Antimicrobial Resistance of Salmonella in Raw Retail Chickens, Imported Chicken Portions, and Human Clinical Specimens

Salmonella isolates from raw, chilled, retail chickens (n = 434) sampled between 1998 and 2000 were tested for resistance to 12 antibiotics. Of 23 salmonellas isolated, 30% were susceptible and 30% were resistant or intermediately resistant to one antibiotic, 26% to two, and 13% to four or more. One Salmonella Saint-Paul and two Salmonella Typhimurium isolates were resistant to more than four antibiotics. Highest resistance rates were sulfonamide (52%), streptomycin (26%), tetracycline (22%), and ampicillin (17%). Isolates (n = 27) from frozen chicken portions (n = 150) imported from Brazil and Thailand (generally for manufacturing and catering) were also tested. Brazilian salmonellas showed no multiple resistance, but an isolate of Salmonella Virchow from Thai chickens was resistant to two antibiotics. This compared with 39% resistance to two or more antibiotics in nonimported isolates. Resistance patterns of both sets of chicken isolates were compared with human fecal clinical isolates (n = 274) submitted for routine examination at this hospital, and a greater similarity was found between the clinical and local isolates than with imported salmonellas. Sulfonamide resistance in imported salmonellas was lower than that of nonimported and clinical isolates. Resistance to one or more antimicrobial was found in 70% of nonimported raw retail chickens, 52% of imported chicken breast fillets, and 84% of human fecal isolates. Multiple resistance (to four or more antibiotics) is a much more limited problem.

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Prevalence of Virulence Genes and Drug Resistance Profiles of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated From Clinical Specimens

Jundishapur Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.5812/jjm.118452 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

Author(s):

Seyed Ali Bazghandi ◽

Mohsen Arzanlou ◽

Hadi Peeridogaheh ◽

Hamid Vaez ◽

Amirhossein Sahebkar ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Drug Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Virulence Genes ◽

Virulence Gene ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Specimens ◽

Resistance Rates

Background: Drug resistance and virulence genes are two key factors for the colonization of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in settings with high antibiotic pressure, such as hospitals, and the development of hospital-acquired infections. Objectives: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of drug resistance and virulence gene profiles in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Ardabil, Iran. Methods: A total of 84 P. aeruginosa isolates were collected from clinical specimens of Ardabil hospitals and confirmed using laboratory standard tests. The disk diffusion method was used for antibiotic susceptibility testing and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for the identification of P. aeruginosa virulence genes. Results: The highest and the lowest antibiotic resistance rates of P. aeruginosa strains were against ticarcillin-clavulanate (94%) and doripenem (33.3%), respectively. In addition, the frequency of multidrug-resistant (MDR) P. aeruginosa was 55.9%. The prevalence of virulence factor genes was as follows: algD 84.5%, lasB 86.9%, plcH 86.9%, plcN 86.9%, exoU 56%, exoS 51.2%, toxA 81%, nan1 13.1%, and pilB 33.3%. A significant association was observed between resistance to some antibiotics and the prevalence of virulence genes in P. aeruginosa. Conclusions: Our results revealed a high prevalence of antibiotic resistance, especially MDR, and virulence-associated genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Ardabil hospitals. Owing to the low resistance rates against doripenem, gentamicin, and tobramycin, these antibiotics are recommended for the treatment of infections caused by highly resistant and virulent P. aeruginosa strains.

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Incidence of clindamycin resistance in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.1598 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (04) ◽

pp. 316-317 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Debmita Debdas ◽

Sangeeta Joshi

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Empiric Therapy ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Inducible Clindamycin Resistance ◽

Clinical Specimens ◽

Staphylococcal Infections ◽

Resistance Patterns

Clindamycin is used in Staphylococcal infections and resistance patterns to Clindamycin vary between institutions. Inducible Clindamycin resistance is detected by the CLSI recommended D-test. This study was done to estimate the incidence of constitutive and inducible Clindamycin resistance in our hospital. Three hundred and seventy nine S.aureus isolates from clinical specimens collected over 6 months were tested for Clindamycin resistance using the D-test. Fourteen percent were Clindamycin resistant and among them 43% showed the inducible phenotype. Clindamycin resistance was higher among MRSA isolates (p < 0.001). It was concluded that Clindamycin should not be used empirically in serious Staphylococcal infections and that such studies are necessary to guide empiric therapy.

