scholarly journals Evaluation of dry beans for resistance to ashy stem blight

1969 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
James S. Beaver ◽  
Miguel Martínez ◽  
Graciela Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Seed Inoculation

Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of two inoculation methods in the field evaluation of beans for resistance to ashy stem blight. Seed inoculation resulted in lower germination and greater infection by Macrophomina phaseolina than that in nontreated plots. Stem inoculation did not significantly differ from the control in percentage disease. Least significant differences among genotypes were smaller toward the end of the growing season. Therefore, bean genotypes should be evaluated for ashy stem blight infection near senescence. Spearman rank correlations between percentage germination and percentage infection near senescence were significant in 2 years. Seed inoculation combined with germination tests may be useful in the preliminary screening of bean genotypes for resistance to ashy stem blight.

First Report of Macrophomina phaseolina Causing Leaf and Stem Blight of Tropical Soda Apple in Florida

2007 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fanny Iriarte ◽  
Erin Rosskopf ◽  
Mark Hilf ◽  
Greg McCollum ◽  
Joe Albano ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Internal Transcribed Spacer ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Vegetable Crops ◽  
Stem Tissue ◽  
Internal Transcribed Spacer Region ◽  
First Report ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Leaf Necrosis ◽  
Tropical Soda Apple ◽  
Noxious Weed

Leaf necrosis was observed in tropical soda apple plants in Fort Pierce, FL. A fungus was isolated from symptomatic stem tissue and from numerous excised pycnidia. Identity was confirmed by analysis of the sequence of the internal transcribed spacer region, and Koch's postulates were completed. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report of M. phaseolina as a pathogen of S. viarum. This report provides further evidence of this noxious weed serving as a reservoir for potential pathogens of vegetable crops. Accepted for publication 25 September 2007. Published 15 November 2007.

scholarly journals Effect of Irrigation and Soil Water Stress on Densities of Macrophomina phaseolina in Soil and Roots of Two Soybean Cultivars

Plant Disease ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (8) ◽  
pp. 895-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. R. Kendig ◽  
J. C. Rupe ◽  
H. D. Scott
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Water Stress ◽  
Soil Water ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Root Colonization ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Moisture Stress ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Soil Moisture Stress ◽  
Soil Water Stress

The effects of irrigation and soil water stress on Macrophomina phaseolina microsclerotial (MS) densities in the soil and roots of soybean were studied in 1988, 1989, and 1990. Soybean cvs. Davis and Lloyd received irrigation until flowering (TAR2), after flowering (IAR2), full season (FSI), or not at all (NI). Soil water matric potentials at 15- and 30-cm depths were recorded throughout the growing season and used to schedule irrigation. Soil MS densities were determined at the beginning of each season. Root MS densities were determined periodically throughout the growing season. Microsclerotia were present in the roots of irrigated as well as nonirrigated soybean within 6 weeks after planting. By vegetative growth stage V13, these densities reached relatively stable levels in the NI and FSI treatments (2.23 to 2.35 and 1.35 to 1.63 log [microsclerotia per gram of dry root], respectively) through reproductive growth stage R6. After R6, irrigation was discontinued and root densities of microsclerotia increased in all treatments. Initiation (IAR2) or termination (TAR2) of irrigation at R2 resulted in significant changes in root MS densities, with densities reaching levels intermediate between those of FSI and NI treatments. Year to year differences in root colonization reflected differences in soil moisture due to rainfall. The rate of root colonization in response to soil moisture stress decreased with plant age. Root colonization was significantly greater in Davis than Lloyd at R5 and R8. This was reflected in a trend toward higher soil densities of M. phaseolina at planting in plots planted with Davis than in plots planted with Lloyd. Although no charcoal rot symptoms in the plant were observed in this study, these results indicated that water management can limit, but not prevent, colonization of soybean by M. phaseolina, that cultivars differ in colonization, and that these differences may affect soil densities of the fungus.

scholarly journals Field Evaluation of Native B. thuringiensis Isolates Against Aphids (Aphis fabae)

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
pp. 115-122
Author(s):  
Ganga GC ◽  
Charu Arjyal
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Thuringiensis ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Staining Technique ◽  
Selection Method ◽  
Aphis Fabae ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Phaseolus Species ◽  
Mortality Percentage ◽  
Aphicidal Activity

