scholarly journals Teoretyczny rozdział kompetencji pomiędzy dawnymi medykami i chirurgami a codzienna praktyka lecznicza opisana w egodokumentach staropolskich

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-102
Author(s):  
Jakub Węglorz
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practice ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Background ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Legal Restrictions ◽  
Medical Professions ◽  
Education Model ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Therapeutic Activities ◽  
The Church

Theoretical Division of Competences Between Physicians and Surgeons, and the Daily Medical Practice Described in Old-Polish Egodocuments It is predominantly accepted in the historiography of European medicine that, apart from the differences in education, there was a division of competences between physicians educated at universities and barber-surgeons trained in the guild system in terms of their theoretical background. Regardless of the former stereotypes – dating back to the 19th century – relating to the Church-imposed restrictions in teaching surgery at universities, it is believed that the actual differences in terms of competences must have influenced the scope of the undertaken therapeutic activities. A different education model and the predominance of either theoretical or practical knowledge among representatives of these groups resulted in different treatment methods and a different perception of the causes of the disease. Physicians with mainly theoretical knowledge are often put in opposition to practising barber-surgeons. While it seems that the reluctance to bloody operations (sometimes articulated by the surgeons themselves) was a reason for the limited involvement of physicians in the barber-surgeon practice, it is difficult to clearly indicate the factors that would prevent surgeons from dealing with “non-operational” treatment. The article attempts to answer the question to what extent the then-existing differences in education and legal restrictions influenced the actual division of therapeutic tasks and the functioning of various medical professions as viewed from the patient’s perspective.

Dante’s claims in and around Paradiso 25

2021 ◽  
pp. 001458582110225
Author(s):  
Lino Pertile
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Theological Virtues ◽  
The Church

The extraordinary claims that Dante makes in cantos 24–26 of Paradiso with regard to both his theoretical knowledge and his actual ‘possession’ of the three theological virtues – Faith, Hope and Charity – do not seem to be entirely consistent with the story of a character who, only a few days earlier, was struggling in the dark forest and about to succumb to intellectual bewilderment and moral straying. Why else was that character so close to spiritual death if not because he lacked those virtues which he now claims to know so profoundly and hold in supreme measure? This paper argues first, that Dante here transcends any distinction that may operate elsewhere in the poem between Dante as character, narrator and author; second, that his claims make sense in the context of his circumstances at the time when he composed cantos 24–26 of Paradiso, i.e. on or just before 1320, twenty years after the fictional date of his journey to the Otherworld; and third, that he is likely to have made such claims in order to preempt any attack on himself, his poem and his mission as theologian, prophet and reformer of the Church.

“The Sympathy of Experience With Life!” – Understanding Practical Knowledge From Heidegger to Gadamer and Back

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2 supplement) ◽  
pp. 165-179
Author(s):  
Alina Noveanu
Keyword(s):  
Human Body ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Philosophical Hermeneutics ◽  
Phenomenological Hermeneutics

"For both Gadamer’s project of a philosophical hermeneutics as for Heidegger’s early understanding of facticity (Faktizität) as practical knowledge, the problem of application is central and is always linked to the specific conditions under which an individual decides to act within a community. Both also agree on the fact that the sciences of man do involve more than the epistemic subject, this is why the context i.e. the phenomenological concept of ‘world’ becomes part of the understanding process, one that cannot be ignored or transformed into an abstract matter. Understanding is therefore also in a specific way ‘historical’, as the application is dictated by momentary circumstances in life situations, which come before any use of theoretical knowledge and thus do not represent an appendix to theory. While Gadamer continuously insisted on the idea of a practical knowledge (Wissen) that surpasses the separations between theory and praxis, sophia and phronesis, Heidegger radicalized the idea of active thinking as an experience of language in connection to an essential ‘perception’ of Being itself, that goes beyond any subjectivity. The term by which he often characterizes this essential thinking (wesentliches Denken) is Vernehmen: a kind of receptive thinking. This conception of receptive thinking, as some conversations around the Zollikon Seminars and Le Thor/Zähringen will briefly show, lead Heidegger also to some interesting considerations on the human body. Keywords: practical knowledge, historicity, life, body, Vernehmen, phenomenological hermeneutics, world. "

