reduce the level of female hormones in women, we would expect a decline of characteristic female behavior. During the menstrual cy-cle, considerable variance in levels of estrogens and progesterone occurs naturally. The effects of high levels could be to stimulate female behavior considered characteristic, and the effects of low levels could be to inhibit it. If this were the case, we could take it for evidence that male-female behavior differences are hormonally in-duced. Variance in critical sex hormones could produce variance in behavior parallel to that still observed between the sexes. During the menstrual cycle progesterone levels and those of key estrogen compounds are at their lowest levels immediately preced-ing onset of menstruation and during the menstrual period itself. While estrogen levels describe a double-peaked curve when graphed over the entire cycle, it is the case that during mid-cycle—near the time of ovulation—one or both of the key hormone compounds is at a high level or is rising to a high level. More "characteristic"

2012 ◽  
pp. 146-147
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Menstrual Period ◽  
Female Behavior ◽  
Female Hormones ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level

High world sugar prices: is Asia’s production cycle to blame?

2010 ◽  
pp. 169-173
Author(s):  
Martin Todd
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Production Cycle ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level ◽  
High World

The current high world sugar prices reflect a major imbalance between global supply and demand, which has reduced stocks to very low levels. Although it remains to be seen whether prices will rise much above current values, it is clear that the supply chain will remain stretched throughout 2010 and this will help to maintain prices at a high level.

scholarly journals Testing Todd: family types and development

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-18
Author(s):  
Jerg Gutmann ◽  
Stefan Voigt
Keyword(s):  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Civil Society Organizations ◽  
The Rule Of Law ◽  
State Fragility ◽  
Family Types ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Parsimonious Model ◽  
The One ◽  
High Level

Abstract Many years ago, Emmanuel Todd came up with a classification of family types and argued that the historically prevalent family types in a society have important consequences for its economic, political, and social development. Here, we evaluate Todd's most important predictions empirically. Relying on a parsimonious model with exogenous covariates, we find mixed results. On the one hand, authoritarian family types are, in stark contrast to Todd's predictions, associated with increased levels of the rule of law and innovation. On the other hand, and in line with Todd's expectations, communitarian family types are linked to racism, low levels of the rule of law, and late industrialization. Countries in which endogamy is frequently practiced also display an expectedly high level of state fragility and weak civil society organizations.

Flavonoids and UV Photoprotection in Arabidopsis Mutants

2001 ◽  
Vol 56 (9-10) ◽  
pp. 745-754 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ken G Ryan ◽  
Ewald E Swinny ◽  
Chris Winefield ◽  
Kenneth R Markham
Keyword(s):  
Crucial Role ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid ◽  
Ultraviolet B ◽  
Uvb Radiation ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hydroxycinnamic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Quercetin Glycosides ◽  
Kaempferol Glycosides ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level

AbstractWild-type Arabidopsis L. leaves exposed to low ultraviolet-B (U V B ) conditions contained predominantly kaempferol glycosides, with low levels of quercetin glycosides. The flavonoid level doubled on treatment with UVB and an increase in the ratio of quercetin: kaempferol was observed. These results suggest that flavonols protect Arabidopsis plants from UVB damage, and indicate that the flavonoid 3’-hydroxylase (F3’H) enzyme, which converts dihydrokaempferol to dihydroquercetin, may play a crucial role. The tt7 mutant lacks this gene and, after treatment with sub-ambient UVB, contained kaempferol glycosides exclusively, to a level of total flavonols similar to that in wild-type Arabidopsis. Total flavonols after enhanced UVB treatment were higher in tt7 than in similarly treated wild-type plants, and only kaempferol glycosides were detected. Despite this high level, tt7 plants were less tolerant of UVB radiation than wild-type plants. These observations suggests that kaempferol is a less effective photoprotectant than quercetin. The chalcone isomerase (CHI) mutant (tt5) surprisingly did not accumulate naringenin chalcone, and this suggests that the mutation may not be restricted to the CHI gene alone. The concentration of hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives did not change with UVB treatment in most varieties indicating that their role in UV photoprotection may be subordinate to that of the flavonoids.

Sexual Aggressivity and Androgens

1987 ◽  
Vol 151 (3) ◽  
pp. 398-400 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Raboch ◽  
H. Černá ◽  
P. Zemek
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Activity ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Klinefelter’S Syndrome ◽  
Klinefelter's Syndrome ◽  
Sexually Aggressive ◽  
Male Sex ◽  
Low Levels

Male sex hormones are ascribed a great importance in the literature from the point of view of sexual activity and aggressive behaviour. Two cases of sexually motivated murder are described, committed by delinquents with low levels of testosterone in plasma: one a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome; the other a man after castration. Even a decreased level of androgens, either primary or secondary, is not an absolute prevention of sexually aggressive behaviour.

