Community Perception and Attitude towards people with Depression among Adults Residing in Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance Site (AM-HDSS), Southern Ethiopia

BACKGROUND: Negative perception and attitude of community prevents many people with depression and their caregivers from seeking help and receiving adequate treatment due to fear of social reaction and may try to hide the illness. The reasons for negative attitudes are not consistent across communities or cultures. Therefore, understanding the level of community perception and attitude towards people with depression is important to develop an intervention to reduce the impact of mental illness.METHODS: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 617 randomly selected adults. The data was collected using structured, pre-tested, and interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics like frequency, mean, and median were performed. Bi-variable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify the factors that affect the community attitude towards people with depression.RESULTS: Of the study population, 325(52.7%) had a good perception and 246(39.9%) had a positive attitude towards people with depression. The majority of study participants frequently identified as the perceived cause of depression was substance misuse, loss of loved one, and conflict within a family. In addition, psychosocial treatment was the most preferred treatment for people with depression in the study area. Marital status and educational status were significantly associated with the community attitude towards people with depressionCONCLUSION: Giving special attention to people with substance misuse, loss of loved one, and conflict within a family is very vital for the prevention of depression. In addition, future mental health promotion activities should focus on cause and common manifestation of depression to improve the attitude toward people with depression.

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Community Perception and Attitude towards people with schizophrenia among residents of Arba Minch Zuria District, Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites (AM-HDSS), Ethiopia. Cross-section study

10.1101/2019.12.18.19015271 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Negussie Boti ◽

Sultan Hussen ◽

Gistane Ayele ◽

Abera Marsha ◽

Selamawit Gebeyehu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Negative Attitude ◽

Educational Status ◽

Demographic Surveillance System ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Community Perception ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Community Attitude ◽

Study Participants

AbstractBackgroundMental disorders are one of the public health issues throughout the worldwide. Among people with mental disorders, more than 21 million people have schizophrenia. However, there is scarcity of information about perception and attitude of the community toward people with schizophrenia in Ethiopia including the study area.ObjectiveTo assess the community perception and attitude towards people with schizophrenia among residents of Arba Minch Zuria District, Arba Minch Health and Demographic Surveillance System sites (AM-HDSS), Southern EthiopiaMethodsA community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 617 randomly selected residents of Arba Minch Zuria District, AM-HDSS Site. The data was collected using structured, pre-tested and interviewer-administered questionnaires. Descriptive statistics including frequencies, means, and median were performed. Binary and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors affecting community attitude.ResultsThe finding of this study showed that, among study participants 469(76%) have a good perception towards people with schizophrenia and 390(63.2%) of respondents have positive attitudes towards people living with schizophrenia. Talkativeness and self-neglect behaviors were the most commonly mentioned manifestation of schizophrenia. Substance misuse and head injury were the most perceived cause of schizophrenia. Spiritual/traditional methods were preferred place for the treatment of schizophrenia. Age of respondents, sex of respondent; educational status and perception toward people with schizophrenia were significantly associated with positive attitude towards people with schizophrenia.ConclusionsAmong our rural adults nearly half of the study participants have a negative attitude towards people with schizophrenia. Therefore, giving special attention to females, youths, uneducated and individuals who have poor perception toward people living with schizophrenia is crucial. Also, future mental health promotion activities should focus on cause and common manifestation of schizophrenia to improve the community attitude toward people with schizophrenia

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What is the impact of husband’s education on unintended pregnancies in southern Ethiopia? A cross-sectional study

10.21203/rs.2.13487/v1 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Canaan Negash Seifu ◽

Paul Patrick Fahey ◽

Tewodros Getachew Hailemariam ◽

Evan Atlantis

Keyword(s):

Family Planning ◽

Unintended Pregnancy ◽

Educational Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Unintended Pregnancies ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: Unintended pregnancy rates are substantially higher in developing regions, have significant health consequences, and disproportionately affect subgroups with socio-economic disadvantage. We aimed to examine if husband’s education is associated with their wife’s unintended pregnancy in southern Ethiopia. Methods: The data source for this study was from a cross-sectional study on iron-folate supplementation and compliance in Wolaita, South Ethiopia. Data were collected from 627 married pregnant women regarding their husband’s educational status, socio-demographic characteristics and if they wanted to become pregnant at the time of survey using an interviewer administered questionnaire. Odds Ratios (ORs) with associated z-tests and 95% confidence intervals and logistic regression analyses were used to identify variables associated with unintended pregnancy. Results: The proportion of unintended pregnancy was 20.6% in this study with husband’s educational status, age, residence, and using family planning methods predictive of unintended pregnancy (all P-values <0.05). In the multivariable regression analysis, the odds of having unintended pregnancy was 60% lower (adjusted OR (95%CI; 0.4(0.18, 0.9)) when husband’s had University or College education compared to no education was after controlling for the age of women (adjusted OR per year older (95%CI); 1.13(1.09, 1.19)) and rural or urban residence (adjusted OR for rural (95%CI); 1.75(0.98, 3.12)) Conclusion: Unintended pregnancies were highest for women with less educated husbands in southern Ethiopia. We also found that being older and living in rural area were independently associated with an increased risk of unintended pregnancy. Strategies for addressing the family planning needs of families where husbands have less education should be the subject of future research.

