“Che dura prova è tentar di greca aquila il dorso”. The Greek War of Independence and its resonance in Sicilian culture of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 109-122
Author(s):  
Francesco Scalora
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The 19Th Century

Foreign Travelers’ Accounts and Fanny Calderón de la Barca’s Life in Mexico

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lourdes Parra Lazcano
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Mexican Society ◽  
History Of ◽  
Arbitrary Section ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Calderón De La Barca

Foreign travelers arrived in large numbers in Mexico, especially after Mexican War of Independence, to see the country and access its commercial potential. Each of them talked about the Valley of Mexico, its richness and human diversity. The way these travelers wrote about their “gazes” over this valley—in particular Fanny Calderón de la Barca—is key to understanding the politics of their trips. After their initial viewing, foreign travelers described the Mexican social and political situation as ripe for exploitation and improvement. Despite the fact that these travel accounts consider only an arbitrary section of the Mexican reality, affected by the bias and life history of each writer, they offer valuable material in their portrayal of Mexican society at that time. Hernán Cortés and Alexander von Humboldt’s views of the Mexican Valley were highly influential for the subsequent foreign travelers who went to Mexico during the 19th century, mainly from the United Kingdom, central Europe, and the United States. The work of Fanny Calderón de la Barca, and her gaze as it falls upon the Valley of Mexico, reflect the politics of mid-19th-century Mexico.

scholarly journals A Rákóczi-szabadságharc emlékezete Jókai Mór műveiben

2018 ◽  
Vol 57 (3-4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelin Farkas
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Way

One of the most interesting times of the memory of Rákóczi’s War of Independence was the second half of the 19th century. The period studied begins in 1848, when the close connections between the two War of Independences (Rákóczi’s and ’48/49) determines the way of recalls and as ’48/49 itself became the part of the cultural memory, the memory of the Rákóczi Era changed as well. The paper intends to explore some of the main features of this memories through the study of works and associated organs by Mór Jókai. The paper first examines the Rákóczi related poems from the organ called Életképek, published in 1848 by Sándor Petőfi, János Arany and Kálmán Lisznyai, then one of Jókai’s poem, published in 1883. Two of Jókai’s novels, the A lőcsei fehér asszony and the Szeretve mind a vérpadig also compared by their memory operations of the poems before.

The Women of Guadalajara in Mexico’s History

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
María Teresa Fernández Aceves
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Catholic Church ◽  
Active Participation ◽  
Liberal State ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Religious Ideals ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Catholic Church

From the War of Independence until the recognition of female suffrage in Mexico in 1953, the women of Guadalajara witnessed different forms of activism that touched upon national and local issues, causing them to take to the streets in order to defend their families, their neighborhoods, and their communities: their political and religious ideals. Their active participation upended traditional notions of femininity within the Catholic Church and the liberal state of the 19th century, as well as the postrevolutionary state (1920–1940). The tasks they undertook over this lengthy period of time were highly diversified and encompassed welfare, education, war, politics, religion, and social endeavors.

scholarly journals ¿Guerra anticolonial o guerra civil? Análisis historiográfico sobre el protagonismo étnico en la independencia del Ecuador según los textos escolares de Historia (1915-2015).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor H. Silva Guijarro
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
History Textbooks ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Identidad Nacional ◽  
Identity Based ◽  
Siglo Xix ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Siglo Xx

