Heidegger, Martin (1889–1976)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Caruana
Keyword(s):  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Western World ◽  
Paul Celan ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Being There ◽  
Mature Work

Born in Meßkirch, Germany, Martin Heidegger is renowned as a leading 20th-century philosopher of existentialism and phenomenology with far-reaching influence in the Western world. Heidegger helped advance – at the same time as he radicalized – the phenomenological project initiated by his mentor, Edmund Husserl. The publication of his magnum opus, Sein und Zeit, a work ranked by his student Emmanuel Levinas as one of the five greatest texts in the history of Western philosophy, established Heidegger as a major voice in European philosophy. Demolishing the claims and pretensions of the Cartesian subject, this work also gave expression to the groundless nature of Dasein ("being-there"), its inexorable projection towards the nothingness of its being and its struggle for authenticity, ideas that would shape the work of Alberto Giacometti, Paul Celan, and Jean-Paul Sartre. Heidegger’s relationship to modernism is simultaneously complementary and conflicted. Following in the wake of Friedrich Nietzsche’s sweeping philosophical attack, Heidegger’s work looms large as one of the most important philosophical critiques of the Western tradition, inspiring a wide-range of modernist and postmodern artists and theorists. Yet his mature work also exhibits a notable conservative streak that runs counter to some of the experimental and innovative thrust of modernist culture.

Jacques Lacan

Philosophy ◽  
2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Johnston
Keyword(s):  
Sigmund Freud ◽  
German Idealism ◽  
Mirror Stage ◽  
The Unconscious ◽  
Objet Petit A ◽  
Politics And Religion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
European Philosophy ◽  
History Of ◽  
19Th And 20Th Century

Jacques Marie Émile Lacan (b. 13 April 1901–d. 9 September 1981) arguably is the most creative and influential figure in the history of psychoanalysis after Sigmund Freud. Lacan portrays himself as an embattled defender of Freud’s true legacy within and beyond analytic circles, the lone champion of a “return to Freud.” His teachings emphasize the crucial differences between the Freudian unconscious and speciously similar notions such as that of the id as a dark, seething cauldron of irrational, animalistic instincts. He stresses especially the centrality of language in psychoanalysis, with the unconscious subject at stake in analysis being constituted and sustained through socio-symbolic mediations (as per Lacan’s famous thesis according to which “the unconscious is structured like a language”). Dubbed “the French Freud,” Lacan significantly broadened and deepened Freudianism through putting Freud’s discoveries into conversation with a wide range of other disciplines and orientations. In particular, Lacan’s reflections draw frequently and extensively on the resources of 19th- and 20th-century Continental philosophical currents such as German idealism, structuralism, semiotics, phenomenology, and existentialism. Indeed, not only did Lacan inspire the formation of distinctly Lacanian clinical approaches—perhaps his greatest worldwide impact has been (and continues to be) in the fields of the theoretical humanities, themselves heavily indebted to the past two centuries of European philosophy. Over the course of recent decades, Lacan’s concepts/theories of, for instance, the mirror stage, subjectivity, language, desire, drive, jouissance, fantasy, and the objet petit a all have come to serve as key components in numerous scholars’ explorations of issues and instances relating to philosophy, art, literature, cinema, culture, politics, and religion, among other areas of concern. Furthermore, like Freud, Lacan remains a source of heated controversy among various commentators and critics right up through the present day.

Ireland and the Black Atlantic in the eighteenth century

2000 ◽  
Vol 32 (126) ◽  
pp. 174-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nini Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Western World ◽  
Atlantic Trade ◽  
Economic Progress ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Actual Operation

