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Eu

This paper assesses Barbados' competitiveness within the EU market in light of its recent signing of an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA) with the EU in 2008. Using SITC data from 1992-2006, indices of revealed comparative advantage (RCA) were calculated. We found that Barbados possesses comparative advantages in Live Animals; Raw Sugars, Beet and Cane; and Spirits. However, policies such as the EU's Common Agricultural Policy (CAP), stringent sanitary and phytosanitary requirements, onerous rules of origin and non-tariff barriers including technical barriers to trade, threaten to undermine these advantages. These developments strongly suggest that Barbados must move agriculture up the value chain and increase value-added, as well as integrate it more fully with other sectors of its economy. Greater attention must be focused on countries in the EU other than the UK, if full advantage is to be taken of the EPA, as the UK market is already mature. There is evidence that export opportunities to these countries exist in other commodity groups (Fuels, Lubricants, etc.; Animal, Vegetable Oils Fats, Wax; Chemicals, Related Products; Manufactured Goods). When these issues are placed within the context of Barbados' history of weak capacity to take advantage of the market access opportunities available from their trading arrangements, the overarching challenge for Barbados is one of effective market access. This will require, among other things, a capable export promotion agency. The export of non-traditional commodities should be promoted, and greater support, perhaps in the form of incentives, should be provided to large firms that are not yet exporters to encourage them to look beyond the domestic market.

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