Relations between the Russian Empire and the Orthodox Church of the East as Exemplified in the Collection of Greek Engravings of The Church Archaeological Museum at the Moscow Theological Academy

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-77
Author(s):  
Анна Леонидовна Краснова
Keyword(s):  
Russian Empire ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Church Of The East ◽  
Holy Places ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Church ◽  
Made In

В XVIII в. на основании общего интереса к святыням Востока, а также единой тенденции для крупных монастырей изготавливать гравюры на память для паломников, многие греческие гравюры свидетели русско-афонских отношений попадают на территорию Российской Империи. Сохранились такие гравюры и в Церковноархеологического кабинете Московской духовной академии, собрание которых насчитывает 29 эстампов. Пять гравюр из этого собрания имеют надписи на греческом и на славянском языке. Надписи свидетельствуют о месте и времени создания гравюры, о граверах и заказчиках, являются источниками кратких исторических сведений. В статье приведены выявленные дополнительные факты об этих гравюрах, которые свидетельствуют о наличии церковных, экономических и политических отношений на базе культурных связей между Российской Империей и странами православного Востока. The Russ has always been supporting the relationship with the Orthodox Church of the East. As a result of these connections, we have a lot of icons and other gifts from The Mount Athos, The Saint Catherine’s Monastery and others holy places. There are five Greek engravings in the collection of The Museum of Church Archaeology at the Moscow Theological Academy, which have inscriptions in Greek and Slavic. These engravings were to be spread in Slavic countries. They are dated from the 17th to the 19th century. Some of them were made in Moscow. The images and the inscriptions of the engravings are the subject of a research presented in this article.

On the Origin of the Zaraysk Gospel

2021 ◽  
Vol 70 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-204
Author(s):  
Alexey B. Mazurov ◽  
Alexander V. Rodionov
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
Theoretical Development ◽  
Old Russian ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Art Historians ◽  
Ancient Manuscripts ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Temple ◽  
The Church

The article considers theoretical development of the problem of the origin and provenance in the 15th — the first quarter of the 19th century of the famous Old Russian book monument — the Zaraysk Gospel. Although it has repeatedly attracted the attention of archaeographers, textologists, paleographers, linguists and art historians, this article is the first experience of studying these issues. Created in 1401 in Moscow, the Gospel, which is parchment manuscript, was purchased in 1825 by K.F. Kalaidovich for Count N.P. Rumyantsev from the Zaraysk merchant K.I. Averin, that determined its name by the place of discovery. The scribe book of Zaraysk in 1625 in the altar of the Pyatnitsky chapel of the St. Nikolas wooden church (“which’s on the square”) in the city’s Posad, recorded the description of the manuscript Gospel, corresponding by a number of features to the Zaraysk Gospel. The connection of the codex with the St. Nicholas church is indirectly confirmed by the drawing of the church placed on one of its pages (f. 156 ver.) with the remains of inscription mentioning St. Nicholas the Wonderworker. This allows concluding that the manuscript in the 17th century was in the book collection of the temple. In the 17th century, the ancient St. Nicholas church was re-consecrated to the Epiphany, and the sacristy was moved to the stone St. Nicholas cathedral in Zaraysk. It is most likely that in the first quarter of the 19th century, the merchant K.I. Averin purchased the Gospel from the members of the cathedral’s clergy. The article analyzes the context of the early contributions of the 15th century “to the Miraculous Icon of St. Nikolas of Zaraysk”, one of which, most likely, was the parchment Zaraysk Gospel. The authors assume that this contribution is related to the chronicle events of 1401 or 1408. The study is significant in terms of the theoretical development of methods for identifying ancient manuscripts and their origin.

scholarly journals Church-Slavonic Elements as a Source of the Czech Biblical Style in the Period of the Czech National Revival (Unique Attempt of František Novotný from Luže)

Slovene ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 179-198
Author(s):  
Josef Bartoň
Keyword(s):  
High Probability ◽  
Strong Influence ◽  
Word Formation ◽  
Past Participle ◽  
Biblical Text ◽  
Slavonic Language ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Biblical Translation ◽  
The Church

