Evaluation of Anaerobic Growth of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis in Tomato Juice

1992 ◽  
Vol 55 (9) ◽  
pp. 672-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. RODRIGUEZ ◽  
M. A. COUSIN ◽  
P. E. NELSON
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Clostridium Botulinum ◽  
Tomato Juice ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Bacillus Strains ◽  
Ph Elevation

Conditions responsible for growth and pH elevation by selected strains of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis were studied in order to assess the potential hazard of metabiosis occurring between Clostridium botulinum and mesophilic Bacillus species in aseptically packaged tomato juice. The effects of the initial tomato juice pH on the growth of these Bacillus strains were evaluated. Cultures of B. licheniformis previously identified by Fields et al. (6) were reclassified as B. subtilis because none grew under strict anaerobic conditions nor used propionate. B. subtilis did not grow under strict anaerobic conditions but could use oxygen if present in the environment. None of the B. subtilis or B. licheniformis strains grew at pH 4.0 or 4.2. Only B. subtilis 075-T-09 and B. licheniformis 64-83-46 strains isolated from acidic foods were able to grow at pH 4.4 in tomato juice. Anaerobically, B. licheniformis strains did not grow in tomato juice or tomato juice with added nitrate and thiamine and even showed a loss of viability. Both B. licheniformis and B. subtilis require oxygen for growth in tomato juice at pH 4.4.

Thermal Resistance and Growth of Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis in Tomato Juice

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-168 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. H. RODRIGUEZ ◽  
M. A. COUSIN ◽  
P. E. NELSON
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Tomato Juice ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Acid Tolerant ◽  
Z Value ◽  
D Values ◽  
Vegetables And Fruits ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Bacillus species are common contaminants of soil and can be found with tomatoes and other vegetables and fruits. This research was done to assess the thermal stability of spores of acid tolerant Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis in tomato juice. The D values at 90, 95, and 100°C were 29.5, 15.8, and 5.7 min for B. subtilis and 29.9, 12.2, and 5.9 min for B. licheniformis, respectively. The z value for B. subtilis was 14°C and for B. licheniformis was 14.2°C. Aerobically, B. subtilis spores could germinate and outgrow in tomato juice (pH 4.4) within 4 d at 35°C at inoculum levels as low as 1 spore per ml; however, B. licheniformis spores could only germinate and outgrow if levels were 104 spores per mi or higher. Both Bacillus species could raise the pH of tomato juice to above 4.8 when grown aerobically. Neither B. licheniformis nor B. subtilis could germinate and outgrow anaerobically in tomato juice (pH 4.4).

scholarly journals Screening and Characterisation of Keratin-Degrading Bacillus sp. from Feather Waste

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
M. T. Dada ◽  
S. M. Wakil
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Proteolytic Activity ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Basal Medium ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Bacillus Sp ◽  
Feather Degradation ◽  
Feather Waste ◽  
Degrading Bacteria ◽  
Significant Difference

Aim: This study focuses on the screening and characterisation of keratin-degrading Bacillus species from feather waste. Methods: Nine bacteria were isolated from feather waste obtained from a poultry layout at Egbeda local government secretariat, Ibadan, Nigeria. These bacteria were grown in basal medium with feather as primary source of carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and energy. Feather degrading bacteria were screened for both proteolytic activity and keratin degradation on skimmed milk agar and keratin azure medium respectively. They were also screened for their ability to degrade other keratin substrates such as hair and nail. Results: Three of the isolates with higher feather degradation levels also showed high proteolytic activity and release of azure dye. They were selected and identified phenotypically and genotypically using 16S rRNA sequencing as Bacillus licheniformis-K51, Bacillus subtilis-K50 and Bacillus sp.-K53. The bacteria were capable of degrading other keratin-containing substrates such as nail and hair. Bacillus subtilis-K50 and Bacillus licheniformis-K51 showed significant difference (P) in degradation among the three different keratin sources used yielding higher degradation with feather as keratin source with respective optical densities of 0.07 and 0.11 followed by hair and least in nails with optical densities of 0.05 and 0.07 respectively. Highest degradation of all the three keratin substrates was observed in Bacillus licheniformis-K51. Conclusion: The three isolated bacteria possess the ability to degrade keratin and utilize feather as keratin substrate. As a result, these can be considered as potential candidates for degradation and utilization of feather keratin.