In the second half of the twentieth century few subjects have excited more extensive historical debate in the western world than black slavery. American investigation has centred upon the actual operation of the institution. An impressively wide range of historical techniques, cliometrics, comparative history, cultural studies, the imagination of the novelist, have all been employed in a vigorous attempt to recover and evaluate the slave past. In Britain, the first great power to abolish the Atlantic trade and emancipate her slaves, the emphasis has been on the development of the anti-slavery movement, described by W. E. H. Lecky in 1869 as ‘a crusade’ to be rated ‘amongst the three or four perfectly virtuous pages comprised in the history of nations’, and therefore an obvious candidate for twentieth-century revision. Any discussion of black slavery in the New World immediately involves the historian in economic matters. Here the nineteenth-century orthodoxy launched by Adam Smith and developed by J. S. Mill and his friend J. E. Cairnes, author of The slave power (1862) and professor of political economy and jurisprudence in Queen’s College, Galway, saw slavery as both morally wrong and economically unsound, an anachronism in the modern world. Since the 1970s this view has been challenged head-on by American historians arguing that, however morally repugnant, slavery was a dynamic system, an engine of economic progress in the U.S.A. Such a thesis inevitably revives some of the arguments used by the nineteenth-century defenders of slavery and has equally inevitably attracted bitter anti-revisionist denunciation.

scholarly journals The history of psychotherapy. Lecture 2. Historical background of psychotherapy (Part III)

2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 115-131
Author(s):  
I.B. Grinshpun
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Natural Science ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Historical Background ◽  
Direct Influence ◽  
Existential Psychotherapy ◽  
Mental Functions ◽  
History Of Psychotherapy ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of

This publication continues a series of lectures by Igor Borisovich Grinshpun about the history of psychotherapy. This part is devoted to the influence of XIX cen- tury psychology and philosophy to the psychotherapy and describes a wide range of personalities of that time. It traces the development of the natural science line from Wundt’s up to the American behaviorism. We consider some of the ideas of F. Brentano, and their development in the phenomenology of Edmund Husserl and Martin Heidegger existentialism. Indirect and direct influence of this philosophical approaches to different areas of psychotherapy is analyzed. The founded by Dil- they humanitarian direction in psychology are considered , which became a base for humanistic and existential psychotherapy. The meaning of the hermeneutics of for psychotherapy is discussed. The analysis of the A. Pushkin writings’ fragments in terms of hermeneutics is done. It addresses the issue of diagnosis in psychiatry and psychotherapy. The influence of F. Galton ideas and inventions to psychology and psychotherapy is described. There is shown the connection between the pseudosci- ence phrenology and the doctrine of the localization of mental functions, which is important for the development of psychiatry and clinical psychology.

Martin Heidegger: Middle Works

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Martin Heidegger ◽  
Edmund Husserl ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Being And Time ◽  
Major Influence ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Dominant Ideologies ◽  
History Of

Martin Heidegger (b. 1889–d. 1976) is a central figure in 20th-century philosophy. Especially in his early works, most notably Being and Time (1927), Heidegger critically continues the tradition of phenomenology inaugurated by Edmund Husserl (b. 1859–d. 1938). Heidegger’s philosophy has been a major influence on a number of important philosophers in their own right, including Hans-Georg Gadamer (b. 1900–d. 2002), Maurice Merleau-Ponty (b. 1908–d. 1961), Hannah Arendt (b. 1906–d. 1975), Paul Ricoeur (b. 1913–d. 2005), Michel Foucault (b. 1926–d. 1984), Jacques Derrida (b. 1930–d. 2004), and Richard Rorty (b. 1931–d. 2007). His work has also impacted other disciplines, such as theology, literary and cultural studies, art theory, and the theory of architecture. Heidegger is primarily known for his work in metaphysics and existential philosophy, but he has also made much-discussed contributions to a wide range of philosophical topics, including the study of numerous authors from the history of philosophy. The German edition of his collected works (Gesamtausgabe, or GA) includes published writings, lecture courses, seminars, and manuscripts. Once completed, it will include 102 volumes. To manage this rich material, Heidegger’s philosophy is often divided into different periods. Although how to demarcate these periods is itself a matter of scholarly debate, Oxford Bibliographies divides his work into an early, middle, and later period. This entry treats the middle period of his thought (roughly 1933–1945). It coincides with the rise to power of the German National Socialist Party, in which Heidegger was involved as rector of the University of Freiburg, the Second World War, and the Holocaust. Although Heidegger rarely addresses these events directly, this period in particular should not be considered without taking into account these events and the dominant ideologies of the time. Heidegger’s major concerns during this period are with the experience of art, the philosophy of history, and the history of Western philosophy in particular. Heidegger gives a few important lectures and lecture series during this time that were later edited. These should be the starting point for any reading. The major body of his writing during this period, however, consists of manuscripts, notes, and course materials, which are more difficult to assess. In using this bibliography, be sure to also check the entries on the early and later period of Heidegger’s works. Although the focus of Heidegger’s philosophical concern shifts, many themes continue to be relevant throughout his works. Often, scholars writing on Heidegger take into account his development as whole, and relevant literature may be treated in another entry. This bibliography aims to be inclusive with regard to schools of thought and interpretations of Heidegger. It is not exhaustive but rather an attempt to identify useful starting points for individual study within the more recent literature on Heidegger.

