In-vitro antifungal activity of leaf, stem bark and root extracts of Irvingia gabonensis against fungi associated with its seed deterioration

Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O'Rorke) Baill seeds are often contaminated in storage by postharvest spoilage fungi. This study investigated the nutritional contents of the seeds, phytochemical contents and antioxidant activity of different parts of the plant as well as their antifungal effects against fungi isolated from the deteriorated seeds. Proximate, mineral and phytochemical analyses were carried out using standard laboratory techniques. The antioxidant activity was against DPPH radicals. Ethanol extracts (100 and 200 mg/ml) of the various parts were screened against the isolates using pour plate method in Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) plates. The plates were examined for growth daily for 10 days. Data were statistically analysed. The healthy seeds contained higher protein (13.73%), fat (58.73%) and fibre (2.50%), whereas, higher content of moisture (10.17%) and carbohydrate (15.47%) were observed in the spoilt seeds. The leaf had highest contents of alkaloids (1228.3 mg/100 g), flavonoids (1345.9 mg/100 g), tannins (1345.9 mg/100 g), saponins (578.3 mg/100 g) and carotenoids (2348.3 μg/100 g). The antioxidant activity of the leaf (50.30%) was the highest. Fungi isolated from the deteriorated seeds were Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus fumigatus and Curvilaria lunata. The leaf was most effective against A. niger, A. flavus and C. lunata whereas the stem bark extract was most effective against A. fumigatus. The F-values were significant for model, treatment, concentration and number of days for the leaf and root. This study confirmed the antifungal activity of extracts of various parts of the plant against isolates implicated in the deterioration of its seeds. The extracts could be used as preservative to enhance the shelf-life and nutritional quality of the seeds. Keywords: Irvingia gabonensis, Spoilage of seeds, Antifungal activity, Free radical scavengers, Preservatives

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Potentiating Antifungal Activity of Fluconazole or Nystatin with Methanol Bark Extract of Harungana madagascariensis Stem Bark

International Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemical Research ◽

10.25258/phyto.v9i5.8147 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 9 (5) ◽

Author(s):

Ebelle R. E. ◽

Mouokeu R. S. ◽

Assam J PA ◽

Hopogap M. L. ◽

Masoohe A M. ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antifungal Activity ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Oral Route ◽

Experimental Models ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Infection Model ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Broth Microdilution Method

The therapeutic failures and the increasingly high costs of treating resistant bacterial infections calls for alternative means of care. The present study was initiated to evaluate the antifungal properties of the Harungana madagascariensis methanol barks extract and potent interactions with some usual drugs. The extract was prepared by maceration of the dry stem bark powder in methanol. Phytochemical analysis was carried out by colorimetric assays. Antifungal activity as well as interactions between extract, Nystatin or Fluconazole was evaluated by broth microdilution method. The therapeutic efficacies of H. madagascariensis extract and Fluconazole – extract mixture as compared to Fluconazole extract was studied in experimental models of oral and vulvovaginal candidiasis in rats by oral route. Results showed that methanol extract of H. madagascariensis stem barks had antifungal activity ranging from 128 to 1024 µg/ml. This extract also had a fungicidal activity on all of the tested yeasts. Moreover, the extract presented in vitro synergetic and additive interactions with Nystatin and Fluconazole. In both oral and vaginal infection model, all the treatment significantly reduced (P less than 0.05) the number of colony formant unit (UFC) of C. albicans compared with untreated control. Moreover, significant decrease in the percentage of animals showing positive cultures was observed in rats treated with Fluconazole-extract mixture. In both therapeutic efficacy studies, the histological findings confirmed the microbiological results. The results of this study constitute a base for the usage of H. madagascariensis stem barks in association with Fluconazole to overcome yeast infection.