scholarly journals The Bacillus subtilis nrdEF Genes, Encoding a Class Ib Ribonucleotide Reductase, Are Essential for Aerobic and Anaerobic Growth

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 5260-5265 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisabeth Härtig ◽  
Anja Hartmann ◽  
Manuela Schätzle ◽  
Alessandra M. Albertini ◽  
Dieter Jahn
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Regulatory System ◽  
Viable Cell ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Temperature Sensitive ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Transcriptional Start Sites ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

ABSTRACT Ribonucleotide reductases (RNRs) are essential for the biosynthesis of the deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates of DNA. Recently, it was proposed that externally supplied deoxyribonucleosides or DNA is required for the growth of Bacillus subtilis under strict anaerobic conditions (M. J. Folmsbee, M. J. McInerney, and D. P. Nagle, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 70:5252-5257, 2004). Cultivation of B. subtilis on minimal medium in the presence of oxygen indicators in combination with oxygen electrode measurements and viable cell counting demonstrated that growth occurred under strict anaerobic conditions in the absence of externally supplied deoxyribonucleosides. The nrdEF genes encode the only obvious RNR in B. subtilis. A temperature-sensitive nrdE mutant failed to grow under aerobic and anaerobic conditions, indicating that this oxygen-dependent class I RNR has an essential role under both growth conditions. Aerobic growth and anaerobic growth of the nrdE mutant were rescued by addition of deoxynucleotides. The nrd locus consists of an nrdI-nrdE-nrdF-ymaB operon. The 5′ end of the corresponding mRNA revealed transcriptional start sites 45 and 48 bp upstream of the translational start of nrdI. Anaerobic transcription of the operon was found to be dependent on the presence of intact genes for the ResDE two-component redox regulatory system. Two potential ResD binding sites were identified approximately 62 bp (site A) and 50 bp (site B) upstream of the transcriptional start sites by a bioinformatic approach. Only mutation of site B eliminated nrd expression. Aerobic transcription was ResDE independent but required additional promoter elements localized between 88 and 275 bp upstream of the transcriptional start.

scholarly journals The fnr Gene of Bacillus licheniformis and the Cysteine Ligands of the C-Terminal FeS Cluster

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (13) ◽  
pp. 3483-3485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anette Klinger ◽  
Jan Schirawski ◽  
Philippe Glaser ◽  
Gottfried Unden
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Nitrate Reductase ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Anaerobic Bacterium ◽  
Transcriptional Regulators ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Gene Encoding ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Terminal Cluster

ABSTRACT In the facultatively anaerobic bacterium Bacillus licheniformis a gene encoding a protein of the fumarate nitrate reductase family of transcriptional regulators (Fnr) was isolated. Unlike Fnr proteins from gram-negative bacteria, but like Fnr fromBacillus subtilis, the protein contained a C-terminal cluster of cysteine residues. Unlike in Fnr from B. subtilis, this cluster (Cys226-X2-Cys229-X4-Cys234) is composed of only three Cys residues, which are supposed to serve together with an internal residue (Cys71) as the ligands for an FeS center. Transfer of the B. licheniformis gene to anfnr mutant of B. subtilis complemented the ability for synthesis of nitrate reductase during anaerobic growth.

scholarly journals Global Gene Expression Profiles of Bacillus subtilis Grown under Anaerobic Conditions

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (16) ◽  
pp. 4458-4465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rick W. Ye ◽  
Wang Tao ◽  
Laura Bedzyk ◽  
Thomas Young ◽  
Mario Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Antibiotic Production ◽  
Expression Profiles ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Nitrate Respiration ◽  
Mrna Levels ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Cell Functions

