Characterization of microemulsions formulated from naturally and chemically extracted oils from Cocos nucifera Linne

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-48
Author(s):  
O.A. Adetunji ◽  
B. Adesanwo ◽  
O.A. Odeniyi
Keyword(s):  
Castor Oil ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Oil Extraction ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Copper Zinc

Background: Oil derived from Cocos nucifera Linne (CNL) has been used in formulating creams; however, its use in formulation of microemulsion is not well documented in literature.Objective: Oils obtained from CNL were characterized, used in the formulation of microemulsions and were evaluated for their antimicrobial properties in comparison with Castor oil BP (CO) and commercially available coconut oil (CACO).Methodology: Oil from CNL was extracted by maceration in hot – water and petroleum ether to yield naturally extracted oil (NEO) and chemically extracted oil (CEO) respectively. The NEO and CEO were used in formulating microemulsions containing pre-determined ratios (3:7, 1:1, 9:1) of oil to surfactant mix (Smix) [containing polyethylene glycol: Tween 80® at ratio 2:1] Characterization of NEO, CEO and microemulsions were carried out using elemental constituents, rheology, physico-and phyto-chemical analysis, thermal stability and antimicrobial profiles as parameters. Statistical analysis was done using ANOVA at p<0.05Results: The NEO and CEO contained antraquinones and terpenoids, but were devoid of lead, copper, zinc, alkaloids, saponins, cardiac glycosides and flavonoids. Viscosity profiles were in the order CO>CEO>CACO>NEO. The microemulsions were in the size range 54.24±0.26-89.08±0.07 μm. Microemulsions of oil:Smix (3:7) were the most stable. Inhibition ranking was Candida sp.D25 (CEO:Smix>CACO: Smix>NEO: Smix>NEO>CO>CEO), Candida sp.D33 (CEO = CO>CACO: Smix=NEO>CEO:Smix=NEO:Smix), Staphylococcus sp.DS2 (NEO>CO>CACO:Smix>NEO: Smix>CEO: Smix=CEO) and Pseudomonas sp.DP8 (NEO:Smix>CO>CACO:Smix>CEO:Smix=NEO > CEO).Conclusion: Oil derived from CNL has good potentials as an excipient in the formulation of microemulsions and the method of oil extraction had a significant effect on the antimicrobial activities and on the microemulsions formulated using the oils. Keywords: Coconut oil, extraction method, castor oil, microemulsions, antimicrobial properties.

Isolation and Characterization of Soil Myxobacteria from Nepal

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Nabin Rana ◽  
Saraswoti Khadka ◽  
Bishnu Prasad Marasini ◽  
Bishnu Joshi ◽  
Pramod Poudel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Similarity ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
The Family ◽  
Global Concern ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Antimicrobial Metabolites

 Realizing myxobacteria as a potential source of antimicrobial metabolites, we pursued research to isolate myxobacteria showing antimicrobial properties. We have successfully isolated three strains (NR-1, NR-2, NR-3) using the Escherichia coli baiting technique. These isolates showed typical myxobacterial growth characteristics. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all the strains (NR-1, NR-2, NR-3) belong to the family Archangiaceae, suborder Cystobacterineae, and order Myxococcales. Furthermore, 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity searched through BLAST revealed that strain NR-1 showed the closest similarity (91.8 %) to the type strain Vitiosangium cumulatum (NR-156939), NR-2 showed (98.8 %) to the type of Cystobacter badius (NR-043940), and NR-3 showed the closest similarity (83.5 %) to the type of strain Cystobacter fuscus (KP-306730). All isolates showed better growth in 0.5-1 % NaCl and pH around 7.0, whereas no growth was observed at pH 9.0 and below 5.0. All strains showed better growth at 32° C and hydrolyzed starch, whereas casein was efficiently hydrolyzed by NR-1 and NR-2. Besides, preliminary antimicrobial tests from crude extracts showed activities against Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. Our findings suggest that the arcane soil habitats of Nepal harbor myxobacteria with the capability to produce diverse antimicrobial activities that may be explored to overcome the rapidly rising global concern about antibiotic resistance.