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Antibiotic resistance of Campylobacter in raw retail chickens and imported chicken portions

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268803001298 ◽

2003 ◽

Vol 131 (3) ◽

pp. 1181-1186 ◽

Cited By ~ 24

Author(s):

I. G. WILSON

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Antibiotics Resistance ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

Chloramphenicol Resistance ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Ciprofloxacin Resistance

Campylobacter isolates from raw retail chickens (n=434) sampled between 1998 and 2000 were tested for resistance to 12 antibiotics. Among 208 campylobacters tested, more than 90% of isolates were susceptible to 4 out of 9 antibiotics (nalidixic acid, erythromycin, chloramphenicol and gentamicin). Most campylobacters were resistant to 3 antibiotics and multiple resistance was found in 4%. Ciprofloxacin resistance was 11%. Campylobacter contamination (28%) in imported chickens (n=150) was almost half that found in local whole chickens (50%), but the resistance of imported isolates (n=42) was similar to that of local campylobacters. Resistance in isolates from imported chicken breasts was generally more common, but to only 4 antibiotics. Resistance patterns of chicken isolates were compared to human clinical isolates (n=494), and a greater similarity was found between the clinical and local isolates than with imported campylobacters. Lower chloramphenicol resistance was found in clinical Campylobacter isolates than in those from chicken sources.

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Susceptibility of clinical isolates of Bacteroides fragilis group strains to cefoxitin, cefoperazone and ticarcillin/clavulanate

Revista do Instituto de Medicina Tropical de São Paulo ◽

10.1590/s0036-46652000000300005 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 42 (3) ◽

pp. 137-139

Author(s):

Arnaldo Aires PEIXOTO JÚNIOR ◽

Márcia Maria de Negreiros P. ROCHA ◽

José Luciano Bezerra MOREIRA ◽

Cibele Barreto Mano de CARVALHO

Keyword(s):

Bacteroides Fragilis ◽

Reference Method ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Wound Infections ◽

Clinical Specimens ◽

Bacteroides Fragilis Group ◽

Agar Dilution ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Isolated Species

A total of 40 strains of the B. fragilis group was isolated from clinical specimens in two hospital centers in Fortaleza from 1993 to 1997. The most frequently isolated species was Bacteroides fragilis (19 strains) and most isolates came from intra-abdominal and wound infections. The susceptibility profile was traced for cefoxitin, cefoperazone and ticarcillin-clavulanate by using the agar dilution reference method. All isolates were susceptible to ticarcillin-clavulanate (128/2mug/ml). Resistance rates of 15 and 70% were detected to cefoxitin (64mug/ml) and cefoperazone (64mug/ml), respectively. Such regional results permit a better orientation in choosing this group of antibiotics for prophylaxis and therapy especially in relation to cefoxitin, which is frequently used in the hospital centers studied.

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Prevalence of Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens in Canadian Hospitals: Results of the Canadian Ward Surveillance Study (CANWARD 2007)

Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology ◽

10.1155/2009/398264 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 20 (suppl a) ◽

pp. 9A-19A ◽

Cited By ~ 9

Author(s):

George G Zhanel ◽

James A Karlowsky ◽

Mel DeCorby ◽

Kim A Nichol ◽

Aleksandra Wierzbowski ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Susceptibility Testing ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Surveillance Study ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Clinical Specimens ◽

E Coli ◽

Microdilution Method ◽

Broth Microdilution Method ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Resistance Rates

