Antibiotic Resistance Among Enterococcal Isolates from Environmental and Clinical Sources

1993 ◽  
Vol 56 (6) ◽  
pp. 489-492 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINDA M. KNUDTSON ◽  
PAUL A. HARTMAN
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Enterococcus Hirae ◽  
Serious Infections ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Enterococcal Species ◽  
Antimicrobial Combinations ◽  
Gram Positive Cocci

Antibiotic resistance among enterococci and fecal streptococci was examined by testing 149 isolates from pork, water, and clinical material, as well as 50 strains of 13 known species, for resistance to 27 different antimicrobial agents. Tests were performed by using the MicroScan Pos MIC type 6 panels. Pork isolates exhibited less resistance than either water or clinical isolates to most antibiotics, although a larger proportion of pork isolates than others was resistant to tetracycline. Comparisons of antimicrobial-resistance patterns between enterococcal species revealed that Enterococcus faecium was most resistant to β-lactam antimicrobials, especially ampicillin, whereas Enterococcus faecalis seemed to be the most resistant to the synergistic effects of antimicrobial combinations. Vancomycin resistance was observed in one Enterococcus hirae isolate from water. Enterococcal isolates from any of the sources tested did not show multiple resistance to antibiotics (such as gentamicin, ampicillin, streptomycin, and vancomycin) used to treat serious infections caused by gram-positive cocci.

scholarly journals Drug resistance and plasmid profile of shigellae in Taiwan

1992 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
S.-R. Lin ◽  
S.-F. Chang
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Transmissible Plasmid ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Species Specific

SUMMARYOne hundred and twenty-eight shigella strains isolated from newborn and infant human faecal specimens at Kaohsiung Medical College Hospital in Taiwan were serogrouped, serotyped and examined for drug-resistance patterns and for the presence of plasmids. Forty-seven pre cent of the isolates were found to belong to theShigella sonneiserogroup, 41%to theS.flexnerigroup,9%to theS.boydiigroup and 3%to theS.dysenteriaegroup.The serotype with the greatest number of strains wasS.sonneiI. (29 %) followed byS. flexneri1 (27%). Each strain was tested for resistance to 11 antimicrobial agents. Eighty-eight per cent of the strains were resistant to tetracycline, 87% to chloramphenicol, 84% to streptomycin, 52% to ampicillin, 25% to nalidixic acid, 29% to kanamycin, 11 % to cephalothin, 11% to neomycin, 10% to cotrimoxazole, 1% to amikacin and none to gentamicin. The most prevalent resistance pattern was ApCmSmTc (28%). Clinical isolates demonstrating multiple resistance were found to harbour a large transmissible plasmid of 45–75 MDa while isolates without multiple resistance did not. Two large virulence plasmids of 123 and 110 MDa were found in 12 strains ofS. flexneriand 4 strains ofS. sonneiphase I. Small plasmids of 4·5, 4·2, 3·5, 2·8, 2·5. 2·0 and 1·5 MDa were also present in all strains. These small plasmids were species specific and can be used as marker plasmids to identify species.

Surveillance and Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella Strains Isolated from Slaughtered Pigs in Spain

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 1502-1506 ◽  
Author(s):  
RAFAEL JESÚS ASTORGA MÁRQUEZ ◽  
AURORA ECHEITA SALABERRIA ◽  
ALFONSO MALDONADO GARCÍA ◽  
SILVIA VALDEZATE JIMENEZ ◽  
ALFONSO CARBONERO MARTINEZ ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Multidrug Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Gold Coast ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Salmonella Serotypes ◽  
Slaughtered Pigs

The prevalence of and the antibiotic resistance shown by Salmonella isolated from pigs in Andalusia (southern Spain) is reported. Salmonella enterica was recovered from 40 (33%) of 121 sampled herds, and a total of 65 isolates were serotyped. The most common Salmonella serotypes were Typhimurium and Rissen (30.7% each); others included Derby (9.2%), Brandenburg (9.2%), Newport (7.7%), Bredeney (4.6%), Anatum (3.0%), Hadar (1.5%), and Goldcoast (1.5%). One strain (1.5%) belonging to the monophasic variant of the Typhimurium serotype (Salmonella 4,5,12:i:−) was also detected. Definitive phage type (DT) 104b was the most common Typhimurium phage type isolated. These Salmonella strains were resistant to various antimicrobial agents, including tetracycline (84.6%), streptomycin (69.2%), neomycin (63.0%), sulfonamides (61.5%), ampicillin (53.8%), and amoxicillin (53.8%). All isolates were fully susceptible to ceftriaxone, ciprofloxacin, and colistin. Thirty-nine strains (64%) resistant to four or more antimicrobial agents were defined as multidrug resistant. Multidrug resistance profiles were observed in Salmonella serotypes Typhimurium, Rissen, Brandenburg, Bredeney, a monophasic variant, Gold-coast, Hadar, and Anatum, with serotypes Typhimurium and Brandenburg showing the most complicated resistance patterns (resistant to ≥11 drugs).