Purification and Characterization of Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS) with Antimicrobial Properties from s Marine Epibiotic Pseudoalteromonas sp.

2012 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ainul Masliana Ismail ◽  
Wan Nur Atirah Wan Azemin ◽  
Azmi Rani ◽  
Mohd Shahir Shamsir
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Polymeric Substances ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Colorimetric Analysis ◽  
Purification And Characterization ◽  
Epidermal Surface ◽  
Sds Page ◽  
Hydrophobic Substances ◽  
Dialysis Method

We present a study to purify and characterize the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by Pseudoalteromonas sp.isolated from fish epidermal surface. The purified EPS was recovered from the culture supernatant by using cold ethanol precipitation and dialysis method. Colorimetric analysis of EPS revealed that it was primarily composed of proteins, 0.0251g/L, carbohydrates, 0.0561g/L and uronic acid, 0.0217 g/L. The EPS also exhibited high emulsification activity when being tested with hydrophobic substances such as paraffin oil, (94.5 % and 79.4%), kerosene, (56.1% and 37.2%) and Tween 80 (46.6% and 32.9%). In addition, the EPS demonstrated discernible antimicrobial activity against Gram–negative bacteria like E.coli, P.aeruginosa and E.aerogenes. The SDS–PAGE profile revealed up to eight types of unknown proteins were detected within the EPS, with the molecular weight ranging from 15.486 kDa to 113.058 kDa. The results of the study would contribute to the elucidation of antimicrobial components and its mechanism inPseudoalteromonas sp.

New Alkenylresorcinols with Cytotoxic and Antimicrobial Activities from the Leaves of Embelia schimperi

Planta Medica ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 86 (17) ◽  
pp. 1298-1303
Author(s):  
Tatiana Arlette M. Togue ◽  
Blanche Laure Ndontsa ◽  
Gabin Thierry M. Bitchagno ◽  
Anja Schüffler ◽  
Till Opatz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Ongoing Research ◽  
Phytochemical Study ◽  
Phenolic Lipids ◽  
Cervical Cancer Cells ◽  
Hela S3 ◽  
Human Cervical Cancer Cells

AbstractA phytochemical study of the methanol extract of the leaves of Embelia schimperi resulted in the isolation of three new alkenylresorcinols, 1 – 3, together with the known analogs 4 – 7. Their structures were established by a combination of spectroscopic techniques. Compounds 1 – 7 exhibited moderate cytotoxic activity against human cervical cancer cells HeLa-S3 and more pronounced antimicrobial properties towards bacteria and filamentous fungi. The present study falls into an ongoing research project on the characterization of bioactive phenolic lipids from plants of the family Primulaceae.

scholarly journals Compatibility of Pretreated Coir Fibres (Cocos nuciferaL.) with Portland Cement to Produce Mineral Composites

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joana M. Ferraz ◽  
Cláudio H. S. Del Menezzi ◽  
Mario R. Souza ◽  
Esmeralda Y. A. Okino ◽  
Sabrina A. Martins
Keyword(s):  
Portland Cement ◽  
Cement Hydration ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Inhibition Test ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Chemical Compatibility ◽  
Untreated Fibre

The objectives of the present work were to evaluate the chemical compatibility between coir (Cocos nuciferaL.) and cement and to study treatment methods to improve this compatibility. In the inhibition test, cement hydration temperature evolution was measured in the absence and presence of untreated and treated coir fibres (cold water, hot water and NaOH), besides the addition of 4% of CaCl2. The chemical characterization of untreated and treated coir fibres was done by determining the content of extractives, lignin, and holocellulose. The inhibition test graded the untreated fibre as “extreme inhibition,” ratifying the need to provide it a treatment. Treatments done on coir fibres affected positively the compatibility between cement and fibre, reducing the inhibition. The treatments reduced the lignin coir fibres’ and extractives proportion, whose variation was significantly correlated with the reduction of the inhibitory index. These results indicate a possibility for future incorporation of these fibres into the production of mineral composites.