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the aphicidal activity of native Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) strains. Methods: Soil samples of Provinces 2 and 3 of Nepal were collected randomly for isolation of Bt by acetate selection method. Bt were identified by observing insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs) by Commassie Brilliant Blue (CBB) staining technique. Aphicidal activity of 12 B. thuringiensis isolates was evaluated by two processes. The preliminary screening was done by spraying the suspension containing the spore and ICPs mixture in Phaseolus species heavily infested with black aphids (Aphis fabae) in fi elds. The second process (selective bioassay) was done by counting the number of aphids (nymphs, instar, winged, wingless) before and after spraying 5ml of suspension containing the spore and ICPs mixture on the leaf or on the beans pods surface infested by Aphids. The mortality percentage of Aphids after treatment was calculated on the 4th day, by counting the live aphids and the result was recorded. Results: Preliminary screening for aphicidal activity revealed that 4 isolates ML5(1), CW1(1), SN2(1) and MP2(1) producing spherical crystal protein, showed 100% mortality against nymphs, instar, winged and wingless Aphids. Isolates were effective in controlling the Aphid (Aphis fabae) within 4 days and the part of the plant that was sprayed becomes free of Aphids. Selective bioassay of native isolate MP3(3) was most effective in killing 95.83% of aphids followed by CW2(1), 85.71%, ML5(1), 77.34%, SN3(1), 72.72%, CW1(1), 70.21%. Conclusion: This study revealed that indigenous Bacillus thuringiensis of Terai region of Nepal are effective in controlling Aphids.  

Hairy Nightshade (Solanum sarrachoides) Interference in Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris)

Weed Science ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert E. Blackshaw
Keyword(s):  
Phaseolus Vulgaris ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Bean Seed ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Hairy Nightshade ◽  
Bean Yield ◽  
Viable Seeds

Field studies were conducted to determine the effect of varying densities of hairy nightshade and varying durations of interference on the biomass and seed yield of dry beans. As few as two hairy nightshade plants per meter of row reduced bean seed yield by an average of 13% over the 2 yr of the study. Increasing the density of hairy nightshade to 100 plants per meter resulted in bean yield losses of 77%. Hairy nightshade interference during the first 3 weeks after crop emergence was sufficient to reduce bean yields. Up to 9 weeks of hairy nightshade-free maintenance after crop emergence was required to prevent bean yield losses. Hairy nightshade was a prolific seed producer. At low infestation densities, over 45 000 seeds per plant were produced. Hairy nightshade seed production peaked at over 300 000 seeds m–1at about 30 plants per m of row. Depending on the length of the growing season, 6 to 9 weeks of weed-free conditions after crop emergence were required to prevent hairy nightshade from producing viable seeds before the first killing frost in the fall. Results are discussed in terms of timing and longevity of control required to reduce hairy nightshade interference in dry beans.

scholarly journals Morphometry and production of maize inoculated with Azospirillum brasilense

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-46
Author(s):  
Tauane Santos Brito ◽  
Vandeir Francisco Guimarães ◽  
Elisiane Inês Dall’Oglio Chaves ◽  
Renan Pan ◽  
Alexandre Wegner Lerner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Azospirillum Brasilense ◽  
Dry Mass ◽  
Stem Diameter ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Nutritional Parameters ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Maize Plants ◽  
Phosphorus And Potassium ◽  
Nitrogen Phosphorus

This study aimed to analyze the influence of inoculation methods with Azospirillum brasilense in morphometric and nutritional parameters of the maize crop. Maize plants, hybrid Formula VT®, were grown under different forms of inoculation: absence of inoculation; seed inoculation; leaf inoculation; seed inoculation associated to leaf inoculation. In the phenological stages V8 and VT the parameters number of leaves, aerial height, root volume, stem diameter, besides the leaves, stem, sheath, root and total dry mass and the leaf content of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium were determined. In the R6 stage, in addition to the previous evaluations the following parameters were determined: ear diameter and length, number of kernel rows, number of kernels per row, the reproductive structure and thousand grains dry mass, and total number of grains, besides the grain’s content of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. The SPAD index from the leave’s apex, medial and basal thirds was measured fortnightly. The inoculation methods with A. brasilense had little influence in maize’s morphometric and nutritional parameters, also not influencing in production. Maize plants inoculated with A. brasilense, via seed and via seed associated to leaf spraying, positively stood out for the stem diameter, leaves dry mas, root volume, and for the nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium leaf content.

Field Evaluation of Fall Armyworm (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Feeding on Yield and Quality of ‘Alicia’ Bermudagrass

1990 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 117-122
Author(s):  
T. Jamjanya ◽  
S. S. Quisenberry
Keyword(s):  
Spodoptera Frugiperda ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Fall Armyworm ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Yield Losses ◽  
Population Densities ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae

Field evaluation of fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) feeding on yield and quality of bermudagrass, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., var. ‘Alicia’, was studied during the 1983–1984 growing season. Yield losses of ‘Alicia’ ranged from 0.3 to 0.9 metric ton per ha when plots were infested with population densities of 1.1 to 9.9 larvae/0.1 m2, respectively. ‘Alicia’ was more tolerant to fall armyworm than ‘Coastal’ as indicated by lower damage ratings and losses in forage quality.

Inheritance of web blight resistance in common bean.