Better Living through Dread: Medieval Ascetics, Modern Philosophers, and the Long History of Existential Anxiety

PMLA ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 130 (5) ◽  
pp. 1285-1301 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Megna
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Middle English ◽  
Devotional Literature ◽  
Christian Tradition ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Existential Anxiety ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Ex Nihilo

Intellectual historians often credit S⊘ren Kierkegaard as existential anxiety's prime mover. Arguing against this popular sentiment, this essay reads Kierkegaard not as the ex nihilo inventor of existential anxiety but as a modern practitioner of a deep-historical, dread-based asceticism. Examining a wide range of Middle English devotional literature alongside some canonical works of modern existentialism, it argues that Kierkegaard and the existentialists who followed him participated in a Judeo-Christian tradition of dread-based asceticism, the popularity of which had dwindled since the Middle Ages but never vanished. Following medieval ascetics, modern philosophers like Kierkegaard, Martin Heidegger, and Jean-Paul Sartre cultivated and analyzed anxiety in an effort to embody authenticity. By considering premodern ascetics early existentialists and modern existentialists latter-day ascetics, the essay sees the long history of existential anxiety as an ascetic tradition built around the ethical goal of living better through dread.

The Shock of a Radical Novelty: The Early Deleuze and the Gaps of Sense

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 63-88
Keyword(s):  
David Hume ◽  
History Of Philosophy ◽  
The Political ◽  
Jean Paul ◽  
History Of ◽  
Academic Philosophy ◽  
Philosophical Texts ◽  
Post War ◽  
Mature Work ◽  
European Thought

The article analyzes the evolution of Gilles Deleuze’s early philosophy by bringing into focus his recently republished journalistic articles from the late 1940s, which are unfamiliar to the Russian reader, as well as his first studies during the 1950s of the history of philosophy. The paper provides a context for his philosophy within the political and aesthetic debates of the post-War period and also alongside the academic philosophy of the time. Particular attention is devoted to the influence of Jean-Paul Sartre and Deleuze’s rupture with existentialism, which the young Deleuze wanted to replace with a new version of philosophical anti-humanism. During those years Deleuze was delving into the history of philosophy through such thinkers as David Hume and Henri Bergson, who were unusual choices at that time. In them Deleuze saw the potential for an extensive project, the “higher empiricism” which would play an important role in Deleuze’s mature work over the next three decades. In his analysis of this hypothetical empiricism, Deleuze found common traits between both of those philosophers that led him to propose a new reading. That interpretation ran counter to the critical consensus of the day that pigeon-holed Hume as a radical sceptic and Bergson as a spiritualist. The author concludes that Deleuze in his early work on the history of European thought had already elaborated his own particular way of working with classical philosophical texts and concepts by turning their creators into conceptual characters who were part of his own philosophical undertaking

Essays on Frege's Basic Laws of Arithmetic

2019 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
History Of Logic ◽  
Major Work ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
Complete Translation ◽  
Oxford University Press

This volume is the first collection of essays that focuses on Frege’s Basic Laws of Arithmetic, vol. I and II, and aims to highlight the technical as well as philosophical richness of Gottlob Frege’s (1848–1925) major work. The companion contains twenty-two original articles by twenty-two Frege scholars, whose contributions discuss a wide range of topics arising from Basic Laws of Arithmetic. The volume aims to make vivid the importance of Frege’s magnum opus not only for Frege scholarship but also for the study of the history of logic, mathematics, and philosophy. With this collection, we celebrate the publication of the first complete translation of Frege’s Basic Laws of Arithmetic, which appeared in 2013 with Oxford University Press.