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Comparative Studies On The Phytochemical Screening And In Vitro Antioxidant Activities Of Aqueous Extracts Of Garcinia Kola Stem And Root Barks

European Journal of Biology and Biotechnology ◽

10.24018/ejbio.2020.1.3.35 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Philip O. Amira ◽

Adebayo S. Daramola ◽

Ayobioloja A. Philomina ◽

Salau A. Ibukun

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antioxidant Properties ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Root Bark ◽

Aqueous Extracts ◽

Dpph Assay ◽

Garcinia Kola ◽

Total Antioxidant

Phytochemicals are natural chemicals of plant origin that have implicated in anti-disease mechanism. Antioxidant are insulator of the process of the oxidation even at relatively small concentration and this have diverse physiological role in the body. They are naturally occurring in the medicinal plants, vegetables, leaves and roots that have defense mechanism and protect from various diseases as well inhibit, or delay the oxidation of other molecules by inhibiting the initiation or propagation of oxidizing chain reaction. Garcinia kola is a tropical flowering plant grown mainly in West and Central Africa. Garcinia kola is known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Therefore, comparative studies on the phytochemical screening and in vitro antioxidant activity on aqueous extracts of stem and root of Garcinia kola were investigated to assess their antioxidant properties in different antioxidant property determination assays. Aqueous extracts of Garcinia kola stem and root bark revealed the presence of tannins, resin, saponins, flavonoids, phenols, carbohydrates and alkaloids. In addition, the aqueous root bark extract of the plant contained phlobatanins and sterols while its stem bark aqueous extract contained terpenoids. The IC50 (μg/ml) values of the stem bark extract were 108.35 ± 7.70, 122.81 ± 3.98, 0.20 ± 0.01, 0.16 ± 0.01 and 0.43 ±0.01 for total antioxidant capacity (AAE), ferric reducing antioxidant activity (AAE), diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity and metal chelating activity respectively. On the other hand, the IC50 (μg/ml) values of the root bark extract were 31.54 ± 2.72, 30.50 ± 0.96, 2.26 ± 0.13, 4.36 ± 0.52 and 0.75 ± 0.04 for total antioxidant capacity (AAE), ferric reducing antioxidant activity (AAE), diphenyl picryl hydrazyl (DPPH) assay, nitric oxide (NO) scavenging activity and metal chelating activity respectively. Consequently, both the stem bark and root bark extracts generally exhibited remarkable in vitro antioxidant properties with respect to the parameters investigated.

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Evaluation of Andira inermis stem bark extract for hypoglycaemic and antioxidant effects’

Clinical Phytoscience ◽

10.1186/s40816-020-00225-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Maxwell Osaronowen Egua ◽

Florence Chimezie Nwinyi ◽

Ode Julius Okwoche ◽

Onakpa Micheal Monday ◽

Akande Motunrayo Ganiyat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Blood Glucose ◽

Acute Toxicity ◽

Methanolic Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity

Abstract Background The aqueous methanolic extract of Andira inermis(A. inermis) stem bark was screened for phytochemical constituents, antioxidant activity, acute oral toxicity, and preliminary prophylactic normoglycaemic test and effect on Oral Glucose Tolerance in albino rats. Methods Andira inermis was double macerated and extracted with 80% methanol. Phytochemical analysis and acute toxicity were performed using standard methods. The extract was screened for in vitro antioxidant activity using Ferric Reducing/Antioxidant Power (FRAP) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging spectrophotometric assays. Prophylactic control of glucose was evaluated in normoglycaemic and glucose-challenged albino rats. Graded test doses (100–400 mg/kg body weight) of the extract were used in the investigation. The effects observed were compared with that of glibenclamide (0.2 mg/kg) and distilled water control groups. Results The stem bark extract of A. inermis was found to contain saponins, terpenes, tannins, steroids, flavanoids, anthraquinones, carbohydrates and alkaloids. The extract was found to have a significant in vitro antioxidant activity in both methods. The oral acute toxicity study showed the extract had LD50 greater than 5000 mg/kg. The extract significantly (p ≤ 0.05) reduced blood glucose levels in normoglycaemic animal model (the control group seen to have − 5.6(− 8.7%) poor glucose handling; and the glibenclamide& extract treatment group (100 mg/kg) to positively reduce blood glucose 14.8(26.8%) & 16.4(25.9%) respectively). The glucose challenged test, from the 1st hour, showed − 57.4(− 89.4%),-26.8(− 33.8%),-23.8(− 26.3%),-12.8(− 13.9%) and − 9.8(− 10.4%) for the vehicle control, glibenclamide (positive control), and the 100, 200 & 400 mg/kg extract treatment groups respectively. The extract showed mild hypoglycemic effect in the results recorded, up to the 4th hour. Conclusion The results of this study elucidated that the aqueous methanolic extract of Andira inermis stem bark possessed potent antioxidant phyto-constituents with potential hypoglycaemic effects that could be explored for therapeutic use worldwide following isolation and characterization of the bioactive principles. And the results also authenticate the folklore use of the plant.