BACKGROUND: Canadian hospitals as well as hospitals worldwide are increasingly faced with antibiotic-resistant pathogens, including multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains. OBJECTIVES: To assess the prevalence of pathogens, including the resistance genotypes of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and extendedspectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producingEscherichia coliin Canadian hospitals, as well as their antimicrobial resistance patterns. MEtHODS: Bacterial isolates were obtained between January 1, 2007, and December 31, 2007, inclusive, from patients in 12 hospitals across Canada as part of the Canadian Ward Surveillance Study (CANWARD 2007). Isolates were obtained from bacteremic, urinary, respiratory and wound specimens and underwent antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Susceptibility testing was assessed using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute broth microdilution method. RESULTS: In total, 7881 isolates were recovered from clinical specimens of patients attending Canadian hospitals. The 7881 isolates were collected from respiratory (n=2306; 29.3%), blood (n=3631; 46.1%), wounds/tissue (n=617; 7.8%) and urinary (n=1327; 16.8%) specimens. The 10 most common organisms isolated from 76.5% of all clinical specimens wereE coli(21.6%), methicillin-susceptibleS aureus(13.9%),Streptococcus pneumoniae(8.9%),Pseudomonas aeruginosa(8.0%),Klebsiella pneumoniae(5.8%), MRSA (4.9%),Haemophilus influenzae(4.3%), coagulase-negative staphylococci/taphylococcus epidermidisS (4.0%),Enterococcus species(3.0%) andEnterobacter cloacae(2.1%). MRSA made up 26.0% (385 of 1480) of allS aureus(genotypically, 79.2% of MRSA were health care-associated MRSA and 19.5% were community-associated MRSA), and VRE made up 1.8% of all enterococci (62.5% of VRE had thevanA genotype). ESBLproducingE colioccurred in 3.4% ofE coliisolates. The CTX-M type was the predominant ESBL, with CTX-M-15 as the predominant genotype. With MRSA, no resistance was observed to daptomycin, linezolid, tigecycline and vancomycin, while resistance rates to other agents were: clarithromycin 91.4%, clindamycin 61.8%, fluoroquinolones 88.6% to 89.6%, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 12.2%. WithE coli, no resistance was observed to ertapenem, meropenem and tigecycline, while resistance rates to other agents were: amikacin 0.1%, cefazolin 14.2%, cefepime 2.0%, ceftriaxone 8.9%, gentamicin 10.6%, fluoroquinolones 23.6% to 24.5%, piperacillin-tazobactam 1.3% and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole 26.6%. Resistance rates withP aeruginosawere: amikacin 7.6%, cefepime 11.7%, gentamicin 20.8%, fluoroquinolones 23.4% to 25.1%, meropenem 8.1% and piperacillin- tazobactam 7.3%. A MDR phenotype (resistance to three or more of cefepime, piperacillin-tazobactam, meropenem, amikacin or gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin) occurred frequently inP aeruginosa(10.6%) but uncommonly inE coli(1.2%),K pneumoniae(1.5%),E cloacae(0%) orH influenzae(0%). CONCLUSIONS:E coli,S aureus(methicillin-susceptible and MRSA),S pneumoniae,P aeruginosa,K pneumoniae,H influenzaeandEnterococcusspecies are the most common isolates recovered from clinical specimens in Canadian hospitals. The prevalence of MRSA was 26.0% (of which genotypically, 19.5% was community-associated MRSA), while VRE and ESBL-producingE colioccurred in 1.8% and 3.4% of isolates, respectively. A MDR phenotype is common withP aeruginosain Canadian hospitals.

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Detection of Various Streptococcus spp. and Their Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns in Clinical Specimens from Austrian Swine Stocks

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9120893 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 893

Author(s):

René Renzhammer ◽

Igor Loncaric ◽

Marisa Ladstätter ◽

Beate Pinior ◽

Franz-Ferdinand Roch ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Skin Lesions ◽

Upper Respiratory Tract ◽

Pathogenic Potential ◽

Disk Diffusion Test ◽

Clinical Specimens ◽

Antimicrobial Substances ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Potential Frequency

Knowledge of pathogenic potential, frequency and antimicrobial resistance patterns of porcine Streptococcus (S.) spp. other than S. suis is scarce. Between 2016 and 2020, altogether 553 S. spp. isolates were recovered from clinical specimens taken from Austrian swine stocks and submitted for routine microbiological examination. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing towards eight antimicrobial substances was performed using disk diffusion test. All isolates from skin lesions belonged to the species S. dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis (SDSE). S. hyovaginalis was mainly isolated from the upper respiratory tract (15/19) and S. thoraltensis from the genitourinary tract (11/15). The majority of S. suis isolates were resistant to tetracycline (66%), clindamycin (62%) and erythromycin (58%). S. suis isolates from the joints had the highest resistance rates. S. suis and SDSE isolates resistant to tetracycline were more likely to be resistant to erythromycin and clindamycin (p < 0.01). Results show that different species of Streptococcus tend to occur in specific body sites. Nevertheless, a statement whether these species are colonizers or potential pathogens cannot be given so far. High resistance rates of S. suis towards tetracyclines and erythromycin and high recovery rates of S. suis from lung tissue should be considered when treating pigs with respiratory diseases.