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How Menstruation Is Perceived by Adolescent School Girls in Gedeo Zone of Ethiopia?

Obstetrics and Gynecology International ◽

10.1155/2020/3674243 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-6

Author(s):

Zelalem Belayneh ◽

Moges Mareg ◽

Birhanie Mekuriaw

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Educational Status ◽

Living Alone ◽

Southern Ethiopia ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High School Girls ◽

School Girls ◽

Age Of Menarche ◽

Maternal Educational Status

Introduction. Perception regarding menstruation is insufficiently acknowledged. Lack of adequate perception towards menstruation may make girls vulnerable to mental, emotional, and physical problems. This might also be a reason for the failure of menstrual hygiene practice which in turn can have multiple social and health consequences. Objective. To assess the perception and correlation regarding menstruation among adolescent high school girls in Gedeo zone, Southern Ethiopia. Methods. An institutional-based cross-sectional study was conducted among a randomly selected 791 adolescent high school girls at the Gedeo zone through the multistage sampling technique. Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire. The data were entered to EPi Info version 3.5 and exported to SPSS version 20.0 for analysis. Frequency tables were used to describe study variables. Odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was computed to determine the level of significance. Result. From a total of 806 adolescent girls that were invited to participate in the study, 791 (98.1%) participated. The mean (±SD) age of respondents was 16.3 (±4.7) years. Living alone in dormitories {OR = 1.75 CI = (1.07, 2.85)}, lower maternal educational status {OR = 4.03, CI = (2.41, 6.74)}, and age of menarche before 12 years {OR = 2.07, CI = (1.02, 4.24)} were factors statistically associated with unfavorable perception regarding menstruation. Conclusion. Most high school girls had an unfavorable perception regarding menstruation. Living alone, lower maternal educational status, and age of menarche before 12 years were factors with statistically significant association with unfavorable perception regarding menstruation. This demonstrates a need to design and implement advocacy programs.

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Hubungan lamanya hemodialisis dengan tingkat depresi pada pasangan hidup pasien gagal ginjal kronik di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado

e-CliniC ◽

10.35790/ecl.4.1.2016.10832 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Vicka V. A. Tartum ◽

Theresia M. D. Kaunang ◽

Christofel Elim ◽

Neni Ekawardani

Keyword(s):

Rating Scale ◽

Chronic Renal Disease ◽

Chronic Kidney Failure ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Loved One ◽

Hamilton Depression Rating Scale ◽

Chi Square Analysis ◽

The Impact

Abstract: Depression is a disturbance in the function of human nature associated with feelings of sadness and accompanying symptoms, including changes in sleep patterns and appetite, anhedonia, concentration, psychomotor, fatigue, despair and helplessness. Depression can be obtained by any person, including a person suffering from chronic diseases such as chronic renal disease requiring hemodialysis therapy for life. However, the impact of depression was not only felt by the patient, but also the patient's family, especially spouses of patients would be very easy to get depressed as a result of seeing a loved one suffer, so will affect the support and motivation given to patients, especially in patients undergoing hemodialysis should undergo dialysis for life, so a lot of depression in patients and their families, especially spouses of patients. This study aimed to determine the relationship of the length of hemodialysis with the level of depression in spouses of hemodialysis patients in Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Hospital Manado. This was an observational analystical study with a cross sectional design. This study used Hamilton Depression Rating Scale questionaire (HDRS). Data were processed by using SPSS 20.0. The chi-square analysis test showed a p value of 0.105 (p > 0.05). Conclusion: There was no correlation between the duration of hemodialysis with the degree of depression of chronic kidney failure patient’s live spouses.Keywords: depression, chronic kidney disease, hemodialysis, spouse.Abstrak: Depresi adalah terganggunya fungsi manusia yang berkaitan dengan alam perasaan yang sedih dan gejala penyertanya, termasuk perubahan pada pola tidur dan nafsu makan, anhedonia, konsentrasi, psikomotor, kelelahan rasa putus asa dan tidak berdaya. Depresi bisa didapatkan oleh setiap orang termasuk seseorang yang menderita penyakit kronik seperti penyakit ginjal kronik yang membutuhkan terapi hemodialisis seumur hidup. Dampak depresi pun tidak hanya dirasakan oleh pasien, keluarga pasien terutama pasangan hidup pasien akan sangat mudah mendapatkan depresi akibat melihat orang yang dicintai menderita, sehingga akan memengaruhi dukungan dan motivasi yang akan diberikan kepada pasien, terutama pada pasien yang menjalani hemodialisis yang harus menjalani proses cuci darah seumur hidup, sehingga banyak terjadi depresi pada pasien dan keluarganya terutama pasangan hidup pasien. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan lamanya hemodialisis dengan tingkat depresi pada pasangan hidup pasien hemodialisis di RSUP Prof. Dr. R. D. Kandou Manado. Metode penelitian yang digunakan ialah analitik observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang. Penelitian ini menggunakan kuesioner Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) dan data diolah menggunakan SPSS 20.0. Uji analisis chi-square mendapatkan nilai p sebesar 0,105 (p >0,05). Simpulan: Tidak terdapat hubungan antara lama hemodialisis dengan tingkat depresi pasangan hidup pasien penyakit ginjal kronik.Kata kunci: depresi, penyakit ginjal kronik, hemodialisis, pasangan hidup

