Solving complex circuits: network theorems

2015 ◽  
pp. 11-46
Keyword(s):  
Complex Circuits

scholarly journals Reduced Interhemispheric Coherence in Cerebellar Kainic Acid-Induced Lateralized Dystonia

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Laura Georgescu Margarint ◽  
Ioana Antoaneta Georgescu ◽  
Carmen Denise Mihaela Zahiu ◽  
Stefan-Alexandru Tirlea ◽  
Alexandru Rǎzvan Şteopoaie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Motor Cortex ◽  
Kainic Acid ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Muscular Activity ◽  
Cerebellar Hemisphere ◽  
Interhemispheric Coherence ◽  
General Locomotor Activity ◽  
Complex Circuits ◽  
The Right

The execution of voluntary muscular activity is controlled by the primary motor cortex, together with the cerebellum and basal ganglia. The synchronization of neural activity in the intracortical network is crucial for the regulation of movements. In certain motor diseases, such as dystonia, this synchrony can be altered in any node of the cerebello-cortical network. Questions remain about how the cerebellum influences the motor cortex and interhemispheric communication. This research aims to study the interhemispheric cortical communication between the motor cortices during dystonia, a neurological movement syndrome consisting of sustained or repetitive involuntary muscle contractions. We pharmacologically induced lateralized dystonia to adult male albino mice by administering low doses of kainic acid on the left cerebellar hemisphere. Using electrocorticography and electromyography, we investigated the power spectral densities, cortico-muscular, and interhemispheric coherence between the right and left motor cortices, before and during dystonia, for five consecutive days. Mice displayed lateralized abnormal motor signs, a reduced general locomotor activity, and a high score of dystonia. The results showed a progressive interhemispheric coherence decrease in low-frequency bands (delta, theta, beta) during the first 3 days. The cortico-muscular coherence of the affected side had a significant increase in gamma bands on days 3 and 4. In conclusion, lateralized cerebellar dysfunction during dystonia was associated with a loss of connectivity in the motor cortices, suggesting a possible cortical compensation to the initial disturbances induced by cerebellar left hemisphere kainate activation by blocking the propagation of abnormal oscillations to the healthy hemisphere. However, the cerebellum is part of several overly complex circuits, therefore other mechanisms can still be involved in this phenomenon.

scholarly journals A scientist engineer’s contribution to therapeutic discovery and development

2018 ◽  
Vol 243 (14) ◽  
pp. 1125-1132 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer L Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Drug Development ◽  
Drug Effects ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Empirical Models ◽  
Development Costs ◽  
Therapeutic Development ◽  
Forward Engineering ◽  
Tool Set ◽  
Complex Circuits ◽  
Cellular Components

An engineering perspective views cells as complex circuits that process inputs – drugs, environmental cues – to create complex outcomes – disease, growth, death – and this perspective has immense potential for drug development. Logical rules can describe the features of cells and reductionist approaches have exploited these rules for drug development. In contrast, the reductionist approach serially characterizes cellular components and develops a deep understanding of each component’s specific role. This approach underutilizes the full system of biomolecules relevant to disease pathology and drug effects. An engineering perspective provides the tools to understand and leverage the full extent of biological systems; applying both reverse and forward engineering, a strength of the engineering approach has demonstrated progress in advancing understanding of disease and drug mechanisms. Drug development lacks sufficient engineering specifications, or empirical models, of drug pharmacodynamic effects and future efforts to derive empirical models of drug effects will streamline this development. At this stage of progress, the scientist engineer is uniquely poised to solve problems in therapeutics related to modulating multiple diseases with a single or multiple therapeutic agents and identifying pharmacodynamics biomarkers with knowledge of drug pathways. This article underscores the value of these principles in an age where drug development costs are soaring and finding efficacious therapies is challenging. Impact statement Many untreated diseases are not monogenic and are instead caused by multiple genetic defects. Because of this complexity, computational, logical, and systems understanding will be essential to discovering novel therapies. The scientist engineer is uniquely disposed to use this type of understanding to advance therapeutic discovery. This work highlights benefits of the scientist engineer perspective and underscores the potential impact of these approaches for future therapeutic development. By framing the scientist engineer’s tool set and increasing awareness about this approach, this article stands to impact future therapeutic development efforts in an age of rising development costs and high drug attrition.

