Buffon, Georges Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1707–88)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Wokler
Keyword(s):  
Family Members ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Evolutionary Hypothesis ◽  
Dynamic Forces ◽  
Races Of Mankind ◽  
Definition Of

Both as a scientist and as a writer, Buffon was one of the most highly esteemed figures of the European Enlightenment. In depicting the perpetual flux of the dynamic forces of Nature, he portrayed the varieties of animal and vegetable species as subject to continual change, in contrast with Linnaeus, whose system of classification based on physical descriptions alone appeared timeless. But Buffon’s definition of a species in terms of procreative power excluded the evolutionary hypothesis that any species could become transformed into another. Hybrids, as imperfect copies of their prototypes, were in his scheme ultimately destined to become sterile rather than to generate fresh species. By virtue of the same definition, he judged that the different races of mankind formed family members of a single species, since the mating of humans of all varieties was equally fertile.

Slave Women and Their Descendants among the Upper Classes in Tetouan, Morocco (1859–1956): Between Recognition and Conflict

2020 ◽  
pp. 036319902096739
Author(s):  
Josep Lluís Mateo Dieste
Keyword(s):  
Skin Color ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Negative Stereotypes ◽  
The Social ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Slave Women ◽  
The Status ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Determinant Factor

In the Arab world, the recognized children of elite men and slave women could adopt the status of their father, ignoring the slave origin of the mother, owing to a system of patrilineal transmission. This regime co-existed with negative stereotypes toward slaves and blackness, despite the very fact that—as this study of notable families in Tetouan between 1859 and 1956 demonstrates—skin color was not the determinant factor to form part of this group. Rather, it was based on the social definition of filiation, leading to legal disputes between family members to delineate the boundaries of kinship.

Badania biograficzne rodzin więźniów. Refleksja metodologiczna Angelika Cieślikowska-Ryczko 1

2021 ◽  
pp. 135-162
Author(s):  
Angelika Cieślikowska-Ryczko
Keyword(s):  
Methodological Approach ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Research Field ◽  
Correctional Institution ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
Parental Relationships ◽  
Biographical Research ◽  
Narrative Interview ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Autobiographical Narrative

The article deals with the life situation of the families of prisoners, in particular, parental relationships connected with the experience of incarceration in a correctional institution. During the realisation of the research I noticed many difficulties in finding contact with potential interlocutors, therefore I considered the families of prisoners as an environment “invisible in the research field”. In addition, I defined families of prisoners as marginalised and stigmatised environments. The main aim of the article is to show selected methodological dilemmas that can be encountered through the design and analysis of biographical research of family members of prisoners. The theoretical introduction of the paper as an extended definition of the penitentiary crisis allowed to characterise the dominant trends and directions of research on prisoners’ families. Further, it focused on selected problems of realisation of qualitative research (especially biographical research). I analyse the literature and present my own methodological approach based on the direction of interpretative sociology. Using the potential of the autobiographical narrative interview technique (of the German sociological school of Fritz Schütze), I collected 31 interviews with adult children of prisoners and 30 interviews with parents of prisoners. Finally, I refer to my own research experience and discuss the “usefulness and ineffectiveness” of an autobiographical narrative interview. Moreover, I characterise key reflections on the role of the researcher in obtaining autobiographical narrations. The article is an invitation to discuss the improvement of research procedures, especially in the area of research on family members of persons in prisons.

scholarly journals Durable Relationship and Family Members “by Analogy” in the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 175
Author(s):  
Tanel Feldman ◽  
Marco Mazzeschi
Keyword(s):  
Member State ◽  
Family Member ◽  
Family Members ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Registered Partnership ◽  
The Family ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Union Citizen ◽  
The Eu