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Antioxidant, cytotoxic and UVB-absorbing activity of Maytenus guyanensis Klotzch. (Celastraceae) bark extracts

Acta Amazonica ◽

10.1590/s0044-59672006000400012 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 36 (4) ◽

pp. 513-518 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Patrícia de Almeida Telles Macari ◽

Cíntia Nicácio Portela ◽

Adrian Martin Pohlit

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Brine Shrimp ◽

Room Temperature ◽

Quantitative Methods ◽

Skin Cancer Prevention ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Medicinal Tree ◽

Freeze Dried ◽

Ethanol Extracts

Maytenus guyanensis Klotzch. is an Amazonian medicinal tree species known in Brazil by the common name chichuá and in Peru and Colombia by the name chuchuhuasi. It is used in traditional medicine as stimulant, tonic, and muscle relaxant, for the relief of arthritis, rheumatism, hemorrhoids, swollen kidney, skin eruptions, and skin cancer prevention, among others. Initially, different extraction solvents and methods were applied to dried, ground bark which made possible the preparation of extracts having both significant lethality to brine shrimp larvae (Artemia franciscana Leach) as well as antioxidant activity in vitro based on tests involving reactions with 2,2,-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Analysis of fractions from serial extractions with solvents of increasing polarity supports the notion that antioxidant activity is associated with compounds of intermediate polarity and cytotoxicity is associated with compounds of low to intermediate polarity. Variation of extraction time and conditions revealed that hot, continuous ethanol extraction provided good yields of bark extract in several hours. Hot extraction also provided ethanol extracts having greater lethality to brine shrimp and antioxidant activity (compared to the flavonoid rutin in semi-quantitative methods based on DPPH) than extracts obtained from maceration at room temperature. Freeze-dried ethanol extracts were prepared by: 1) maceration at room temperature and 2) hot extraction (eight hours) on several hundred gram scales and the latter extract was shown to have partial screening effects on UVB light. In this work, cytotoxic, antioxidant and potential sun-screening activity are shown for the first time in M. guyanensis.

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In vitro Antimicrobial and Antifungal Efficacy of Ethanol Crude Stem Bark Extract of Boswella dalzielle

Journal of Advances in Medicine and Medical Research ◽

10.9734/jammr/2019/v29i630093 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

K. I. Ogbu ◽

I. C. Chukwudi ◽

O. J. Ijomanta ◽

E. O. Agwu ◽

C. N. Chinonye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Antifungal Effects ◽

Test Organisms ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Ethanol Extracts

The efficacy of Boswellia dalzielii (Frankincense) stem bark extract on some bacterial and fungal organisms was evaluated for its in-vitro antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Escherichia coli, Salmonella gallinarium, Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida albicans. The research work was carried out in Biochemistry and Microbiology Laboratories of Federal College of Animal Health and Production Technology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom. Well diffusion method was carried out on nutrient agar. MIC, MBC and MFC of the test organisms were carried out on nutrient broth. The phytochemistry revealed the presence of saponin, tannin, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, terpens and phenol in ethanol extracts while resin, alkaloid and glycosides were absent in hot water extracts. Alkaloid was also absent in ethanolic extract. The aqueous extract of the plant exhibited neither antibacterial nor antifungal effects against all test organisms used in the study while the ethanolic extract of the plant showed both antibacterial and antifungal effects on the study organisms. The results of this study also showed that the ethanolic extract of Boswellia dalzielii stem bark has activity against all bacteria species used in the study (broad spectrum activity). For gram-negative and positive bacteria, Salmonella gallinarium and Staphylococcus aureus were the most sensitive while Escherichia coli and Streptococcus pyogenes were the least respectively. Candida albicans was more sensitive than Aspergillus fumigatus. It was concluded that the test organisms were susceptible to ethanol extracts of the plant and may be good source of antibiotics.