scholarly journals Pengaruh Gelombang Ultrasonik pada Pembuatan Sabun Transparan dari Minyak Kelapa (Cocos nucifera) dan Minyak Ayam (Gallus domesticus)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Aman Santoso ◽  
Rohman Fantusi ◽  
Siti Marfu’ah ◽  
Sumari Sumari
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Reaction Rate ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Ultrasonic Method ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Laboratory Research ◽  
Experimental Laboratory

Sabun transparan dapat dibuat dari minyak nabati dengan basa alkali melalui reaksi saponifikasi dengan penambahan transparent agent. Perbedaan karakter bahan dari minyak kelapa (Cocos nucifera) dan minyak ayam (Gallus domesticus) berpotensi menghasilkan sabun transparan yang unik. Kavitasi gelombang ultrasonik menghomogenkan campuran dan mempercepat laju reaksi. Tujuan penelitian ini membuat sabun transparan dari minyak kelapa dan minyak ayam serta membandingkan sabun yang dihasilkan menggunakan gelombang ultrasonik dan dengan sabun dari metode pemanasan. Penelitian eksperimental dilakukan dengan tahapan preparasi dan karakterisasi minyak kelapa dan minyak ayam, dilanjutkan dengan saponifikasi dengan disertai gelombang ultrasonik. Karakterisasi sabun transparan hasil sintesis menunjukkan bahwa sabun yang terbuat dari minyak kelapa lebih transparan dari yang berasal minyak ayam, dan sabun yang dibuat dengan gelombang ultrasonik lebih transparan dari pada yang dibuat dengan pemanasan. Karakter sabun transparan dari minyak kelapa dengan ultrasonik memiliki kadar air sebesar 22,02%, fraksi tak tersabunkan sebesar 1,01%, bagian tak larut dalam alkohol sebesar 1,79%, alkali bebas sebesar 0,04%, pH 9,35, karakter ini sesuai dengan SNI sabun kecuali kadar airnya. Sabun dari minyak ayam memiliki kadar air 23,26%, fraksi tak tersabunkan sebesar 5,57%, bagian tak larut dalam alkohol sebesar 4,69%, alkali bebas sebesar 0,12%, pH 9,60, dan karakter ini kurang sesuai dengan SNI sabun. Sabun yang dihasilkan dengan metode ultrasonik dengan bahan minyak kelapa memiliki karakter yang paling baik dan memiliki kesesuaian paling banyak dengan SNI sabun padat.Transparent soap is synthesized from vegetable oils with alkaline bases through the saponification reaction with the addition of a transparent agent. The different material characteristics of coconut oil (Cocos nucifera) and chicken oil (Gallus domesticus) have the potential to produce unique transparent soap. Ultrasonic wave cavitation homogenizes the mixture and accelerates the reaction rate. The purpose of this research is to synthesize transparent soap from coconut oil and chicken oil and compared the soap produced using ultrasonic waves and with soap from the heating method. This experimental laboratory research was carried out with the stages of preparation and characterization of coconut oil and chicken oil, followed by saponification of coconut oil and chicken oil accompanied by ultrasonic waves. Characterization of the synthesized transparent soap. The results in this study indicate that soaps made from coconut oil are more transparent than those made from chicken oil, and soaps made with ultrasonic waves are more transparent than those made by normal heating. The ultrasonic transparent soap character of coconut oil has a moisture content of 22.02%, the non-saponified fraction 1.01%, insoluble part of alcohol by 1.79%, free alkaline by 0.04%, pH 9.35, and this is in accordance with SNI for soap except for its water content. Meanwhile, ultrasonic soap from chicken oil has a moisture content of 23.26%, non-saponified fraction 5.57%, the insoluble portion of alcohol was 4.69%, free alkaline 0.12%, pH 9.60, this is not in accordance with SNI soap. The soap produced by the ultrasonic method with coconut oil has the best character and has the most compatibility with SNI for solid soap.

scholarly journals Formulation and Characterization of Glibenclamide Solid Lipid Submicroparticles Formated by Virgin Coconut Oil and Solid Matrix Surfactant