Physiology of the Menstrual Cycle

Cephalalgia ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
S D Silberstein ◽  
G R Merriam
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Neuronal Activity ◽  
Premenstrual Syndrome ◽  
Contraceptive Use ◽  
Menstrual Migraine ◽  
Normal Female ◽  
Receptor Density ◽  
Cns Neurons

The normal female life cycle is associated with a number of hormonal milestones: menarche, pregnancy, contraceptive use, menopause, and the use of replacement sex hormones. All these events and interventions alter the levels and cycling of sex hormones and may cause a change in the prevalence or intensity of headache. The menstrual cycle is the result of a carefully orchestrated sequence of interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, and endometrium, with the sex hormones acting as modulators and effectors at each level. Oestrogen and progestins have potent effects on central serotonergic and opioid neurons, modulating both neuronal activity and receptor density. The primary trigger of menstrual migraine appears to be the withdrawal of oestrogen rather than the maintenance of sustained high or low oestrogen levels. However, changes in the sustained oestrogen levels with pregnancy (increased) and menopause (decreased) appear to affect headaches. Headaches that occur with premenstrual syndrome appear to be centrally generated, involving the inherent rhythm of CNS neurons, including perhaps the serotonergic pain-modulating systems.

scholarly journals Methodological Approach of the Iron and Muscular Damage: Female Metabolism and Menstrual Cycle during Exercise Project (IronFEMME Study)

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 735
Author(s):  
Ana B. Peinado ◽  
Victor M. Alfaro-Magallanes ◽  
Nuria Romero-Parra ◽  
Laura Barba-Moreno ◽  
Beatriz Rael ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Resistance Exercise ◽  
Muscle Damage ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Iron Metabolism ◽  
Female Athletes ◽  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Follicular Phase ◽  
Cycle Phase ◽  
Exercise Protocol

Background: The increase in exercise levels in the last few years among professional and recreational female athletes has led to an increased scientific interest about sports health and performance in the female athlete population. The purpose of the IronFEMME Study described in this protocol article is to determine the influence of different hormonal profiles on iron metabolism in response to endurance exercise, and the main markers of muscle damage in response to resistance exercise; both in eumenorrheic, oral contraceptive (OC) users and postmenopausal well-trained women. Methods: This project is an observational controlled randomized counterbalanced study. One hundered and four (104) active and healthy women were selected to participate in the IronFEMME Study, 57 of which were eumenorrheic, 31 OC users and 16 postmenopausal. The project consisted of two sections carried out at the same time: iron metabolism (study I) and muscle damage (study II). For the study I, the exercise protocol consisted of an interval running test (eight bouts of 3 min at 85% of the maximal aerobic speed), whereas the study II protocol was an eccentric-based resistance exercise protocol (10 sets of 10 repetitions of plate-loaded barbell parallel back squats at 60% of their one repetition maximum (1RM) with 2 min of recovery between sets). In both studies, eumenorrheic participants were evaluated at three specific moments of the menstrual cycle: early-follicular phase, late-follicular phase and mid-luteal phase; OC users performed the trial at two moments: withdrawal phase and active pill phase. Lastly, postmenopausal women were only tested once, since their hormonal status does not fluctuate. The three-step method was used to verify the menstrual cycle phase: calendar counting, blood test confirmation, and urine-based ovulation kits. Blood samples were obtained to measure sex hormones, iron metabolism parameters, and muscle damage related markers. Discussion: IronFEMME Study has been designed to increase the knowledge regarding the influence of sex hormones on some aspects of the exercise-related female physiology. Iron metabolism and exercise-induced muscle damage will be studied considering the different reproductive status present throughout well-trained females’ lifespan.

The dynamics of Holocene monsoon based on meteoric 10Be at Kunlun Pass on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peng Chen ◽  
Zhongbo Yu ◽  
Markus Czymzik ◽  
Ala Aldahan ◽  
Jinguo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Summer Monsoon ◽  
Asian Summer Monsoon ◽  
Early Holocene ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
The Holocene ◽  
Proxy Records ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
High Level ◽  
Qinghai Tibet Plateau

<p>Multiple proxy records have been used for the understanding of environmental and climate changes during the Holocene. For the first time, we here measure meteoric <sup>10</sup>Be isotope of sediments from a drill core collected at the Kunlun Pass (KP) on the northeastern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (NETP) to investigate mositure and atmospheric circulation changes during the Holocene. The <sup>10</sup>Be flux suggests relative low levels in the Early Holocene, followed by a sharp increase to high values at around 4 ka BP (4 ka BP = 4000 years before present). Afterwards, the <sup>10</sup>Be flux remains on a high level during the Late Holocene, but decreases slightly towards today. These <sup>10</sup>Be deposition patterns are compared to moisture changes in regions dominated by the Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM), East Asian Summer Monsoon (EASM), and the Westerlies. Different from the gradual changes in monsoon patterns, the <sup>10</sup>Be data reveal low levels during the Early Holocene until ~4 ka BP when an obvious increase was indicated and a relative high level continues to this day, which is relatively more in agreement with patterns of the Westerlies. This finding provides a new evidence for a shift in the dominant pattern of atmospheric circulation at the KP region from a more monsoonal one to one dominated by the Westerlies. Our results improve the understanding of non-stationary interactions and spatial relevance of the EASM, the ISM and the Westerlies on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.</p>

scholarly journals Research on the Effects of the Extract of Polygala fallax Hemsl on Sex Hormones and ?-EP in Perimenopausal Rat Models