Rights of residence derived from a durable relationship with an EU citizen, are left to a relatively wide discretion of the Member States. Pursuant to Article 2.2 (b) Directive 2004/38/EC (“Directive”), “the partner with whom the Union citizen has contracted a registered partnership, on the basis of the legislation of a Member State, if the legislation of the host Member State treats registered partnerships as equivalent to marriage and in accordance with the conditions laid down in the relevant legislation of the host Member State” qualifies as family member. Provided that they have a durable relationship (duly attested) with an EU citizen, pursuant to Article 3.2(b), unregistered partners are as well beneficiaries of the Directive. The durable relationship was expressly excluded from the scope of Article 2(2)(b): “Unlike the amended proposal, it does not cover de facto durable relationships” (EU Commission, Document 52003SC1293). Article 3 (2)(a) covers “other family members” (no restrictions as to the degree of relatedness) if material support is provided by the EU citizen or by his partner or where serious health grounds strictly require the personal care of the family member by the Union citizen. Pursuant to Article 3.2, “other family members” and unregistered partners can attest a durable relationship, must be facilitated entry and residence, in accordance to the host Member State’s national legislation. In the light of Preamble 6 Directive, the situation of the persons who are not included in the definition of family members, must be considered “in order to maintain the unity of the family in a broader sense”. The questions discussed in this paper are the following: (i) are Member States genuinely considering the concept of durable relationship in view of maintaining the unity of the family in a broader sense? and (ii) how to overcome legal uncertainty and which criteria, both at EU and at international level, can be taken into account in order to assess whether a durable relationship is genuine and should be granted the rights set forth by the Directive?

Family caregivers and caregiving in dementia

2005 ◽  
Vol 15 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 263-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
LKP Yap ◽  
CCD Seow ◽  
LM Henderson ◽  
YNJ Goh
Keyword(s):  
Family Caregivers ◽  
Family Relationships ◽  
Family Caregiving ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Economic Strain ◽  
Family Carers ◽  
Standard Definition ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Definition Of

The alarming statistics of dementia are now widely acknowledged. The most recent estimates indicate 24.3 million suffer from this condition worldwide, with a new case being diagnosed every seven seconds. For the person afflicted, it robs him of his identity and, in the opinion of many, even his personhood. For family members, bereavement can begin from the early stages of the disease where a once-treasured relationship is gradually eroded. Family carers remain the main persons providing care, having to face much emotional, practical and economic strain in the process. Although there is no standard definition of family caregiving, it is understood to involve providing extraordinary care, often outside the bounds of what is usual in family relationships. Caregiving typically stretches over a prolonged period and entails significant expenditure of time, energy, finances, and tasks that may be unpleasant, emotionally stressful and physically exhausting.

scholarly journals II—On the Liassic Fish Osteorachis Macrocephalus

1895 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 204-206
Author(s):  
Arthur Smith Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Original Description ◽  
Precise Determination ◽  
Present Writer ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
Definition Of

Among the fishes of the Lower Lias of Lyme Regis, Dorsetshire, described by Egerton from imperfect evidence, is the genus Osteorachis, with the single species, O. macrocephalus. The original description and figure are so unsatisfactory that nothing beyond the name of the fish is quoted even in Zittel's “Handbuch” (vol. iii, p. 230), while this bears an appended query; and the author's definition of the genus is certainly much too vague to admit of any precise determination of its systematic relationships. Under these circumstances it is of interest to return to a consideration of the fish in the light of more recently discovered specimens, which seem to the present writer to comprise not only examples of the trunk but also, at least, one satisfactory head.

A NEW SUBFAMILY OF PHRYGANEID CADDISFLIES FROM WESTERN NORTH AMERICA (TRICHOPTERA: PHRYGANEIDAE)

1962 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 879-891 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glenn B. Wiggins
Keyword(s):  
Single Species ◽  
Mountain Streams ◽  
Phylogenetic Implications ◽  
The Family ◽  
Systematic Relationships ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Egg Stages ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Unique Species

The discovery of the larval, pupal, and egg stages of the western North American caddisfly, Yphria californica (Banks), has provided the necessary evidence for a re-evaluation of the family designation and systematic relationships of this unique species. In accordance with this evidence, the species is removed from the family Kitagamiidae (or Limnocentropodidae), to which it had been previously assigned on the basis of evidence from adults alone, and re-assigned to the family Phryganeidae. A new subfamily, the Yphriinae, is, however, created in the Phryganeidae to receive this single species, and the definition of the family emended to include males with five segments, as well as four, in the maxillary palpi. Descriptions of all stages of Yphria californica are given.The species has been collected in several localities in California and Oregon, where it lives in cool mountain streams. Observations on the ecology and behavior are given. One significant aspect of the case-making behavior is that the pupal case is composed of materials quite different from those in the larval case, and neither case shows any close similarity to the cases of other members of the Phryganeidae. The phylogenetic implications of this new subfamily are considered.