scholarly journals Genetic Diversity and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns in a Campylobacter Population Isolated from Poultry Farms in Switzerland

2005 ◽  
Vol 71 (6) ◽  
pp. 2840-2847 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Wittwer ◽  
J. Keller ◽  
T. M. Wassenaar ◽  
R. Stephan ◽  
D. Howald ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Length Polymorphism ◽  
Fragment Length ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Fragment Length Polymorphism ◽  
Disk Diffusion Testing ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Typing Methods ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns ◽  
Farm Types

ABSTRACT The diversity and genetic interrelation of Campylobacter jejuni and C. coli isolated from Swiss poultry were assessed by three independent typing methods. Samples were derived prior to slaughter from 100 randomly selected flocks (five birds per flock) raised on three different farm types. The observed flock prevalence was 54% in total, with 50% for conventional and 69% for free-range farms. Birds held on farms with a confined roaming area had the lowest prevalence of 37%. Campylobacter isolates were characterized by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), restriction fragment length polymorphism of flaA PCR fragments (flaA-RFLP), and disk diffusion testing for eight antimicrobial agents that are commonly used in veterinary or human medicine in Switzerland. Analysis of the genotypic results indicates that the Campylobacter population in Swiss poultry is genetically highly diverse. Nevertheless, occasionally, isolates with identical or nearly identical characteristics were isolated from different farms or farm types in different locations. Genetic typing by AFLP and flaA-RFLP was found to be complementary. The majority of isolates (67%) were susceptible to all tested antibiotics; however, single, double, and triple resistances were observed in 7%, 23%, and 2% of the strains, respectively. There was no correlation between genotype and antibiotic resistance. Surprisingly, sulfonamide resistance was frequently found together with streptomycin resistance. Our findings illustrate the results of common genetic exchange in the studied bacterial population.

scholarly journals Typing methods for Proteus rettgeri: comparison of biotype, antibiograms, serotype, and bacteriocin production

1978 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 715-724
Author(s):  
R L Anderson ◽  
F B Engley
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Strong Correlation ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Bacteriocin Production ◽  
Sensitive Indicator ◽  
Multiple Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Biochemical Reactions ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Typing Methods

Two hunderd five strains of Proteus rettgeri from epidemic and nonepidemic sources were differentiated by a new biotyping scheme, agglutination in O antisera, antimicrobial resistance patterns, and a new scheme based on bacteriocin production. The P. rettgeri were divided into 10 groups by their fermentation of lactose, sucrose, D-mannitol, and salicin. These groups were then subdivided into 19 biotypes by other biochemical reactions. Bacteriocin production was tested by the cross-streak method. Thirty-four bacteriocin-sensitive indicator strains were evaluated, and 16 were selected for the final scheme and used to type the 205 P. rettgeri, which were divided into 15 bacteriocin types. Serologically, 43% of the P. rettgeri were O42, 13% were untypable, 4% were O15, and 3% each were O33, O64, and O84 in addition to 31 remaining serotypes. Strains of P. rettgeri from known outbreaks contained fewer biotypes, O groups, and bacteriocin types and were more resistant to antimicrobial agents than endemic strains. Strains with common patterns with all four marker systems were frequently associated with outbreaks. A strong correlation between multiple antibiotic resistance and bacteriocin production was shown.

scholarly journals Molecular Characteristics and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from patients attending Healthcare Facilities in Mthatha, South Africa

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mojisola C. Hosu ◽  
Sandeep D. Vasaikar ◽  
Grace E. Okuthe ◽  
teke apalata
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Resistance Mechanisms ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Infection Prevention And Control ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Resistance Patterns