scholarly journals Fisheries Management Influence on Some Ecophysiological Groups of Bacteria in Lotic Ecosystems Of the Cefa Nature Park (Romania)

2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-80
Author(s):  
Marioara Nicoleta Filimon ◽  
Patricia Drăguşin ◽  
Cristina Drăguşin ◽  
Roxana Popescu ◽  
Maria Mugur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fishery Management ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Lotic Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Park ◽  
Decomposition Processes ◽  
Number Of Microorganisms ◽  
Nature Park ◽  
Complex Circuits ◽  
Water Quality And Quantity

ABSTRACT The nutrient circuit in aquatic ecosystems may seem simple, but the truth is that nutrient biochemical circuits are rather complex. Circuits are established by a series of interconnected biological, chemical and physical processes. Human activities lead to degradation of wet fields. Water quality and quantity have been changed, especially the quantity of polluting substances. Bacteriological studies in lotic ecosystems from Cefa Nature Park were carried out to establish four ecophysiologic microorganism groups: nitrogen-fixing bacteria, amonifying bacteria, nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria. Recorded values differ greatly from one species to the other according to sample points and season. Higher values in autumn are due to an increased intake of organic matter at the end of the vegetation period. Decomposition processes are intensified because of a growing number of microorganisms. Fishery management influences qualitative and quantitative variations in the microorganism communities of the lotic ecosystems in Cefa Natural Park.

scholarly journals Computer Numerically Controlled Drawing Robot Based on Computer-Aided Design

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antor Mahamudul Hashan ◽  
Abdullah Haidari ◽  
Srishti Saha ◽  
Titas Paul
Keyword(s):  
Open Source ◽  
Computer Aided Design ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Numerical Control ◽  
Computer Aided ◽  
Complex Circuits ◽  
Open Source Hardware ◽  
Aided Design

Due to the rapid development of technology, the use of numerically controlled machines in the industry is increasing. The main idea behind this paper is computer-aided design (CAD) based low-cost computer numerical control 2D drawing robot that can accurately draw complex circuits, diagrams, logos, etc. The system is created using open-source hardware and software, which makes it available at a low cost. The open-source LibreCAD application has been used for computer-aided design. Geometric data of a CAD model is converted to coordinate points using the python-based F-Engrave application. This system uses the Arduino UNO board as a signal generator of the universal g-code sender without compromising the performance. The proposed drawing robot is designed as a low-cost robot for educational purposes and aims to increase the student's interest in robotics and computer-aided design (CAD) skills to the next level. The drawing robot structure has been developed, and it meets the requirements of low cost with satisfactory experimental results.

scholarly journals Design and Analysis of High Speed Low Power Hybrid Adder Using Transmission Gates

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 07-12
Author(s):  
Prof. Amruta Bijwar
Keyword(s):  
Power Dissipation ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Arithmetic Operation ◽  
Vlsi Design ◽  
Full Adder ◽  
Basic Component ◽  
Xnor Gate ◽  
Transmission Gates ◽  
Design Systems ◽  
Complex Circuits

Addition is the vital arithmetic operation and it acts as a base for many arithmetic operations such as multipliers, dividers, etc. A full adder acts as a basic component in complex circuits. Full adder is the essential segment in many applications such as DSP, Microcontroller, Microprocessor, etc. There exists an inevitable swap between speed and power indulgence in VLSI design systems. A new modified hybrid 1-bit full adder using TG is presented. Here, the circuit is replaced with a simple XNOR gate, which increases the speed. Due to this, transistor count gets reduced results in better optimization of area. The analysis has been carried out also for 2, 4, 8 and 16 bit and it is compared with the various techniques. The result shows a significant improvement in speed, area, power dissipation and transistor counts.

