Efficacy and Reproducibility of a Produce Wash in Killing Salmonella on the Surface of Tomatoes Assessed with a Proposed Standard Method for Produce Sanitizers

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (10) ◽  
pp. 1477-1482 ◽  
Author(s):  
LINDA J. HARRIS ◽  
LARRY R. BEUCHAT ◽  
THERESA M. KAJS ◽  
THOMAS E. WARD ◽  
CHARLES H. TAYLOR
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Solution Treatment ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Wash Solution ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Salmonella Serotypes ◽  
Study Sites ◽  
Rigid Smooth

The reproducibility of a method developed to evaluate point-of-use sanitizers for fresh produce was tested at three different laboratories. Mixtures of five Salmonella serotypes were inoculated on the surface of ripe tomatoes. After the inoculum was dry, tomatoes were placed inside a plastic bag and sprayed with sterile USP water, Dey and Engley (D/E) neutralizer broth, or a prototype Fit produce wash (PW), an alkaline solution comprised of generally recognized as safe ingredients (water, oleic acid, glycerol, ethanol, potassium hydroxide, sodium bicarbonate, citric acid, and distilled grapefruit oil), and rubbed for 30 s. The tomatoes were rinsed 10 s with 195 ml of D/E neutralizer broth (rinse solution), then combined with 20 ml of D/E neutralizer (residual wash solution) and rubbed by hand to remove residual Salmonella. Populations of Salmonella were determined for each tomato in the rinse solution and residual wash solution. Treatment with PW resulted in reductions in the number of Salmonella 2 to 4 logs greater than those achieved with the sterile water or D/E neutralizer broth controls. Consistent results were obtained across the three study sites, indicating reproducible results were obtained using the test method. The method used to determine the efficacy of killing or removing Salmonella from tomatoes in this study is suggested as a standard method for measuring the efficacy of sanitizers on tomatoes and other similar fruits and vegetables with rigid, smooth surfaces.

Development of a Proposed Standard Method for Assessing the Efficacy of Fresh Produce Sanitizers

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 1103-1109 ◽  
Author(s):  
LARRY R. BEUCHAT ◽  
LINDA J. HARRIS ◽  
THOMAS E. WARD ◽  
THERESA M. KAJS
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Fresh Produce ◽  
Initial Population ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Home Setting ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Point Of Use ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Series Of Experiments

A series of studies was done for the purpose of developing a proposed standard method to evaluate point-of-use home sanitizers for fresh produce. Preliminary experiments were done to determine the survival of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella, and Listeria monocytogenes after inoculation onto the surface of ripe tomatoes and drying for up to 24 h at 22 ± 2°C. Within 2 h, the initial population (6.88 log10 CFU/tomato) of E. coli O157:H7 was reduced by approximately 3 log10, while reductions in similar initial populations of Salmonella and L. monocytogenes were approximately 1 and 0.6 log10 CFU/tomato, respectively, after 40 min and 3 h. A pilot study evaluated treatment with 200 ppm free chlorine and a prototype Fit produce wash (Fit) for their efficacy in killing a five-serotype mixture of Salmonella or L. monocytogenes spot inoculated on tomatoes using the proposed inoculation and recovery procedures. Inoculated tomatoes were sprayed with chlorinated water, Fit, or sterile distilled water (control) and hand rubbed for 30 s. Each tomato was then placed in a plastic bag and rinsed with 200 ml of sterile water by vigorously agitating for 30 s to simulate a procedure consumers might use for sanitizing and rinsing produce in a home setting. Each tomato was transferred to a second bag, and 20 ml of sterile 0.1% peptone was added; tomatoes were rubbed by hand for 40 s. Populations of Salmonella or L. monocytogenes in the rinse water and the 0.1% peptone wash solution were determined. Treatment with 200 ppm chlorine and Fit resulted in ≥3.07 and >6.83 log10 reductions, respectively, in Salmonella. Treatment with 200 ppm chlorine and Fit reduced the number of L. monocytogenes by ≥3.33 and ≥4.96 log10 CFU/tomato, respectively. The proposed standard method for testing the efficacy of point-of-use produce sanitizers needs to be evaluated for reproducibility of results through a larger scale series of experiments.

scholarly journals OCCUPATIONAL AND PUBLIC HEALTH. THE WRINKLE RECOVERY ANGLE (WRA) STUDY OF FABRIC THAT NANO-SILVER TREATED

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
A. M. Pirzada ◽  
S. Vambol ◽  
Z. Khatri ◽  
A. Aziz ◽  
N. A. Samoon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Sleep Disturbances ◽  
Flexural Rigidity ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Cross Linking ◽  
Health State ◽  
Covalent Bonds ◽  
Whiteness Index ◽  
Nano Silver ◽  
Recovery Angle