Abstract Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen causing healthcare-associated infections most especially in critically ill and immunocompromised patients. This pathogen poses a public health threat due to its innate resistance to many antimicrobial agents and its ability to acquire new resistance mechanisms under pressure. Infections with Extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL)‑producing isolates result into outbreaks that lead to serious antibiotic management concerns with higher mortality and morbidity and significant economic causatives. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial resistance patterns and characterized genetically the ESBLs and Metallo- β-lactamases (MBL) produced by this pathogen. Methods: Isolates of P. aeruginosa cultured from patients who attended Nelson Mandela Academic Hospital and other clinics in the four district municipalities of the Eastern Cape between August 2017 and May 2019 were identified; and their antibiotic resistance patterns were tested against amikacin, aztreonam, cefepime, ceftazidime, ciprofloxacin, doripenem, gentamicin, imipenem, levofloxacin, meropenem, piperacillin, piperacillin/tazobactam and tobramycin using the bioMérieux VITEK® 2 and confirmed by Beckman autoSCAN-4 System. Real-time PCR was done using Roche Light Cycler 2.0 to detect the presence of ESBLs; blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M genes; and MBLs; blaIMP, blaVIM. Results: High antibiotic resistance in decreasing order was observed in piperacillin (64.2%), aztreonam (57.8%), cefepime (51.5%), ceftazidime (51.0%), piperacillin/tazobactam (50.5%), and imipenem (46.6%). A total of 75 (36.8%) multidrug resistant (MDR) isolates were observed of the total pool of isolates. The blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M was detected in 79.3%, 69.5% and 31.7% isolates (n=82), respectively. The blaIMP was detected in 1.25% while no blaVIM was detected in any of the isolates tested. Conclusions: The study showed a high rate of MDR P. aeruginosa in our setting. The vast majority of these resistant isolates carried blaTEM and blaSHV genes. Continuous monitoring of antimicrobial resistance and strict compliance towards infection prevention and control practices are the best defence against spread of MDR P. aeruginosa.

scholarly journals Genotypes of Esbl Producing Escherichia Coli and Klebsiella Pneumoniae in Relation to Resistance to Antimicrobial Drugs

PRILOZI ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Ana Kaftandzieva ◽  
Elena Trajkovska-Dokic ◽  
Vesna Kotevska ◽  
Zaklina Cekovska ◽  
Gordana Jankoska
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Tracheal Aspirate ◽  
Beta Lactams ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

Abstract The aim of the study was to evaluate the association of drug resistance with β-lactamase gene types in ESBL positive E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae-Kp. Material and methods: A total of 251 ESBL-positive E. coli and Kp isolates obtained from urine, tracheal aspirate, wound swab and blood from patients hospitalised at the University Clinics in Skopje were detected using the ESBL set and automated Vitek 2 system. Vitek was also used for susceptibility testing (determination of MIC of 17 antimicrobial agents). Multiplex PCR was used to identify genes for different types of ESBLs in a 100 randomly selected, ESBL positive strains. Results: More of the 87 ESBL typeable isolates (61%) harbour two or more bla genes and the frequency of antibiotic resistance was high in these isolates, compared to those with a single gene. Isolates with ≥ 3 genes were highly resistant to beta-lactams and non-beta lactams used. The degree of resistance to 3rd generation cephalosporins was also high in these isolates (MIC ≥ 64). More of the ESBL-positive isolates showed higher resistance to cefotaxime than to ceftazidime. Conclusion: Identification of the genes is necessary for the surveillance of their transmission in hospitals. Surveillance of antibiotic resistance patterns are crucial to overcome the problems associated with ESBLs.

scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter in raw retail chickens and imported chicken portions

2003 ◽  
Vol 131 (3) ◽  
pp. 1181-1186 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. G. WILSON
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Antibiotics Resistance ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Chloramphenicol Resistance ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Ciprofloxacin Resistance

Campylobacter isolates from raw retail chickens (n=434) sampled between 1998 and 2000 were tested for resistance to 12 antibiotics. Among 208 campylobacters tested, more than 90% of isolates were susceptible to 4 out of 9 antibiotics (nalidixic acid, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin). Most campylobacters were resistant to 3 antibiotics and multiple resistance was found in 4%. Ciprofloxacin resistance was 11%. Campylobacter contamination (28%) in imported chickens (n=150) was almost half that found in local whole chickens (50%), but the resistance of imported isolates (n=42) was similar to that of local campylobacters. Resistance in isolates from imported chicken breasts was generally more common, but to only 4 antibiotics. Resistance patterns of chicken isolates were compared to human clinical isolates (n=494), and a greater similarity was found between the clinical and local isolates than with imported campylobacters. Lower chloramphenicol resistance was found in clinical Campylobacter isolates than in those from chicken sources.