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Integrating Culture-based Antibiotic Resistance Profiles with Whole-genome Sequencing Data for 11,087 Clinical Isolates

10.1101/463901 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

Valentina Galata ◽

Cédric C. Laczny ◽

Christina Backes ◽

Georg Hemmrich-Stanisak ◽

Susanne Schmolke ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Academic Research ◽

Species Level ◽

Statistical Testing ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Whole Genome Sequencing Data ◽

Sequencing Data ◽

Resistance Factors ◽

Resistance Patterns ◽

Resistance Rates

AbstractEmerging antibiotic resistance is a major global health threat. The analysis of nucleic acid sequences linked to susceptibility phenotypes facilitates the study of genetic antibiotic resistance determinants to inform molecular diagnostics and drug development. We collected genetic data (11,087 newly sequenced whole genomes) and culture-based resistance profiles (10,991 of 11,087 isolates were comprehensively tested against 22 antibiotics in total) of clinical isolates including 18 main species spanning a time period of 30 years. Species and drug specific resistance patterns could be observed including increasing resistance rates forAcinetobacter baumanniito carbapenems and forEscherichia colito fluoroquinolones. Species-level pan-genomes were constructed to reflect the genetic repertoire of the respective species such as conserved essential genes and known resistance factors. Integrating phenotypes and genotypes through species-level pan-genomes allowed to infer gene-drug resistance associations using statistical testing. The isolate collection and the analysis results have been integrated into a resource, GEAR-base, available for academic research use free of charge athttps://gear-base.com.

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Faculty Opinions recommendation of Origin of the Mobile Di-Hydro-Pteroate Synthase Gene Determining Sulfonamide Resistance in Clinical Isolates.

Faculty Opinions – Post-Publication Peer Review of the Biomedical Literature ◽

10.3410/f.734827970.793554953 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Didier Mazel

Keyword(s):

Clinical Isolates ◽

Sulfonamide Resistance

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1593. Antimicrobial Activity of Ceftazidime-Avibactam and Comparator Agents Against OXA-48 β-lactamase–Producing Enterobacterales Collected in International Medical Centers, Including the United States, in 2017–2018

Open Forum Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1093/ofid/ofaa439.1773 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. S793-S793

Author(s):

Lynn-Yao Lin ◽

Dmitri Debabov ◽

William Chang

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

The United States ◽

Resistance Mechanisms ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Surveillance Program ◽

Multiple Resistance ◽

In Vitro Susceptibility ◽

Medical Centers ◽

Custom Made

Abstract Background OXA-48 is a carbapenemase with low-level hydrolytic activity toward cephalosporins. This study evaluated in vitro activities of ceftazidime-avibactam (CAZ-AVI), meropenem (MEM), meropenem-vaborbactam (MVB), ceftolozane-tazobactam (C/T), and other antimicrobial agents against 113 OXA-48-producing Enterobacterales with multiple resistance mechanisms collected in a 2017–2018 global surveillance program. Methods Nonduplicate clinical isolates of 113 Enterobacterales were collected from medical centers in 25 countries in 2017–2018. In vitro susceptibility tests were performed by broth microdilution with a custom-made panel consisting of CAZ-AVI, ceftazidime (CAZ), MEM, MVB, C/T, colistin (COL), gentamicin (GEN), levofloxacin (LEV), and amikacin (AMK). Whole genome sequencing or quantitative PCR data were used to analyze resistance mechanisms, such as OXA-48, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), original-spectrum β-lactamase (OSBL), and AmpC β-lactamase. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute breakpoints were applied for susceptibility interpretations. Results Of 113 OXA-48–producing clinical isolates, 20 carried OXA-48 alone. The remaining 93 isolates carried additional β-lactamases, including 63 with ESBL (CTX-M-15) + OSBL (SHV, TEM), 15 with AmpC (DHA, AAC, CMY) + ESBL (CTX-M-15), and 15 with OSBL (SHV, TEM). 99.1% (all but 1) of all isolates tested were susceptible to CAZ-AVI, whereas 71.7%, 17.7%, and 14.2% were susceptible to MVB, MEM, and C/T, respectively. Among isolates harboring multiple resistance mechanisms (OXA-48 + ESBL + OSBL; n=63), 98.4%, 69.8%, 11.1%, and 7.9% were susceptible to CAZ-AVI, MVB, MEM, and C/T, respectively. Among isolates carrying OXA-48 + AmpC + ESBL + OSBL (n=15), 100%, 66.7%, 13.3%, and 13.3% were susceptible to CAZ-AVI, MVB, MEM, and C/T, respectively (Table). Aminoglycosides (AMK and GEN) and other β-lactams (eg, CAZ) were 20%–90% active against these isolates. COL was the second most effective comparator, inhibiting 83.2% of these isolates. Table Conclusion CAZ-AVI was the most effective agent in this study compared with other antibiotics, including β-lactams, β-lactam–β-lactamase inhibitor combinations, aminoglycosides, and COL, against OXA-48-producing Enterobacterales carrying multiple β-lactamases. Disclosures Lynn-Yao Lin, MS, AbbVie (Employee) Dmitri Debabov, PhD, AbbVie (Employee) William Chang, BS, AbbVie (Employee)

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