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siyuan Yang ◽  
Zhiyong Cao ◽  
Jiabao Chen ◽  
Gang Fang
Keyword(s):  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Dose Group ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
High Dose Group ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Model Group ◽  
Rat Models

Objective: To study the effects of the ethnic medicine Polygala fallax Hemsl with Guangxi characteristics on the sex hormones and ?-EP in research objective perimenopausal rat models. Methods: 40 female SPF rats were randomly divided into 4 groups, including the normal, model, high-dose and low-dose groups. Rats of three groups except for the normal one were treated with perimenopausal modelling through the method of subcutaneous injection of compound 4-VCD for 15 consecutive days. Rats of the normal and model group were normally fed without any treatment. Rats of the high-dose and low-dose groups were administered by high- and low-dose intragastric administration of the extract of Polygala fallax Hemsl. According to the menstrual cycle of the vaginal smear of the rat, each menstrual cycle is a course of treatment and 6 consecutive courses of treatment would be given. The indexes of serum sex hormones (E2, FSH, LH) and ?-EP of rats in each group were observed after treatment. Results: After the treatment of 6 cycles, for the levels of ?-EP and E2, the model group was lowest (P<0.05), the normal group was highest (P<0.05); and the high-dose group was higher than the low-dose group; For the levels of FSH and LH, the normal group was lowest (P<0.05), the model group was highest (P<0.05), and the high-dose group was lower than the low-dose group. Conclusion: Guangxi characteristic national medicine Polygala fallax Hemsl can effectively improve the levels of serum sex hormones and ?-EP in perimenopausal rat models and relieve the related symptoms with a certain dose-effect relationship.

scholarly journals The Effect of Problem Based Learning Models and Levels of Creativity Toward Student Outcomes in Vocational High School

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dasining Dasining ◽  
Supari Muslim ◽  
Sri Handajani
Keyword(s):  
Student Learning ◽  
Learning Outcomes ◽  
Problem Based Learning ◽  
Student Learning Outcomes ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Higher Learning ◽  
Learning Models ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Direct Learning ◽  
High Level

This study aims to determine the level of creativity of students who are taught using problem based learning models and students who are taught using direct learning models. To find out the learning outcomes of students who have a high level of creativity and creativity level of creativity is low. The method used in this study is Quasi Experimental. The design used is a 2x2 factorial design, because this design can be used to see student learning outcomes before administering treatments and after giving treatments. The results of the study found: (1) the level of creativity of students who study using a learning model based on higher learning outcomes compared to students who learn with the direct learning model; (2) student learning outcomes with a high level of creativity, significantly higher than students who have low levels of creativity; and (3) there is an interaction between the use of learning models and the level of creativity on student learning outcomes. This study concludes that: (1) problem based learning models can improve student creativity; (2) students who have a high level of creativity, higher learning outcomes than students who have low levels of creativity; and (3) there is an interaction between the use of learning models and the level of creativity on student learning outcomes.

Association of Menstrual Problems and Psycological Stress in Young Medical Students

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (11) ◽  
pp. 2897-2898
Author(s):  
Ayesha Batool ◽  
Shoaib Waqas ◽  
Zainab Hassan ◽  
Maira Pervez ◽  
Muhammad Tariq
Keyword(s):  
Medical Students ◽  
Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Psychological Stress ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Menstrual Disorders ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Normal Menstrual Cycle ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Cycle Group

Aim: To see if there was a link between menstruation issues and psychological stress among young medical students. Methods: A non-probability convenient sampling method was used to conduct an observational (cross-sectional) study on a sample of 180 university-bound students. Students were assessed for menstrual regularity associating with psychological stress by using Perceived Stress Scale in different universities of Lahore. Results: The study included approximately 92% of females with a regular menstrual cycle and 8% of females with an irregular menstrual cycle.While among irregular menstrual cycles, 5 had high levels of stress, 7 had moderate levels of stress, and 3 had mild levels of stress. The normal menstrual cycle group had 40 females with high levels of stress, 121 females with moderate levels of stress, and four females with low levels of stress. Conclusion: Although fewer students suffered from menstruation difficulties, the majority of them, including those who did not, experienced psychological stress. Keywords: Menstrual disorders, dysmenorrheal, abnormal menstrual cycle, stress

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