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Alcohol Use and Its Associated Factors among Adolescents Aged 15–19 Years at Governmental High Schools of Aksum Town, Tigray, Ethiopia, 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study

Journal of Addiction ◽

10.1155/2021/5518946 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Enguday Tirfeneh Gebeyehu ◽

Mengesha Srahbzu Biresaw

Keyword(s):

High Schools ◽

Alcohol Use ◽

Associated Factors ◽

Educational Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Alcoholic Beverages ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Social ◽

The Impact

Introduction. The impact of alcohol use among adolescents is multidisciplinary and affects the adolescent’s academic performance, precipitates with sexually transmitted infections or psychiatric disorders, and disturbs the social domain of adolescents. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of alcohol use among adolescents aged 15–19 years at the governmental high schools of Aksum Town, Tigray, Ethiopia, in 2019. Methods. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted from 1 to 30 January 2019 at Aksum town high school. Alcohol use was assessed by asking the question “have you used at least one of the alcoholic beverages in the last three months for nonmedical purposes?” Study participants were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected with face-to-face interview and were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 22. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regressions were used to see the association between alcohol use and associated factors. Adjusted odds ratio at a p value < 0.05 with a 95% confidence interval was taken to declare the statistical significance of variables. Result. About 633 adolescents aged 15–19 years were addressed with a response rate of 99.7%. Prevalence of alcohol use was found to be 39.7% [95% CI (35.7, 43.6)]. Being male [AOR = 1.80; 95% CI (1.24, 2.60)], fathers’ educational status 1–8 grades [AOR = 2.98; 95% CI (1.60, 5.53)], fathers’ occupation farming [AOR = 4.24; 95% CI (2.038.85)], experienced parental neglect [AOR = 1.75; 95% CI (1.20, 2.55)], strong social support [AOR = 1.79; 95% CI (1.11, 2.87)], and family size of greater than five [AOR = 2.03; 95%CI (1.39, 2.97)] were factors identified to be significantly associated with alcohol use among adolescents aged 15–19 years. Conclusion. In the current study, the prevalence of alcohol use is found to be high when compared to other populations. A strong association has been found between alcohol use and lower paternal educational status and farming as an occupation of parents. There should be a regular awareness creation program for parents with lower education about the devastating effects of alcohol on adolescents.

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The impact of patient safety culture and the leader coaching behaviour of nurses on the intention to report errors: A cross-sectional survey

10.21203/rs.2.21535/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Zahra Chegini ◽

Edris Kakemam ◽

Mohammad Asghari Jafarabadi ◽

Ali Janati

Keyword(s):

Patient Safety ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Safety Culture ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Educational Status ◽

Patient Safety Culture ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Coaching Behavior ◽