The article deals with linguistic aspects of a Czech Biblical text originating in the period of the beginning of the Czech National Revival which has until recently been entirely forgotten. The text is a Tetraevangelion written by a Catholic priest František Novotný from Luže (1768–1826), an almost forgotten contemporary and collaborator of the great representatives of the Czech National Revival Josef Dobrovský and Josef Jungmann. Novotný was an expert on Latin, Greek, Church Slavonic and old and new Czech (he was also the author of the early grammar of Czech that was published in Czech). His four Gospels in Czech, published in 1810–1811, belong to the “learning type” translations. It continues the Czech Biblical translation tradition (at the turn of the 19th century represented primarily by the translation of the New Testament and of the entire Bible by František Faustin Procházka, which followed mainly the baroque Catholic St Wenceslas Bible and the Kralice Bible of the Moravian brethren), but has many specific features. The article focuses on the phenomenon that manifested itself (during the author's research of Novotný's text lasting several years) as its main and most interesting trait, namely, a strong influence of the Church Slavonic Biblical text, which is an absolutely rare phenomenon at the beginning of the Czech National Revival. The author, confronting the previous Biblical translation tradition with Novotný’s, reveals a number of innovations that were materialised in Novotný's translation and whose origin in the Church Slavonic Bible is certain or at least very probable. The innovations concern various levels of linguistic description, mainly syntax and lexicon, but also word formation and morphology. The most interesting of Novotný’s novelties is his usage of the adjectival past participle ending with -(v)ší, since this category was introduced into literary Czech in the period of the Czech Revival. It is also important that Church Slavonic is, with high probability, the only source of the enrichment and “refreshment” of the Czech Biblical style that is written in another Slavonic language (Novotný seems not to use any living Slavonic languages).

Court Singing Capella and Divine Рractice of the Russian Orthodox Church

2020 ◽  
pp. 126-136
Author(s):  
Константин Рева
Keyword(s):  
Russian Orthodox ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
Russian Orthodox Church ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
History Of ◽  
Liturgical Practice ◽  
Church Split ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Church

В настоящей статье предпринята попытка рассмотреть влияние Придворной певческой капеллы на развитие богослужебной практики Русской Православной Церкви в Синодальный период. После церковного раскола XVII в. продолжающееся развитие богослужебной практики не находило отражения в корпусе богослужебных книг. В XVII в. в Русской Церкви было два практически равновеликих по значению образцовых столичных хора: хор патриарших певчих дьяков и хор государевых певчих дьяков. С упразднением патриаршества и переносом столицы в Санкт¬-Петербург в Синодальный период истории Русской Православной Церкви Придворная певческая капелла стала главным церковным хоровым коллективом, основной обязанностью которого было пение за богослужением в придворных церквях. В XIX в. Придворная певческая капелла была на делена особыми административными правами в церковно-¬певческой сфере, связанны ми с цензурой церковно-¬певческих произведений и подготовкой церковных регентов. Исключительные права по изданию церковно¬-певческих книг в Русской Православной Церкви, закрепленные Святейшим Синодом за Придворной певческой капеллой, стали причиной широкого распространения литургических особенностей богослужения придворных церквей в Российской империи. Практика обязательной аттестации церковных регентов Придворной певческой капеллой усилила распространение не только её церковно-¬музыкальной традиции, но и придворного литургического порядка, что оказало существенное влияние на практику совершения кафедрального и приходского богослужения. Изучение богослужебной практики Русской Православной Церкви в XVIII-XX вв. немыслимо без учёта деятельности и наследия Придворной певческой капеллы. This article attempts to consider the influence of the Court Singing Chapel on the development of divine practice of the Russian Orthodox Church during the synodal period. After the Church split of the 17th century, the continuing development of liturgical practice was not re flected in the corpus of liturgical books. In the XVII century the Russian Church had two almost equal in importance exemplary Metropolitan choirs: the choir of Patriarchal singing deacons and the choir of sovereign singing deacons. With the abolition of the Patriarchate and the transfer of the capital to Saint Petersburg during the Synodal period of the history of the Russian Orthodox Church, the Court singing Capella became the main Church choral group, whose main duty was to sing at divine services in the court churches. In the 19th century, the Court singing chapel was giv en special administrative rights in the Church singing sphere related to the censorship of Church singing works and the training of Church Regents. The exclusive rights to publish Church sing ing books in the Russian Orthodox Church, which were assigned by the Holy Synod to the Court singing chapel, caused a wide spread of liturgical features of the service of court churches in the Russian Empire. The practice of mandatory certification of Church Regents by the Court singingchapel has increased the spread of not only its Church music tradition, but also the court liturgical order, which has had a significant impact on the practice of performing Cathedral and parish ser vices. The study of the liturgical practice of the Russian Orthodox Church in the XVIII-XX centuries is unthinkable without taking into account the activities and heritage of the court singing chapel.