ABSTRACT Bacillus subtilis can grow under anaerobic conditions, either with nitrate or nitrite as the electron acceptor or by fermentation. A DNA microarray containing 4,020 genes from this organism was constructed to explore anaerobic gene expression patterns on a genomic scale. When mRNA levels of aerobic and anaerobic cultures during exponential growth were compared, several hundred genes were observed to be induced or repressed under anaerobic conditions. These genes are involved in a variety of cell functions, including carbon metabolism, electron transport, iron uptake, antibiotic production, and stress response. Among the highly induced genes are not only those responsible for nitrate respiration and fermentation but also those of unknown function. Certain groups of genes were specifically regulated during anaerobic growth on nitrite, while others were primarily affected during fermentative growth, indicating a complex regulatory circuitry of anaerobic metabolism.

scholarly journals Anaerobic Regulation of Bacillus subtilis Krebs Cycle Genes

1998 ◽  
Vol 180 (13) ◽  
pp. 3304-3311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michiko M. Nakano ◽  
Peter Zuber ◽  
Abraham L. Sonenshein
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Catabolite Repression ◽  
Citrate Synthase ◽  
Krebs Cycle ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
Anaerobic Growth ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Cycle Enzyme ◽  
Dyad Symmetry

ABSTRACT Krebs cycle enzyme activity in Bacillus subtilis was examined under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Citrate synthase and aconitase activities in cells grown anaerobically in the presence of nitrate were reduced by as much as 10- and 30-fold, respectively, from levels observed under aerobic culture conditions. The maximum level of isocitrate dehydrogenase activity during anaerobic growth was only twofold lower than that in aerobic cultures. These reductions in activity under conditions of anaerobiosis were found to be primarily the result of reduced Krebs cycle gene transcription. This repression was not dependent on either the fnr or resDEgene products, which have been shown to regulate expression of otherB. subtilis genes in response to anaerobic conditions. Additionally, catabolite control proteins CcpA and CcpB were not responsible for the repression. A dyad symmetry element located between positions −73 and −59 relative to the transcription start site of the aconitase gene (citB) promoter was previously shown to be a target of catabolite repression and the binding site for a putative negative regulator during aerobic growth. The deletion of the upstream arm of the dyad symmetry region abolished the citBrepression observed during anaerobic growth. Furthermore, neithercitZ or citB was repressed in an anaerobically grown citB mutant, an effect that was very likely the result of citrate accumulation. These results suggest that catabolite repression and anaerobic repression of citZ andcitB are regulated by a common mechanism that does not involve CcpA, CcpB, Fnr, or ResDE.

Probiotics in the diets of laying quails

2020 ◽  
pp. 60-66
Author(s):  
O. Merzlyakova ◽  
V. Rogachyev ◽  
V. Chegodaev
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Egg Production ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Egg Mass ◽  
The Cost

The efficiency of introducing probiotics based on strains of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium in the amount of 150 g/t of feed into the diets of laying quails has been studied. The experiment lasting 182 days has been carried out on four groups of quails with 30 heads in each. The quails have been housed in the broiler battery in compliance with the required microclimate conditions. Quails of all groups have been received the main diet (compound feed) developed taking into account their age and physiological characteristics. The quails of the 1st, 2nd and 3rd experimental groups in addition to the main diet received probiotics (150 g/t compound feed) based on strains Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus licheniformis and their consortium, respectively. It has been found that feeding the laying quails of the consortium of strains Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus licheniformis had the most significant positive impact on their productive performance, it allowed to increase egg production by 7,81 %, egg laying intensity by 5,0 %, egg mass yield by 9,77 %, while reducing feed expenditures for 10 eggs by 13,35 %. The yield of hatching eggs has been increased by 7,03 %, hatchability of chickens from laid and fertilized eggs by 8,33 and 8,35 %, brooding waste decreased by 21,74 %. Hematological parameters of quails during the whole experiment were within the physiological norm. The economic effect calculated on the basis of data on the cost of compound feed, probiotics and the cost of sold eggs of quail laying was 14,56 % in the 3rd experimental group (in relation to the control group).