The Impact

Abstract Background: There is growing interest in examining the factors affecting the reporting of errors by nurses. However, little research has been conducted into the effects of perceived patient safety culture and leader coaching of nurses on the intention to report errors. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted amongst 256 nurses in the emergency departments of 18 public and private hospitals in Tabriz, northwest Iran. Participants completed the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture (HSOPSC), Coaching Behavior Scale and Intention to Report Errors questionnaires and the data was analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis. Results: Overall, 43% of nurses had an intention to report errors; 50% of respondents reported that their nursing managers demonstrated high levels of coaching. With regard to patient safety culture, areas of strength and weakness were “teamwork within units” (PRR = 66.80%) and “non-punitive response errors” (PRR = 19.66%). Regression analysis findings highlighted a significant association between an intention to report errors and patient safety culture (B=0.123, CI 95%: 0.005 to 0.328, P = 0.026), leader coaching behavior (B=0.172, CI 95%: 0.066 to 0.347, P = 0.004) and nurses’ educational status (B=0. 787, 95% CI: -.064 to 1.638, P = 0.048). Conclusions: Further research is needed to assess how interventions addressing patient safety culture and leader coaching behaviours might increase the intention to report errors.

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The Prevalence of Substance Misuse and its Effects among Omani College Students: A Cross-sectional Study

Oman Medical Journal ◽

10.5001/omj.2021.04 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. e224-e224

Author(s):

Hazaa Al-Hinaai ◽

Issa Al-Busaidi ◽

Badriya Al Farsi ◽

Yaqoub Al Saidi

Keyword(s):

College Students ◽

Substance Abuse ◽

Substance Misuse ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urban Setting ◽

World Health ◽

Negative Consequences ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Objectives: Many studies have confirmed that the use of alcohol, tobacco, and cannabis is prevalent among university students. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of substance misuse among college students in Oman, identifying the most commonly used substances, and reviewing the effect of substance misuse on the students’ performance. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a higher learning institution in an urban setting in Oman from April 2018 to December 2018. A descriptive, self-administered online questionnaire, the Alcohol, Smoking, and Substance Involvement Screening Test, version 3.0 (Arabic version), adapted from the World Health Organization was sent to 12 000 students at the college. The sample size was calculated using online software (Raosoft), with a margin of error of 5% and a confidence level of 95%. Results: A total of 375 students responded (response rate = 3.1%). The overall lifetime prevalence for any substance misuse (including tobacco and alcohol) among the participants was 41.3%, with the overall prevalence without tobacco or alcohol at 29.9%. Tobacco was the most common substance used, with a prevalence of around 23.5%, followed by alcohol at 10.7%. Male students had a significantly higher rate of substance abuse, for any substance, compared to female students (p < 0.001). There was a significant correlation between tobacco use, alcohol misuse, and misuse of other substances. Most of the adverse effects attributed to substance misuse reported by the respondents in this study were social (27.7%) and health-related (25.8%) problems. The impact of substance abuse on their performance was also high (23.8%). Furthermore, 15.4% of the respondents had financial problems, and 4.7%% were struggling with legal issues. Notably, only 49.1% of the respondents perceived that substance misuse was a serious problem. Conclusions: Although college students are expected to be more aware of the negative impacts of substance misuse, this study found a high prevalence of smoking, alcohol, and other substance misuses among the group of Omani college students. Further research in this field is essential, and the results of this study have shed light on a critical problem among Omani college students. It is hoped that the findings of this study will be used and built on in future research to recognize students at risk of substance misuse from early school life, leading to early intervention, and potentially preventing the possible negative consequences.

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Impact of Depression and Psychosocial Treatment on Heart Rate Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: An Exploratory Analysis Based on the HEIDIS Trial

Experimental and Clinical Endocrinology & Diabetes ◽

10.1055/s-0043-125445 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 127 (06) ◽

pp. 367-376 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Verena Zimmermann-Schlegel ◽

Beate Wild ◽

Peter Nawroth ◽

Stefan Kopf ◽

Wolfgang Herzog ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Heart Rate Variability ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Group Intervention ◽

Psychosocial Treatment ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

Abstract Objectives To explore the impact of depression on heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) as a marker of autonomic nervous system (ANS) impairment in depressed and non-depressed patients with advanced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and to explore possible effects of an acceptance- and mindfulness-based group intervention (MBSR) on HR and HRV. Methods Alongside a prospective clinical trial, we collected demographic, psychosocial and clinical data from 113 chronic T2DM patients in a standardized setting. At baseline and after one year, depressive mood was assessed with the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9), and autonomic function was determined by measuring HR and HRV markers. A subsample was randomly assigned to take part in eight MBSR sessions. Results Of the 113 T2DM patients (77.9% men; mean age=58.8±7.0 years; diabetes duration 11.5±7.0 years), 33 showed clinically relevant depressive symptoms at baseline. In cross-sectional analysis, we found no association between depression and HR/HRV (all comparisons p>0.05). In prospective regression analysis depression did not predict follow-up scores of HRV. The patients who participated in the MBSR intervention showed a tendency toward improved parasympathetic control (RMSSD, CV, E-I-Ratio) with small-to-moderate effect sizes (d≤0.38). Conclusions Depression was not directly associated with cardiac autonomic control in this sample, but MBSR training may have positively influenced HR and HRV. In advanced diabetes, somatic and behavioral parameters seem to be more predictive than depression for the course of autonomic functioning, but the pathways remain unclear.