The constant use of wrinkle-resistant cellulose fabrics in professional and everyday life can negatively affect the health state. This is because formaldehyde vapours, which contribute to allergies, persistent coughing, and irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, sleep disturbances, headaches, etc., pose a greater danger. In this study an attempt was made to achieve fabric stabilization from wrinkle resistant by formation ionic bonds of as replacement covalent bonds. And this is the main study purpose. Industrially Desized and Bleached 100 % pure cotton fabric with the weight of 110 g/m2, and the chemicals were used. Preparation of cationic glycerine, carboxymethylation of bleached fabric and application of antimicrobial finishes on the ionic cross-linked fabric was provided. Measurements were taken to determine of wrinkle recovery angle (WRA), of absorbency, of whiteness index, of flexural rigidity, of abrasion, of tensile strength. Wrinkle recovery angle was measured by standard method of AATCC 66 (option 2). AATCC Test Method 79-2000 was used to test the absorbency of fabric. The CIE whiteness index was determined using an Xrite Colour Eye 7000A spectrophotometer. Flexural Rigidity was measured through a testing cantilever method ASTM D-1388. Fabric abrasion was checked according to standard method for abrasion resistance of textile fabric ASTM 4966 on Martindale Abrasion Device M235. Mechanical strength of the fabric was measured under the standard method of ASTM D-5034. With the ionic cross-linking, the dry WRA was achieved an optimum of 118º and wet WRA up to 128º with increased fabric strength and whiteness. In addition to ionic cross-linking fabric was treated with Nano silver. Based on the results it was concluded that the fabric can be optimized first with ionic cross-link method and then it can be treated with the antimicrobial making the fabric cleaner and hygienic. This fabric treatment provides the necessary characteristics and is safe for the health of the people who use it.

Testing of zero-slump piling concrete

1987 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 308-313
Author(s):  
L. E. Rodway
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Concrete Strength ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Load Carrying Capacity ◽  
Rational Development ◽  
Load Carrying ◽  
Vibration Compaction ◽  
Strength Formula ◽  
Rational Standard

For several years it had been noted in the field that in the absence of an accepted, rational standard method for testing impact-placed zero-slump piling concrete, a variety of strength levels were produced from the same sample of fresh concrete depending upon which of a variety of test methods happened to be used. Finally, in 1977 the Canadian Standards Association published a standard method. This method subsequently proved ambiguous and impractical in practice to many field engineers.This paper presents the results of a laboratory and field study conducted during 1985 directed at the rational development of a practical test method to realistically predict the appropriate concrete strength, [Formula: see text], to be used in the calculation of the structural load-carrying capacity of this type of pile. Key words: zero slump, impact piles, energy input, vibration, compaction, concrete strength.

scholarly journals Seagrass Thalassia hemprichii Biomass in Waleo Waters, Kema District, Minahasa Utara Regency

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 142
Author(s):  
Meske Leny Alelo ◽  
Khristin I. F. Kondoy ◽  
Ruddy D. Moningkey
Keyword(s):  
Data Collection ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Environmental Condition ◽  
Seagrass Bed ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Thalassia Hemprichii ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Seagrass Biomass ◽  
Study Sites

This study was aimed at knowing the aquati environmental condition, the fresh weight and ry weight of root, rhizome, and leaf of  Thalassia hemprichii, and the ratio of seagrass biomass of Thalassia hemprichii with sampling sites.It was done in Waleo waters, Kema district, Minahasa Utara regency. Data collection used 50×50 cm quadrat, and each T. hemprichii in the quadrat was removed.  Water temperature and salinity were measured. Each study site was photographed.This study was done at the lowest tide in 3 locations, near mangrove forest, in the seagrass bed, and coral reefs. Seagrass samples were put in separated plastic bags with location, placed in the cool box, ans brought to the laboratory for further analysis. The samples were cleansed and put in the alcohol-containing plastic bag. Then, the samples were dried and weighed. Results showed that the highest biomass occurred in root, then leaf, and rhizome for all study sites. Keywords: seagrass, biomass, Thalassia hemprichii. ABSTRAKTujuan Penelitian adapun tujuan penelitian ini yaitu untuk mengetahui kondisi lingkungan perairan di lokasi penelitian, untuk mengetahui berapa besar berat basah dan berat kering dari bagian-bagian (akar, rhizoma, dan daun) dari lamun Thalassia hemprichii, untuk mengetahui perbandingan biomassa dari lamun Thalassia hemprichii berdasarkan masing-masing stasiun pengambilan sampel. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Perairan Waleo Kecamatan Kema Minahasa Utara. Pengambilan data menggunakan kuadaran 50×50 cm, dan  setiap lamun Thalassia hemprichii di  dalam kuadran dicabut. Suhu dan salnitas air juga diukur. Lokasi penelitian diambil gambar bawah air. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada saat surut terrendah dekat hutan mangrove, di hamparan lamunn dan daerah terumbu karang. Sampel lamun dimasukan ke dalam plastik di pisahkan sesuai sub lokasi, sampel di masukan kedalam cool box dan di bawah ke laboratorium untuk di teliti. Lamun dicuci bersih menggunakan air bersih dan diisi dalam plastik sampel dengan memakai alkohol. Lamun di bawah ke laboratorium akan di keringkan dan ditimbang. Hasil biomassa lamun Thalassia hemprichii di lokasi penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biomassa tertinggi terdapat pada akar, kemudian daun, dan batang.Kata Kunci : Lamun, Biomassa, Thalassia hemprichii.  