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Sequestered uptake of chromium(VI) by Irvingia gabonensis stem bark extract anchored silica gel

Biomass Conversion and Biorefinery ◽

10.1007/s13399-021-01563-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

James F. Amaku ◽

Segun A. Ogundare ◽

Kovo G. Akpomie ◽

Comfort M. Ngwu ◽

Jeanet Conradie

Keyword(s):

Silica Gel ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Chromium Vi ◽

Irvingia Gabonensis ◽

Stem Bark Extract

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Analytical Profiling of Proanthocyanidins from Acacia mearnsii Bark and In Vitro Assessment of Antioxidant and Antidiabetic Potential

Molecules ◽

10.3390/molecules23112891 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 23 (11) ◽

pp. 2891 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Xiao Chen ◽

Jia Xiong ◽

Shenlin Huang ◽

Xun Li ◽

Yu Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Degree Of Polymerization ◽

Acacia Mearnsii ◽

Oligomeric Proanthocyanidins ◽

Normal Phase Hplc ◽

Inhibitory Activities ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

Alternative Drugs ◽

Tof Ms

The proanthocyanidins from ethanol extracts (80%, v/v) of Acacia mearnsii (A. mearnsii) bark on chemical-based and cellular antioxidant activity assays as well as carbolytic enzyme inhibitory activities were studied. About 77% of oligomeric proanthocyanidins in ethanol extracts of A. mearnsii bark were found by using normal-phase HPLC. In addition, HPLC-ESI-TOF/MS and MALDI-TOF/TOF MS analyses indicated that proanthocyanidins from A. mearnsii bark exhibited with a degree of polymerization ranging from 1 to 11. These results of combined antioxidant activity assays, as well as carbolytic enzyme inhibitory activities of proanthocyanidins from A. mearnsii bark, indicated an encouraging antioxidant capacity for the high polyphenol content and a potential for use as alternative drugs for lowering the glycemic response.

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Antioxidant activity of Spathodea campanulata (Bignoneaceae) extracts

Revista Brasileira de Plantas Medicinais ◽

10.1590/s1516-05722012000200006 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 287-292 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

S.C Heim ◽

F.A Guarnier ◽

D.T Ferreira ◽

R Braz-Filho ◽

R Cecchini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Complex Formation ◽

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Iron Complex ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Flower Extract ◽

Antioxidant Mechanism ◽

Activity Loss ◽

Ethanol Extracts ◽

Antioxidant Mechanisms

Spathodea campanulata is used in traditional medicine in Africa as diuretic and anti-inflammatory. Although few studies have reported the mechanism of antioxidant action, this study evidenced the antioxidant activity of S. campanulata bark and flower extracts and their possible mechanism of action. Ethanol extracts of S. campanulata bark and flowers showed antioxidant activity on lipid peroxidation of liver microsome induced by Fe3+-ascorbic acid. Bark extract was 5 times more efficient than flower extract. The antioxidant activity of flower extract, previously complexed with increasing concentrations of Fe3+ (20 - 100 μM) which resulted in antioxidant activity loss, was shown to be related to iron complex formation. In contrast, the antioxidant activity of bark extract was not inhibited by the previous incubation with Fe3+, although complexation was demonstrated by spectral analysis of the solution. These results suggest an antioxidant mechanism other than Fe3+ complex formation. Therefore, the antioxidant mechanisms of S. campanulata flower and bark extracts are distinct from each other, reflecting the extract heterogeneous composition and the mechanism of action.