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 58-66
Author(s):  
Mardiyanto Mardiyanto ◽  
Najma Annuria Fithri ◽  
Annisa Amriani ◽  
Herlina Herlina ◽  
Dwi Purnama Sari
Keyword(s):  
Zeta Potential ◽  
Physical Stability ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Tween 80 ◽  
Solid Matrix ◽  
Virgin Coconut Oil ◽  
Cooling Cycle ◽  
Solid Lipid ◽  
Optimum Formula

Glibenclamide has the biopharmaceutics classification system (BCS) class II which has high permeability and low solubility. The solubility of glibenclamide can be enhanced by forming solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN). This research has the aim to prepare and characterize SLN loading glibenclamide. The glibenclamide SLN formula was composed by using the liquid lipid as virgin coconut oil (VCO), PEG 6000 as a solid matrix, tween 80 with various concentrations as a stabilizer, and PEG 400 as co-surfactant. Characterization was conducted by determining the encapsulation efficiency (%EE), size measurement, particle size distribution, and zeta potential of SLN glibenclamide. SLN formation was also tested for its physical stability based on the heating-cooling cycle method. The optimum formula was obtained at the concentration of tween-80 of 1 mg/mL yielding the %EE value of 60.6194%, and pH 6.01. The results of particles diameter analysis were 175.5 ± 10.07 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.1270, and zeta potential of +5.9 mV respectively. Stability testing by the heating-cooling cycle method has shown the instability of the SLN glibenclamide form under extreme temperatures and mechanics. It could be concluded that the results of characterization of glibenclamide SLN showed appropriate physical properties for nanoparticulate formulation.

Synthesis and Characterization of Chemical Structures, Thermal Decomposition and Biological Properties of Novel Copper (II) Bio- Based Surfactants

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 213-228
Author(s):  
Asha Meena ◽  
Rashmi Sharma ◽  
Vandana Sukhadia
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Biological Properties ◽  
Synthesis And Characterization ◽  
Chemical Structures

Background: Thermal degradation has attracted the attention of scientific community throughout the world due to its multiple applications in environment, energy, waste water treatment, pollution control, green chemistry, etc. Objective: The present work deals with the study of synthesis and characterization of thermal and biological properties of novel copper complex. Methods: Chemical structures of copper (II) sesame 2-amino-6-ethoxy benzothiazole complex were confirmed by IR, NMR, and ESR techniques. Thermal and biological properties were analysed by Thermogravimetry (TGA) and antimicrobial activity determination against Staphylococcus aureus. Results: The TGA study reveals that copper (II) sesame 2-amino-6-ethoxy benzothiazole complex undergoes stepwise thermal degradation of ligand-soap bond of complex and unsaturated and saturated fatty acid components of edible oils. The complex exhibit significant antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus. Conclusion: This study provides relevant basic information on the thermal and antimicrobial properties of new copper (II) bio-based surfactants, as well as an explicit relationship structure-biological activity for their potential use as safe and green chemicals.

scholarly journals Microbiological analysis and determination of antimicrobial traits of green banana (Musa spp.) and papaya (Carica papaya)

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nusrat Jahan ◽  
Rashed Noor ◽  
Saurab Kishore Munshi
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Microbiological Analysis ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Musa Spp ◽  
Fruit Samples ◽  
Green Banana

Green banana (Musa spp.) and papaya (Carica papaya), which are commonly consumed as vegetables, are fruits with lots of health benefits. Due to their various medicinal applications, both the fruits are likely to contain antimicrobial properties. In this regard, present study was undertaken to determine the microbiological quality as well as the anti-bacterial traits of fresh green banana and papaya. To serve the purpose, a total of 12 samples (6 green bananas and 6 green papaya) were collected from different local and super shops as well from cultivation land of some villages of Bangladesh. The samples contained the microbial contamination with viable bacteria and fungi up to 107cfu/g and 103 cfu/g. Among the pathogenic bacteria, Staphylococcus spp. Pseudomonas spp. and Vibrio spp. were predominant as found in most of the samples in average of 102 cfu/g. Whereas Escherichia coli, Salmonella spp. and Shigella spp. were totally absent in all the samples. On the other hand, Klebsiella spp. was present in same samples. Additionally, the anti-bacterial poverties of the samples were chalked out. The in-vitro antimicrobial activities of the ethanolic, methanolic and hot water extracts of the samples were noticeably found against all the tested bacteria. Overall, present study revealed that both the green fruit samples were highly contaminated although they have antimicrobial activities. Thus, consumers’ awareness on the risk of consuming pathogen contaminated vegetables needs to be re-awakened and further investigations are required for potential antimicrobial properties. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.8(1) 2018: 41-45