scholarly journals A low cost method to produce a gaseous environment for the isolation of Helicobacter pylori

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 167-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Hernández ◽  
Patricia Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Helicobacter Pylori ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Rubber Gasket ◽  
Gaseous Environment ◽  
Plastic Bag ◽  
Gastric Biopsies ◽  
Standard Gas

A low cost method (LCM) to produce a gaseous environment for the isolation of Helicobacter pylori, was compared with the standard Gas Park system. The LCM uses a carbonated antacid tablet, a plastic bag with tap water, a candle, and a wide-mouthed glass jar provided with a tight-fitting metalic screw cap and a rubber gasket. Antral gastric biopsies from 153 cases were incubated by duplicate on blood agar plates and treated with the two methods. In 95 cases the agent was isolated from both, and only from the standard method in 10 cases; the opposite condition was found in five cases, and 43 were negative. That difference is not significant (Pearson's X²= 93.25 p > 0,05)

THE METHODS OF NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING OF POSITIONING OF METALLIC DOWEL BARS IN JOINTS OF RIGID PAVEMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (24) ◽  
pp. 72-83
Author(s):  
Tetyana Tereshchenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Magnetic Pulse ◽  
Concrete Pavements ◽  
Non Destructive Testing ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Road Pavement ◽  
General Part ◽  
Dowel Bar ◽  
Non Destructive

Introduction. In the world-wide practice on construction of rigid road pavements significant attention has been given to jointed plain concrete pavements (JPCP) with transverse joints strengthened by dowel bars. Performance of JPCP is sufficiently affected by right alignment and location of dowel bars thereby the methods of non-destructive testing of dowel bar positioning have been gain in great importance. This paper represents analytical review of methods of non-destructive testing of dowel bar alignment and location emphasizing an attention on standard method using magnetic pulse induction which is applicable to testing of metallic bar position in concrete pavements. General Part. In the general part of this paper, several main aspects of reviewed test method were analyzed: the classification of dowel bars misalignment and their impact on pavement performance; the comparison of implemented methods of non-destructive testing of dowel bar positioning; possibilities of method of magnetic impulse induction and an approach to analytical evaluation of transverse joints dowel bar misalignment using magnetic image tomography; the usage of results of testing of transverse joints dowel bar position to eliminate dowel bars misalignment; examples of predictive estimation of results of testing of transverse joints dowel bar position and their impact on performance of JPCP. The reviewed method of testing and test results estimation concerns practice on application of two levels of performance (e.g. acceptable level and rejectable level) to evaluate the performance of each individual dowel bar or each doweled transverse joint and also a section of rigid road pavement with several consecutive transverse joints with restricted performance. Conclusions. 1. World-wide implemented standard method of non-destructive testing of dowel bar alignment and location allows to detect and to eliminate dowel bars misalignment thus ensuring required load transfer efficiency and international roughness index of rigid road pavements. The estimation of road pavement sections with several consecutive joints considering each joint performance allows to ensure the designed service life of road pavement. 2. Standard method of non-destructive testing of dowel bar alignment and location for transverse joints of rigid road pavement using magnetic pulse induction developed by American Society for Testing and Materials assures high precision of measurement of metallic bar position in doweled bar of concrete pavement joints and enables to detect five types of dowel bar misalignment. 3. In connection with the intensification of issues on construction of rigid road pavements in Ukraine as well as the high importance of the considering test method, an important task should be the development and implementation of an appropriate national standard.

Standardization of a Method To Determine the Efficacy of Sanitizers in Inactivating Human Pathogenic Microorganisms on Raw Fruits and Vegetables

2001 ◽  
Vol 64 (7) ◽  
pp. 1079-1084 ◽  
Author(s):  
LARRY R. BEUCHAT ◽  
JEFFREY M. FARBER ◽  
EDITH H. GARRETT ◽  
LINDA J. HARRIS ◽  
MICKEY E. PARISH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Standard Method ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Basic Method ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Reference Strains ◽  
Basic Standard

The efficacy of sanitizers in killing human pathogenic microorganisms on a wide range of whole and fresh-cut fruits and vegetables has been studied extensively. Numerous challenge studies to determine the effects of storage conditions on survival and growth of pathogens on raw produce have also been reported. Results of these studies are often difficult to assess because of the lack of sufficient reporting of methods or, comparatively, because of variations in procedures for preparing and applying inocula to produce, conditions for treatment and storage, and procedures for enumerating pathogens. There is a need for a standard method to accurately determine the presence and populations of pathogenic microorganisms on produce. The adoption of standard, well-characterized reference strains would benefit a comparative assessment of a basic method among laboratories. A single protocol will not be suitable for all fruits and vegetables. Modifications of a basic method will be necessary to achieve maximum recovery of pathogens on various types of produce subjected to different sanitizer or storage treatments. This article discusses parameters that must be considered in the course of developing a basic standard method against which these modifications could be made.

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