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In-vitro antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker Gawl. (Convolvulaceae)

Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics ◽

10.22270/jddt.v8i6.2003 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 22-27

Author(s):

TR Prashith Kekuda ◽

Nitish A. Bharadwaj ◽

MB Sachin ◽

BK Sahana ◽

GS Priyanka

Keyword(s):

Antioxidant Activity ◽

Antifungal Activity ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Shigella Flexneri ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Flower Extract ◽

Stem Extract ◽

Poisoned Food Technique ◽

Antimicrobial And Antioxidant Activity

Objectives: Argyreia cuneata (Willd.) Ker Gawl. belongs to the family Convolvulaceae. The present study was performed to screen the potential of crude extract of various parts of A. cuneata to exhibit antimicrobial activity. Methods: Extraction of shade dried and powdered leaf, stem and flower of A. cuneata was carried out by maceration technique. Antibacterial and antifungal activity of extracts was evaluated by Agar well diffusion and Poisoned food technique respectively. Antioxidant activity was determined by DPPH radical scavenging, ABTS radical scavenging and ferric reducing assays. Results: All extracts were effective in inhibiting test bacteria and the susceptibility of bacteria to extracts was in the order: Bacillus cereus > Shigella flexneri > Escherichia coli > Salmonella typhimurium. Leaf extract and stem extract exhibited highest and least antibacterial activity, respectively. Extracts were effective in causing inhibition of seed-borne fungi viz. Aspergillus niger and Bipolaris sp to >50%. Leaf extract exhibited marked antifungal activity followed by flower extract and stem extract. All extracts were shown to exhibit concentration dependent scavenging and reducing activity. Antioxidant activity of extracts observed was in the order: leaf extract > flower extract > stem extract. Conclusion: Among various parts of A. cuneata, leaf extract exhibited marked antimicrobial and antioxidant activity. The plant can be employed as an effective antimicrobial and antioxidant agent in suitable form. Further studies may be undertaken to recover phytochemicals from the plant and to investigate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of isolated components. Keywords: Argyreia cuneata, Maceration, Antimicrobial, Agar well diffusion, Poisoned food technique, Antioxidant

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Spondias purpurea L. Stem Bark Extract: Antioxidant and in vitro Photoprotective Activities

Journal of the Brazilian Chemical Society ◽

10.21577/0103-5053.20210082 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Francisco Alessandro Rodrigues ◽

Priscylla Giffony ◽

Sarah dos Santos ◽

Jhonyson Guedes ◽

Maria Elenir Ribeiro ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Active Ingredient ◽

Antioxidant Activities ◽

Stem Bark ◽

Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽

Bark Extract ◽

Protection Factor ◽

Phenolic Constituents ◽

Stem Bark Extract ◽

Spondias Purpurea

Plant phenolic extracts are widely recognized as an important source of natural antioxidant substances and potential compounds for cosmetic formulations. This study aimed to evaluate the chemical profile, photoprotective and antioxidant activities of stem bark extract of Spondias purpurea L. (ciriguela) and its application in photoprotective formulations. Thirty phenolic constituents were annotated by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with an electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry in mode negative (UPLC‑QTOF-MS2). The stem bark extract antioxidant and chelation potential, expressed in half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50), showed 6.25 and 352.22 μg mL−1, respectively. The phenolic extract was used as an active ingredient in six sunscreen formulations, with concentrations ranging from 0.2 to 10%. The ultraviolet (UV) protection properties of the formulations were evaluated by sun protection factor (SPF) values obtained in 0.2 mg mL−1 (0.495 to 2.27) and 2.0 mg mL−1 (2.29 to 15.87). The SPF value for the extract (14.37 and 26.16) was high, but there was a reduction in the base formulation. However, these results suggested that the bioactive extracted of stem bark of Spondias purpurea L. has interesting potential to reduce the damage caused by UV radiation and may be utilized as an active ingredient in a sunscreen formulation.

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