scholarly journals Bio-Oil Extraction from the Shells of Cocos Nucifera – A Source of Generating Renewable Energy and Its Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Shireesha M. ◽  
Yasser Mirza Baig* ◽  
Sarita C. ◽  
Syed Rashid Iqbal ◽  
Caroline Wesley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Cocos Nucifera ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Coconut Oil ◽  
Capric Acid ◽  
Biomass Energy ◽  
Coconut Shell ◽  
Bio Oil ◽  
Coconut Shells

Biomass is an important source of energy and fuel worldwide after coal, oil and natural gas. These fossil fuels do substantially more harm than renewable energy sources like biomass energy. Oil extracted from biomass is considered as an attractive option. In our project, we have specifically selected coconut shells as our feed as they are carbon-neutral, easy to store and abundantly available. Coconut shell also known as Cocos Nucifera shell in biological terms, once a discarded outer hardcover is now a product of great demand. Coconut shell charcoal is used as domestic and industrial fuel. This is obtained by various techniques. Initially, the shells are burned at high temperature and condensed to extract bio-oil using a series of unit operations and processes such as distillation, gas chromatography. These samples are then sent for analysis to compare them with the conventional fuel sources and then antimicrobial activity is examined. The medium-chain fatty acids in coconut oil have antimicrobial properties that can help protect against harmful microorganisms. Lauric acid and capric acid are known to have potent antimicrobial properties. Different bacterial cultures have been introduced later to test the ability of the oil to resist the harmful microorganisms and fungal cultures. Various analysis such as Infrared Spectroscopy, Gas-Mass Spectroscopy and Ultimate analysis are performed on the retrieved samples of oil extracted from the coconut shells. It is to be observed that the carbon content in the Cocos nucifera derived oil is less than the conventional diesel oil which makes it best for environmental uses.

scholarly journals A novel horse α-defensin: gene transcription, recombinant expression and characterization of the structure and function

2007 ◽  
Vol 407 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Bruhn ◽  
Petra Regenhard ◽  
Matthias Michalek ◽  
Sven Paul ◽  
Christoph Gelhaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Recombinant Expression ◽  
Paneth Cell ◽  
Lethal Dose ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Minimal Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Transcription Analysis ◽  
And Function

Defensins are a predominant class of antimicrobial peptides, which act as endogenous antibiotics. Defensins are classified into three distinct sub-families: θ-, β-, and α-defensins. Synthesis of α-defensin has been confirmed only in primates and glires to date and is presumably unique for a few tissues, including neutrophils and Paneth cells of the small intestine. Antimicrobial activities of these peptides were shown against a wide variety of microbes including bacteria, fungi, viruses and protozoan parasites. In the present study, we report the characterization of the equine α-defensin DEFA (defensin α) 1. Transcription analysis revealed that the transcript of the gene is present in the small intestine only. An alignment with known α-defensins from primates and glires displayed a homology with Paneth-cell-specific α-defensins. DEFA1 was recombinantly expressed in Escherichia coli and subsequently analysed structurally by CD and molecular modelling. To examine the antimicrobial properties, a radial diffusion assay was performed with 12 different micro-organisms and the LD90 (lethal dose killing ≥90% of target organism) and MBC (minimal bactericidal concentration) values were examined. DEFA1 showed an antimicrobial activity against different Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria and against the yeast Candida albicans. Using viable bacteria in combination with a membrane-impermeable fluorescent dye, as well as depolarization of liposomes as a minimalistic system, it became evident that membrane permeabilization is at least an essential part of the peptide's mode of action.

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