El presente trabajo consiste en un análisis historiográfico sobre el protagonismo que tuvieron los distintos grupos étnicos en la Guerra de Independencia del Ecuador según los textos escolares de Historia publicados entre 1915 y 2015. Se han utilizado como fuentes historiográficas los textos escolares de Historia, debido a que desde el siglo XX las políticas educativas ecuatorianas los han utilizado como instrumentos ideológicos para llevar a cabo la construcción de una identidad nacional común cimentada a partir de los presupuestos de la Historia Patria del siglo XIX. El empleo de la enseñanza de la Historia a través de los textos escolares para consolidar esa identidad nacional del siglo XIX se hace patente en el análisis sobre el protagonismo étnico en la Independencia, donde dichos textos explican este acontecimiento como un proyecto de construcción nacional dirigido por las élites criollas cuyo supuesto objetivo principal era liberar a todos los “ecuatorianos” de una presunta opresión monárquica ejercida por un enemigo extranjero: el “español”. Pese a que hay autores que han manifestado que indígenas, negros, mestizos, zambos, pardos, mulatos, cholos, obtuvieron pocos beneficios de la Independencia, todos los textos escolares no dudan en confirmar que gracias a los esfuerzos de las élites criollas, héroes de la Patria a los que hay que venerar y ensalzar, la República del Ecuador pudo ser libre. The present work consists of a historiographic analysis of the protagonism that the different ethnic groups had in Ecuador's War of Independence according to the history textbooks published between 1915 and 2015. History school textbooks have been used as historiographic sources, because since the 20th century Ecuadorian educational policies have used them as ideological instruments to carry out the construction of a common national identity based on the assumptions of the 19th century Patriotic History. The use of the teaching of history through school texts to consolidate this 19th century national identity is evident in the analysis of the ethnic protagonism in the Independence, where these texts explain this event as a project of national construction directed by the Creole elites whose supposed main objective was to free all “Ecuadorians” from an alleged monarchical oppression exercised by a foreign enemy: the “Spanish”. Although some authors have stated that indigenous people, blacks, mestizos, zambos, pardos, mulatos and cholos obtained few benefits from Independence, all the school texts do not hesitate to confirm that thanks to the efforts of the Creole elites, heroes of the country who are to be venerated and praised, the Republic of Ecuador was able to be free.

scholarly journals The The Emigration of Muslims from the Greek state in the 19th century. An Outline

2020 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 97-122
Author(s):  
Krzysztof Popek
Keyword(s):  
Ottoman Empire ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Modern Greek ◽  
The Future ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Over Time

Modern Greek statehood began to take shape with the War of Independence that broke out in 1821 and continued with varying intensity for the next years. As a result of these events, the Greeks cast of the foreign rule, which for many not only meant separation from the Ottoman Empire, but also the expulsion of Muslims living in these lands. During the uprising, about 25 000 Muslims lost their lives, and a similar number emigrated from the territory of the future Greek state. The next great exodus of Muslims from Greek lands was related to the annexation of Thessaly by the Hellenic Kingdom, which was to a larger extent spread over time. Since the region was incorporated into Greece until the beginning of the 20th century, the 40 000-strong Islamic community had virtually disappeared.

scholarly journals The Formation of Historiography and Public Opinion in Mexico in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-89
Author(s):  
И.В. Селиванова
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mexican War ◽  
Historical Events ◽  
Mexican History ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Public Figures ◽  
Democratic Revolution ◽  
Key Events ◽  
The 19Th Century

В статье анализируется становление мексиканской историографии в XIX веке. Автор отмечает существенное влияние на формирование мексиканской исторической и общественной мысли таких ключевых событий независимой истории молодого мексиканского государства, как Война за независимость, борьба за сохранение территориальной целостности страны, либеральные реформы, гражданская война 1854–1860 годов и буржуазно-демократическая революция 1910–1917 годов. Эти проблемы прежде всего нашли отражение в первых исторических национальных исследованиях. Будучи важными государственными и общественными деятелями, первые мексиканские историки не ограничивались хронологическим описанием исторических событий страны, а стремились к формированию концепций мексиканской истории с учетом особенностей ее развития и значения автохтонных традиций. The article analyzes the development of Mexican historiography in the 19thcentury. The author underlines that the Mexican War of Independence, Mexican liberal reforms, the civil war of 1854–1870, and the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1910–1917 are key events whose influence on the formation of Mexican history and public opinion cannot be underestimated. The above mentioned milestones of Mexican history were investigated by the pioneers of Mexican historiography. Being prominent political and public figures, the pioneers of Mexican historiography did not only describe the chronology of historical events, but sought to develop a concept of Mexican history that would rest on Mexican traditions and peculiarities of the country’s development.

The First Censuses and the History of Statistics in Mexico

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leticia Mayer
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Mexico City ◽  
18Th Century ◽  
Central Office ◽  
Public Officials ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Sick People ◽  
History Of ◽  
History Of Statistics ◽  
The 19Th Century