scholarly journals ‘Leaving Dublin’: Photographic portrayals of post-Celtic Tiger emigration – a sociological analysis

2018 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 635-653
Author(s):  
Breda Gray
Keyword(s):  
Visual Culture ◽  
Documentary Photography ◽  
Sociological Analysis ◽  
Celtic Tiger ◽  
Media Environment ◽  
Immigration And Emigration ◽  
Multiple Media ◽  
Complex Circuits ◽  
Media Channels ◽  
The City

This article analyses David Monahan’s photographic portrait series of over 120 people before emigrating from post-Celtic Tiger Ireland, entitled ‘Leaving Dublin’. As a digital series that circulates across multiple media channels, it moves beyond the tradition of documentary photography into a more hybrid aesthetic, political and media environment. As well as inserting these images in multiple circulatory platforms and replicable formats, the series disrupts the dominant visual culture of emigration by expressively recasting how it is seen and thought. This article argues that the highly stylised and unsentimental aesthetic adopted by Monahan pushes the images beyond the established visual culture of sentimental departure, visualising instead transnational and multicultural histories and politics through complex circuits of migration. As such, it highlights what Mieke Bal sees as the instability of migratory culture in the city landscape. At the same time, however, it re-enacts particular social distinctions and divisions. Just as new trajectories, relationalites and stories ‘appear’ as constitutive of Dublin and contemporary mobility, so also other trajectories, relationalities and mobilities are disappeared in ways that keep an exclusionary topography and politics of mobility in place. This is evident in the insistent and persistent separation between Irish asylum-seeking/immigration and emigration-focused digital photographic projects. So, although digitisation facilitates reflexive ways of communicating contemporary migration, and Monahan’s project succeeds in forging subtle connections, it also re-enacts structured disconnection and forgetting.

scholarly journals Femtosecond Laser Direct Writing of Integrated Photonic Quantum Chips for Generating Path-Encoded Bell States

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1111
Author(s):  
Meng Li ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
Yang Chen ◽  
Xifeng Ren ◽  
Qihuang Gong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Femtosecond Laser ◽  
Quantum Computation ◽  
Logic Gates ◽  
Quantum Circuit ◽  
Bell States ◽  
Direct Writing ◽  
Laser Direct Writing ◽  
Quantum Logic Gates ◽  
Complex Circuits ◽  
Computation Algorithms

Integrated photonic quantum chip provides a promising platform to perform quantum computation, quantum simulation, quantum metrology and quantum communication. Femtosecond laser direct writing (FLDW) is a potential technique to fabricate various integrated photonic quantum chips in glass. Several quantum logic gates fabricated by FLDW have been reported, such as polarization and path encoded quantum controlled-NOT (CNOT) gates. By combining several single qubit gates and two qubit gates, the quantum circuit can realize different functions, such as generating quantum entangled states and performing quantum computation algorithms. Here we demonstrate the FLDW of integrated photonic quantum chips composed of one Hadamard gate and one CNOT gate for generating all four path-encoded Bell states. The experimental results show that the average fidelity of the reconstructed truth table reaches as high as 98.8 ± 0.3%. Our work is of great importance to be widely applied in many quantum circuits, therefore this technique would offer great potential to fabricate more complex circuits to realize more advanced functions.

Integrated multifunctional flexible electronics based on tough supramolecular hydrogels with patterned silver nanowires

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (23) ◽  
pp. 7688-7697 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fengbo Zhu ◽  
Si Yu Zheng ◽  
Ji Lin ◽  
Zi Liang Wu ◽  
Jun Yin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flexible Electronics ◽  
Tensile Strain ◽  
Silver Nanowires ◽  
Conductive Hydrogel ◽  
Complex Circuits ◽  
Hydrogel System

A hybrid conductive hydrogel system was facilely integrated with complex circuits. The obtained hydrogel electronics show excellent mechanical and electrical performances, enable monitoring tensile strain, pressure, and temperature.

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