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Dietary pattern, a modifiable risk factor that can be easily assessed for atherosclerosis vascular disease prevention in clinical practice

Public Health Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s1368980010001862 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 319-326 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Guillaume Mahe ◽

Marie Carsin ◽

Maya Zeeny ◽

Jean-Paul De Bosschere

Keyword(s):

Clinical Practice ◽

Dietary Patterns ◽

Dietary Assessment ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Vascular Diseases ◽

Educational Status ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact

AbstractObjectivesNutrition is one of the modifiable risk factors of atherosclerosis vascular diseases (VD). We aimed to (i) evaluate the dietary patterns associated with VD in clinical practice using a validated FFQ; and (ii) determine potential independent sociodemographic and behavioural factors that are involved in such dietary patterns. The FFQ determined the vascular dietary score (VDS; ranges from −17 to 19) for each subject.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA general practitioner's (GP) office in 2009.SubjectsA total of 250 French subjects (18–84 years old).ResultsA total of 21 % had a favourable vascular diet (VDS ≥ 8), 79 % needed to improve their diet (VDS < 8) and 21 % had a risky vascular diet (VDS ≤ −1). A step-by-step multivariate linear regression analysis with stepwise selection was performed using the VDS as a dependent variable. Significant variables were: age (β = 0·495, P < 0·0001), men (β = −0·282, P < 0·0001), ‘sport ≥1 h/week’ (β = 0·253, P = 0·001), ‘walking 20 min/d’ (β = 0·161, P = 0·012), ‘former smoker’ (β = 0·118, P = 0·029), previous nutritional advice (β = 0·105, P = 0·049), ‘alcohol ≥20 g/d’ (β = −0·216, P < 0·0001) and ‘primary school’ (β = −0·156, P = 0·010). The R2 coefficient of this model was 0·347 (P < 0·0001). In all, 88·7 % of the subjects found the evaluation very interesting and 89·6 % believed that the GP should perform it.ConclusionsSimple dietary assessment for VD prevention can be easily performed in clinical practice to allow physicians to give objective and rapid advice for each patient. Age, educational status, alcohol consumption, gender and physical activity are associated with the VDS. Compliance with such evaluation was found to be very high, which should encourage larger dietary screening in the population in order to reduce the impact of VD.

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The Association Between Adverse Child Health, Psychological, Educational and Social Outcomes, and Nondependent Parental Substance: A Rapid Evidence Assessment

Trauma Violence & Abuse ◽

10.1177/1524838018772850 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 21 (3) ◽

pp. 470-483 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ruth McGovern ◽

Eilish Gilvarry ◽

Michelle Addison ◽

Hayley Alderson ◽

Emma Geijer-Simpson ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Substance Use ◽

Substance Misuse ◽

Adverse Outcomes ◽

The Body ◽

Social Outcomes ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Adverse Health Outcomes ◽

Psychological Educational ◽

The Impact ◽

Parental Alcohol

Background: Between 5% and 30% of children in high-income countries live with a substance misusing parent, the majority of which is below dependent levels. However, little is understood about the impact of nondependent parental substance misuse upon children. Methods: We searched the international literature using rigorous systematic methods to identify studies examining parental substance misuse and adverse outcomes in children. The inclusion criteria were cross-sectional, longitudinal, case-control, and cohort studies; of children aged 0–18 years whose parents are high-risk substance misusers; reporting on their health, psychological, substance use, educational, and social outcomes. Results: We identified 36 papers (from 33 unique studies), most of which were assessed as being of medium to high methodological quality ( N= 28). Parental nondependent substance misuse was found to be associated with adversity in children, with strong evidence of an association with externalizing difficulties ( N = 7 papers, all finding an association) and substance use ( N = 23 papers, all finding an association) in adolescents and some evidence of adverse health outcomes in early childhood ( N = 6/8 papers finding an association). There is less evidence of an association between parental substance misuse and adverse educational and social outcomes. The body of evidence was largest for parental alcohol misuse, with research examining the impact of parental illicit drug use being limited. Conclusion: Methodological limitations restrict our ability to make causal inference. Nonetheless, the prevalence of adverse outcomes in children whose parents are nondependent substance misusers highlights the need for practitioners to intervene with this population before a parent has developed substance dependency.

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