Nauczyciel – badacz. O zastosowaniu badania w działaniu przez nauczycieli i przyszłych nauczycieli języków obcych

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (23) ◽  
pp. 125-139
Author(s):  
Magdalena Witkowska
Keyword(s):  
Action Research ◽  
Foreign Language ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Classroom Teaching ◽  
Teaching Skills ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Teaching Activities ◽  
Learning And Teaching ◽  
Teacher Trainees

Action research (AR) as a research method has been recommended in the process of educating foreign language (FL) teachers as well as developing their teaching skills for decades. Many teacher education experts, including Elliott (1991) are of the opinion that the method contributes to teachers’ professional develpoment as they can extend their theoretical knowledge of the processes of learning and teaching through gaining the practical knowledge. Moreover, action research evokes the need for reflection upon one’s teaching activities. One may wonder whether FL teacher-practitoners apply AR in their teaching and how, if at all, it influences their classroom teaching. In order to learn about it, the author of the article conducted a questionnaire which provides interesting information about FL teachers’ attitude towards AR. The article aims at promoting AR as well as encouraging FL teachers and teacher-trainees to use the method in their work.

scholarly journals The Use of “the Big Five” in Assessing Levels of Adaptation in Dental Students at Various Stages of Their Education

2019 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 08025
Author(s):  
Larisa Litvinova ◽  
Lyubov’ Gubareva ◽  
Atsamaz Kaloyev ◽  
Yelena Grishilova
Keyword(s):  
Big Five ◽  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Social Contact ◽  
Dental Students ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Human Adaptation ◽  
Social Contacts ◽  
Actual Behaviour ◽  
Individual Character ◽  
Academic Workload

Current approaches in psychology look at human adaptation reserves as part of individual character. “the Big Five” evaluates subjects’ actual behaviour and levels of reserves of adaptation on each of the five scales. The results show reliably identifiable changes between the first and third years of study. Students acquire traits associated with introversion and reduce their social contacts (р≤0.01). A reduction to average is also visible in “Attachment – Detachment” (р≤0.05) and “Playfulness – Practicality” (р≤0.01). It can be seen that there is a reduction in the adaptation abilities of dental students between the first and third years in terms of social contact and the application of practical knowledge. Mastering the disciplines under study becomes harder, while the amount of theoretical knowledge and practical ability required increases, necessitating higher levels of concentration. Taking into account the increase in academic workload during this period, some of the above can be put down to stress.

scholarly journals Qualifications and Certificates v Practical Knowledge and Experience: Is There a Winner?

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Eddie Fisher ◽  
Yorkys Santana González
Keyword(s):  
Practical Knowledge ◽  
Hybrid Approach ◽  
Practical Experience ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Theoretical Knowledge ◽  
Major Focus ◽  
Pilot Studies ◽  
Advanced Level ◽  
Face To Face

There appears to be a continuing and inconclusive debate amongst scholars whether theoretical knowledge or practical experience is more important in related and associated areas such as education, recruitment and employability. This research, limited to a literature review and face to face interviews, conducted a systematic investigation to obtain and analyze valid and reliable research data to establish whether theoretical knowledge or practical experience are of paramount importance. The outcome of this research suggests that a hybrid approach should be adopted, with the major focus being on practical experience supported by relevant theoretical knowledge and not the converse. A number of additional recommendations are presented how to balance and close the gap between theory and practice including a redesign of ordinary and advanced level educational teaching. Far greater emphasis needs to be placed on young people gaining early practical experience inside and outside the classroom. This can be achieved by developing practical workshops (pilot studies) for use in safe laboratory-type environments and by extending work placements within organizations during term times.   

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document