During the viceregal period, the population of New Spain was counted various times. However, censuses, which can be called modern, did not begin until the end of the 18th century. The most important of these is the so-called Revillagigedo census, which led to a very interesting debate: should the population be counted one by one or is it better to calculate it with indirect data? This is a problem that continues to exist in the 21st century. In 1812, under the Constitution of Cádiz, all provinces, including overseas ones, were asked to carry out censuses and produce statistics, which led to a proliferation of figures during the first years of the War of Independence and afterward. From 1826 onward, “deviation from the norm” was registered. It was now important not only to count inhabitants but also to calculate how many criminals there were and how many sick people were registered in the statistics, which led to an effort at quantification. Both public officials and those regarded as “wise,” the scientists of the day, were interested in statistics. The low crime rate in Mexico City compared to Paris led to the assumption of the existence of an exceptional “Mexican type of man” with a very low percentage of criminals. The regularity offered by the “Law of Great Numbers” fascinated the inhabitants of the 19th century. However, in the second half of the century, statistical bulletins contained very grim data. Some doctors concerned with collecting statistics—who were actually public health reformers—produced terrible numbers; the mortality in Mexico City was horrifying. In order to verify and compare data, there was a great demand to create a specialized central office. This was founded in 1882 and was given the task of carrying out censuses at the end of the 19th century, something done successfully.

Spain in the 19th Century

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-122
Author(s):  
Hans-Ingo Radatz
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Civil Wars ◽  
Nation Building ◽  
Early Start ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
Clear Cut ◽  
American Colonies ◽  
Building Process ◽  
Modernization Process ◽  
The 19Th Century

Spain's nation building in the 19th century came to an early start during the War of Independence, but the new idea of a “Spanish Nation” soon ran into major adversities. When Fernando VII reinstated his absolutist monarchy, most of the American colonies broke away, and a series of civil wars turned Spain into a failed state for the greater part of the 19th century. During this period, an important segment of Catalonia's buoyant bourgeoisie tried to emulate Prussia's role in Germany and Piedmont's in Italy and pushed for Catalonia to become the leader of a modernization process. Catalan aspirations were, however, frustrated when in 1898 the last overseas colonies were lost and the Generación del 1898 rebooted the Spanish nation-building process – now as a European country with a clear-cut centralist and Castilian ideology behind it. Modern regional nationalism in Spain can only be understood against the background of these developments in the 19th century.

scholarly journals Enlightenment and School History in 19th Century Greece: the Case of Gerostathis by Leon Melas (1862-1901)

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Harris Athanasiades
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Philip Ii ◽  
Political Autonomy ◽  
War Of Independence ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
School History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Byzantine Period ◽  
The Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

Students in present-day Greek schools are taught History as a biography of the Greek nation from the Mycenaean times to the present. Over the course of three millennia, the Greek nation has experienced three periods of cultural flourishing and political autonomy: (i) the period of Antiquity (from the times of legendary King Agamemnon to those of Alexander the Great), (ii) the Byzantine period (from Justinian’s ascension in the 6th century to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453), and (iii) the modern era (from the War of Independence in 1821 to the present day). However, in this article we argue that in the 19th century the history taught in Greek schools differed substantially from the tripartite schema described above. In support of our thesis, we examine the most popular school textbook of the 19th century, O Gerostathis, by Leon Melas. In the Gerostathis, the history of the Greek nation is identified with that of Classical Greece (i.e. from the 6th century BC to the 4th century BC), which is held up as an exemplary era worthy of emulation. In contrast, the rise of Macedon under Philip II signals the cultural decline of the Greeks and the loss of their political autonomy, which was not regained for two millennia, until the 1821 national revolution. In that period, the Greek nation ceased not to exist, but survived as a subjugate of the Macedonians, the Romans, and finally the Ottomans. The Byzantine, on the other hand, is described as an unremarkable period of decadence that is only worth mentioning in relation to its final period, that of the Palaeologus dynasty, which bestowed upon the Greeks a legacy of resistance against the Ottomans. We argue that the above reading of the Greek past owed much to the Enlightenment, which as an intellectual movement still exerted a powerful influence (albeit to a gradually diminishing degree) on Greek intellectuals up to the latter third of the 19th century.

Grammatical Descriptions in Manchu Grammar Books from the Qing Dynasty

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-55
Author(s):  
Takashi Takekoshi
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Qing Dynasty ◽  
The Qing Dynasty ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
High Degree ◽  
The 19Th Century

In this paper, we analyse features of the grammatical descriptions in Manchu grammar books from the Qing Dynasty. Manchu grammar books exemplify how Chinese scholars gave Chinese names to grammatical concepts in Manchu such as case, conjugation, and derivation which exist in agglutinating languages but not in isolating languages. A thorough examination reveals that Chinese scholarly understanding of Manchu grammar at the time had attained a high degree of sophistication. We conclude that the reason they did not apply modern grammatical concepts until the end of the 19th century was not a lack of ability but because the object of their grammatical descriptions was Chinese, a typical isolating language.

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