Group Experiences and Individual Differences in Stuttering

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 4335-4350 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seth E. Tichenor ◽  
J. Scott Yaruss
Keyword(s):  
Individual Differences ◽  
Support Groups ◽  
Support Group ◽  
Affective States ◽  
Life Outcomes ◽  
Self Help ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group Experiences ◽  
History Of ◽  
Adults Who Stutter

Purpose This study explored group experiences and individual differences in the behaviors, thoughts, and feelings perceived by adults who stutter. Respondents' goals when speaking and prior participation in self-help/support groups were used to predict individual differences in reported behaviors, thoughts, and feelings. Method In this study, 502 adults who stutter completed a survey examining their behaviors, thoughts, and feelings in and around moments of stuttering. Data were analyzed to determine distributions of group and individual experiences. Results Speakers reported experiencing a wide range of both overt behaviors (e.g., repetitions) and covert behaviors (e.g., remaining silent, choosing not to speak). Having the goal of not stuttering when speaking was significantly associated with more covert behaviors and more negative cognitive and affective states, whereas a history of self-help/support group participation was significantly associated with a decreased probability of these behaviors and states. Conclusion Data from this survey suggest that participating in self-help/support groups and having a goal of communicating freely (as opposed to trying not to stutter) are associated with less negative life outcomes due to stuttering. Results further indicate that the behaviors, thoughts, and experiences most commonly reported by speakers may not be those that are most readily observed by listeners.

Introduction: Emotion, History and the Arts

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 117-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Sullivan ◽  
Marie Louise Herzfeld-Schild
Keyword(s):  
Historical Change ◽  
Carson Mccullers ◽  
Emotional Life ◽  
Review Section ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
War Correspondents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Johan Huizinga

This introduction surveys the rise of the history of emotions as a field and the role of the arts in such developments. Reflecting on the foundational role of the arts in the early emotion-oriented histories of Johan Huizinga and Jacob Burkhardt, as well as the concerns about methodological impressionism that have sometimes arisen in response to such studies, the introduction considers how intensive engagements with the arts can open up new insights into past emotions while still being historically and theoretically rigorous. Drawing on a wide range of emotionally charged art works from different times and places—including the novels of Carson McCullers and Harriet Beecher-Stowe, the private poetry of neo-Confucian Chinese civil servants, the photojournalism of twentieth-century war correspondents, and music from Igor Stravinsky to the Beatles—the introduction proposes five ways in which art in all its forms contributes to emotional life and consequently to emotional histories: first, by incubating deep emotional experiences that contribute to formations of identity; second, by acting as a place for the expression of private or deviant emotions; third, by functioning as a barometer of wider cultural and attitudinal change; fourth, by serving as an engine of momentous historical change; and fifth, by working as a tool for emotional connection across communities, both within specific time periods but also across them. The introduction finishes by outlining how the special issue's five articles and review section address each of these categories, while also illustrating new methodological possibilities for the field.

History of the Study of Apocrypha in Early Medieval England

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 13-26
Author(s):  
Brandon W. Hawk
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Medieval England ◽  
Medieval Period ◽  
Early Medieval ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Early Judaism ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Early English

Literature written in England between about 500 and 1100 CE attests to a wide range of traditions, although it is clear that Christian sources were the most influential. Biblical apocrypha feature prominently across this corpus of literature, as early English authors clearly relied on a range of extra-biblical texts and traditions related to works under the umbrella of what have been called “Old Testament Pseudepigrapha” and “New Testament/Christian Apocrypha." While scholars of pseudepigrapha and apocrypha have long trained their eyes upon literature from the first few centuries of early Judaism and early Christianity, the medieval period has much to offer. This article presents a survey of significant developments and key threads in the history of scholarship on apocrypha in early medieval England. My purpose is not to offer a comprehensive bibliography, but to highlight major studies that have focused on the transmission of specific apocrypha, contributed to knowledge about medieval uses of apocrypha, and shaped the field from the nineteenth century up to the present. Bringing together major publications on the subject presents a striking picture of the state of the field as well as future directions.

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