Antibiotic resistance among predominant Salmonella serovars and phagovars in Canada

1978 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 1358-1365 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. D. Duck ◽  
J. R. Dillon ◽  
H. Lior ◽  
L. Eidus
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Multiple Resistance ◽  
Major Contributor ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Pattern ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Resistant Strains

The antibiotic susceptibility of 2609 Salmonella isolates, collected during the period 1975–1976, was tested and the relationships between antibiotic-resistance pattern, source of isolation, and serovar and phagovar were determined. Of 95 serovars examined, 40 were sensitive to all of the antibiotics tested. Salmonella typhimurium was the major contributor to multiple resistance from both human and non-human sources.Multiply resistant strains were not found from animal feed sources and, in addition, S. typhimurium, one of the most predominant serovars, was found in every source but animal feeds.In comparing phagovar with resistance patterns, certain correlations were found. Greater than 90% of phagovar 10 was sensitive to all antibiotics tested whereas over 80% of phagovars 3-aerogenic, 92, and 123 were multiply resistant.

scholarly journals In VitroSynergistic Activity of Antimicrobial Agents in Combination against Clinical Isolates of Colistin-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (11) ◽  
pp. 6774-6779 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seongman Bae ◽  
Min-Chul Kim ◽  
Su-Jin Park ◽  
Hee Sueng Kim ◽  
Heungsup Sung ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Therapeutic Benefits ◽  
Antimicrobial Combinations

ABSTRACTEmerging resistance to colistin in clinicalAcinetobacter baumanniiisolates is of growing concern. Since current treatment options for these strains are extremely limited, we investigated thein vitroactivities of various antimicrobial combinations against colistin-resistantA. baumannii. Nine clinical isolates (8 from bacteremia cases and 1 from a pneumonia case) of colistin-resistantA. baumanniiwere collected in Asan Medical Center, Seoul, South Korea, between January 2010 and December 2012. To screen for potential synergistic effects, multiple combinations of two antimicrobials among 12 commercially available agents were tested using the multiple-combination bactericidal test (MCBT). Checkerboard tests were performed to validate these results. Among the 9 colistin-resistant strains, 6 were pandrug resistant and 3 were extensively drug resistant. With MCBT, the most effective combinations were colistin-rifampin and colistin-teicoplanin; both combinations showed synergistic effect against 8 of 9 strains. Colistin-aztreonam, colistin-meropenem, and colistin-vancomycin combinations showed synergy against seven strains. Colistin was the most common constituent of antimicrobial combinations that were active against colistin-resistantA. baumannii. Checkerboard tests were then conducted in colistin-based combinations. Notably, colistin-rifampin showed synergism against all nine strains (100%). Both colistin-vancomycin and colistin-teicoplanin showed either synergy or partial synergy. Colistin combined with another β-lactam agent (aztreonam, ceftazidime, or meropenem) showed a relatively moderate effect. Colistin combined with ampicillin-sulbactam, tigecycline, amikacin, azithromycin, or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole demonstrated limited synergism. Using MCBT and checkerboard tests, we found that only colistin-based combinations, particularly those with rifampin, glycopeptides, or β-lactams, may confer therapeutic benefits against colistin-resistantA. baumannii.

scholarly journals Occurrence of multiple antibiotic resistance and R plasmids in Enterobacteriaceae isolated from children in the Sudan

1988 ◽  
Vol 100 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Shears ◽  
G. Suliman ◽  
C. A. Hart
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Plasmid Analysis ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
R Plasmids ◽  
High Level

SUMMARYThe prevalence of resistance to six commonly-used antimicrobial agents in faecal coliforms from children in Khartoum, Sudan was studied. A relatively high prevalence of resistance was found, ranging from 96% of children with isolates resistant to ampicillin to 70% of children with isolates resistant to chloramphenicol. Seventy-seven percent of children had isolates with high-level resistance to trimethoprim (MIC > 1000 μg/ml). Twenty-nine different resistance patterns were found. Thirty-nine percent of the children had isolates resistant to all six antibiotics studied, and 80% of children had isolates resistant to at least four. Transfer of resistance to each of the antimicrobials, in varying combinations, was demonstrated, but did not occur for all resistance patterns. Plasmid analysis showed plasmids ranging from 160 MDa to 2·8 MDa and isolates contained from one to five plasmids of different sizes. There were no consistent relationships between resistance pattern and plasmid profile, but multiple resistance transfer was mediated commonly by plasmids with a molecular weight of 62 MDa.The high prevalence of potentially transferable antibiotic resistance in gut commensals of children in the Sudan may be of importance in the management of enteric and other infections requiring antimicrobial treatment.

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