Fossil Hominids - an Empirical Premise of the Descriptive Definition of homo sapiens

1970 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 141-176
Author(s):  
Piotr Lenartowicz ◽  
Jolanta Koszteyn
Keyword(s):  
Homo Sapiens ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Stone Tools ◽  
Biological Knowledge ◽  
Fossil Hominids ◽  
Fossil Remains ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Modem Human ◽  
Descriptive Definition

Since the discovery of the Neandertal bones 1856 (cfr Toussaint, 1996), the extremely old, fragmentary fossil remains of hundreds of man-like bodies have been discovered in Europe, Asia, and Africa (cfr Bonjean, 1996). Even the oldest ones - usually the most incomplete - look man-like and „un-apish", even to a layman, if compared with a modem apish and human correlate. Sometimes, in the vicinity of these remains, primitive stone tools or the evidence of their production have been found. At present, it seems absolutely certain — within the limits of our present physical and biological knowledge - that at least four million years ago, in Africa, some creatures resembling modern man were living, and that at least two and half million years ago, in Africa, stone tools were produced. In contrast with the firm, scientifically-arguable belief that all modem human tribes - however different they are - belong to a single species (cfr Littlefield et al., 1982; Marks, 1995), in paleoanthropology an equally firm scientific belief is maintained that the extinct man-like forms belong to several different, „presapient", „prehuman'', more ape-like species (cfr Wood, 1996).

Heroism

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip G. Zimbardo ◽  
Emma M. Seppälä ◽  
Zeno Franco
Keyword(s):  
Social Transformation ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Central Element ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Personal Risk ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Personal Sacrifice ◽  
The Cost

Heroism as an important factor in social transformation, and enacted compassion can fundamentally change individual and societal level outcomes. Although some of our prior work has distinguished heroism from altruism, compassion can be viewed as a central element in many heroic acts. Here we assert that one definition of heroism is compassionate action at the risk of personal sacrifice. We also suggest that training compassionate self-sacrifice is possible, through programs like the Heroic Imagination Project and other similar training efforts. Two pilot studies based on this idea are summarized. The first examines gang desistance programs that focus on replacing these activities with compassionately driven, prosocial ones. However, these actions can put former gang members at considerable personal risk. The second study examines transitions in Palestinians and Israelis who have turned away from war and are focusing on reconciliation, but at the cost of compromised relationships with family members and friends.

scholarly journals Delineating the continuum of marine ecosystem-based management: a US fisheries reference point perspective

2015 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
pp. 1042-1050 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tara E. Dolan ◽  
Wesley S. Patrick ◽  
Jason S. Link
Keyword(s):  
Fisheries Management ◽  
Ecosystem Management ◽  
Reference Point ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Reference Points ◽  
Current State ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Compare And Contrast ◽  
The Continuum

Abstract Ecosystem management (EM) suffers from linguistic uncertainty surrounding the definition of “EM” and how it can be operationalized. Using fisheries management as an example, we clarify how EM exists in different paradigms along a continuum, starting with a single-species focus and building towards a more systemic and multi-sector perspective. Focusing on the specification of biological and other systemic reference points (SRPs) used in each paradigm and its related regulatory and governance structures, we compare and contrast similarities among these paradigms. We find that although EM is a hierarchical continuum, similar SRPs can be used throughout the continuum, but the scope of these reference points are broader at higher levels of management. This work interprets the current state of the conversation, and may help to clarify the levels of how EM is applied now and how it can be applied in the future, further advancing its implementation.

scholarly journals O pewnym sposobie użycia form deminutywnych w języku rosyjskim XVII – początku XVIII wieku

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 317-324
Author(s):  
Anna Iacovou ◽  
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
Family Members ◽  
Her Family ◽  
Private Correspondence ◽  
History Of ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Early 18Th Century

On a certain way of using diminutive forms in 17th – early 18th century Russian. The author discusses suffixal appellative diminutive personal nouns which appeared in the etiquette formulations of Russian private correspondence dating from the 17th – early 18th century. The definition of the diminutives has been presented, with particular attention paid to the modification of the meaning of derivatives by isolating the suffixes in their structure. The same diminutive, when used to describe people, can have both a hypocoristic and a contemptuous meaning. Hypocoristic names, as a rule, define the recipient and his/her family members, while the contemptuous names describe the sender and their relatives. The most common suffixes are: -ка/-ко, -ок/-ек, -ишка/-ишко, -ушка/-ушко, -ошка, -онка, -ец, -ица. The history of the type of derivatives with the suffix -ишк- is particularly interesting. Keywords: diminutive noun, hypocoristic noun, suffix, derivative, appellative noun, epistolary etiquette, private correspondence

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