Impacts of Vending Practices on the Microbiological Quality of Bread in the Ojoo Area of Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-39
Author(s):  
Oluwadara Oluwaseun Alegbeleye ◽  
Wasiu Akinloye Oyebisi Afolabi ◽  
Beatrice Oluwatoyin Opeolu ◽  
Amin Mousavi Khaneghah
Keyword(s):  
Food Safety ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Bacillus Species ◽  
Potential Hazard ◽  
Safety Regulations ◽  
Bacillus Flexus ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Quality Of Food

Background: Bacterial counts in ready-to-eat foods are a key factor in assessing the microbiological quality and safety of food. Periodic assessment of the microbiological quality of food is necessary to develop a robust database and help to ensure food safety. </P><P> Methods: The bacterial contamination of a total of 336 bread samples collected from two bakeries and 10 vendors in Ojoo Area of Ibadan, Oyo-State, Nigeria (December 2014 -June 2015) was evaluated. The microbiological quality of the bread loaves was investigated using standard microbiological methods (morphological, phenotypic and molecular characterization). </P><P> Results: The results showed that the number of contaminated samples among the vended bread samples was higher than the bakery bread samples and can be summarized as Bacillus megaterium (4.30%), Staphylococcus arlettae (0.005%), Staphylococcus saprophyticus (2.78%), Citrobacter freundii (2.40%), Bacillus flexus (1.64%), Bacillus species (49.59%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (4.12%), Pseudomonas fluorescens (0.92%), Pseudomonas species (0.045%), Escherichia coli (30.44%) Klebsiella sp. (0.040%) and Aeromonas hydrophila (3.72%). </P><P> Conclusion: The findings demonstrate that the bread samples which become contaminated after transport and handling can be considered a potential hazard to human health in the area. More stringent adherence to food safety regulations should be encouraged and enforced by the appropriate authorities. The findings of this study may be adopted to improve the hygienic conditions of bread distribution chain in the area as well as in other regions of the World.

scholarly journals Effect of BioPlus YC Probiotic Supplementation on Gut Microbiota, Production Performance, Carcass and Meat Quality of Pigs

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1581
Author(s):  
Artur Rybarczyk ◽  
Elżbieta Bogusławska-Wąs ◽  
Alicja Dłubała
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Meat Quality ◽  
Bacillus Licheniformis ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Probiotic Bacteria ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Production Traits ◽  
Feed Conversion

The objective of the study was to determine the effects of probiotic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis and Bacillus subtilis on microbiological properties of feed mixtures and on the digestive tract content as applicable to production traits and carcass characteristics of fatteners. The experiment was performed on 83,838 fatteners from four successive (insertions) productions in two groups. From the seventy eighth day of age till marketing to the slaughter plant, the pigs were supplied with BioPlus YC probiotic (Chr. Hansen) in the amount of 400 g/t. The preparation contained a complex of probiotic bacteria Bacillus licheniformis DSM 5749, and Bacillus subtilis DSM 5750 spores in a 1:1 ratio. From the fourth insertion, after reaching a body weight of approximately 112 kg, 60 fatteners were selected from each group to measure carcass quality and half of them for meat quality evaluation. Moreover, microbiological analyses in feed and colon were performed. The study showed that BioPlus YC probiotics supplementation resulted in a significantly higher count of B. subtilis and B. licheniformis in the feed, a higher count of B. subtilis, B. licheniformis and LAB, as well as a lower count of Enterobacteriaceae, Enterococcus, Clostridium and Bacillus sp. in the mucosa and in the colorectal content of the test pigs. Our work has shown that supplementation with the BioPlus YC probiotic had a positive effect on the production traits of pigs mainly by reducing mortality (2.83%, p = 0.010), lowering feed conversion ratio—FCR (2.59 kg/kg, p = 0.013), better average daily gain—ADG (0.95 kg/day, p = 0.002) and shorter fattening period (77.25 days, p = 0.019) when compared to the control group (4.19%; 2.79 kg/kg; 0.89 kg/day; 92.8 days, respectively). The addition of the specific Bacillus bacteria did not influence carcass and meat characteristics of the test fatteners.

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