1969 ◽  
Vol 88 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 45-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan C. Takegami ◽  
James S. Beaver ◽  
Graciela Godoy-Lutz ◽  
Rodrigo Echávez-Badel ◽  
James R. Steadman
Keyword(s):  
Common Bean ◽  
Seed Yield ◽  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Leaf Damage ◽  
Phaseolus Vulgaris L ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Seed Damage ◽  
Yield And Quality ◽  
Physiological Resistance ◽  
Web Blight

Expanded production of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) in the humid tropics requires the development of cultivars with greater levels of resistance to web blight, a destructive disease caused by Thanatephorus cucumeris Frank Donk (anamorph: Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn). The objectives of this study were 1) to estimate the heritability of resistance to web blight in common bean and 2) to measure the effect of web blight on seed yield and quality. Sixty advanced lines from the cross 'MUS 83/DOR 483//Tío Canela 75' were evaluated in replicated field and laboratory tests for reaction to web blight. Heritability estimates for leaf damage (LD) scores, seed yield and percentage seed damage (SD) were intermediate in magnitude, ranging from 0.32 to 0.53. Although the LD on many lines was severe, the SD was less than 10% for most of the advanced lines, all of which suggests that resistance to LD and SD may be inherited separately. A simple field evaluation technique permitted a preliminary screening for resistance to web blight. The laboratory technique induced more severe symptoms and thus would be appropriate for identifying lines with high levels of physiological resistance expressed in the leaves.

scholarly journals Specific Genomic Regions in Common Bean Condition Resistance to Multiple Pathogens

HortScience ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 451E-451
Author(s):  
Phillip N. Miklas ◽  
Valerie Stone ◽  
Carlos A. Urrea ◽  
James S. Beaver
Keyword(s):  
Linkage Group ◽  
Common Bean ◽  
Bacterial Blight ◽  
Xanthomonas Campestris ◽  
Recombinant Inbred Lines ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Major Effect ◽  
Common Bacterial Blight ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Genomic Regions

A genetic linkage map of 170 RAPD markers mapped across 79 recombinant inbred lines (Dorado and XAN-176) reveal genomic regions that condition multiple disease resistance to fungal (Ashy Stem Blight—Macrophomina phaseolina), viral (bean golden mosaic virus—BGMV), and bacterial (common bacterial blight—Xanthomonas campestris pv. phaseoli) pathogens of common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). A genomic site on linkage group US-1 had a major effect, explaining 18%, 34%, and 40% of the variation in phenotypic reaction to ashy stem blight, BGMV, and common bacterial blight disease, respectively. Adjacent to this region was a QTL conditioning 23% of the variation in reaction to another fungal pathogen, web blight (Thanatephorus cucumeris). A second genomic site on linkage group US-1 had minor affect on multiple resistance expression to the same fungal (15%), viral (15%), and bacterial (10%) pathogens. It is unknown whether these specific genomic regions represent a series of linked QTL affecting resistance to each disease separately or an individual locus with pleiotropic effect against all three pathogens.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF INOCULATION METHODS OF BIOZOTE-MAX (PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA-PGPR) ON GROWTH AND YIELD OF RICE UNDER NATURALLY SALT-AFFECTED SOIL

2017 ◽  
pp. 24-26
Author(s):  
MUHAMMAD ARSHAD ULLAH, IMDAD ALI MAHMOOD, ARSHAD ALI ◽  
QAISER NAWAZ ◽  
TARIQ SULTAN, BADAR-UZ-ZAMAN
Keyword(s):  
Plant Growth ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Growth And Yield ◽  
Rhizobial Strain ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Seedling Root ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting ◽  
Growth Promoting ◽  
Paddy Yield

A field experiment was carried out at the experimental farm of Soil Salinity Research Institute, Pindi Bhattian during 2016-17 to assess evaluate different Rhizobial inoculation methods on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) cv. Basmati-385 under naturally salt-affected soil (pH= 8.12, ECe= 7.88 dS m-1and SAR=24.96). Seeds of rice were inoculated with Biozote–Max (Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria-PGPR) produced in Soil Biology and Biotechnology Research Programme of Land Resources Research Institute, National Agricultural research Centre (NARC), Islamabad under PARC-Agrotech. Company (Pvt) Ltd. NARC, Islamabad in three ways i.e. rice seeds inoculated for direct seeding and nursery and dipping seedling roots in the solutions of these rhizobial strains comparable of control un-inoculated (control) by each inoculation method. The performances of Rhizobial strain Biozote–Max used as seed and seedling root dipping inoculation were superior to uninoculated control in all the parameters of the rice crop. Among the treatments, seed and seedling root dipping inoculation with Rhizobial strain Biozote–Max performed best in recording plant height, panicle length, number of tillers, 1000-grain weight and grain yield of rice crop. Maximum tillering was observed with all strains under different inoculation methods. Although, the strains performed better as compared to control, however, dipping of nursery roots produced significantly higher yield followed by seed inoculation for direct seeding. Overall, among all the inoculation methods seedling root dipping produced comparable paddy yield. The highest paddy yield (367 g m-2) was harvested with SBCC (M8) seed inoculation which was 13% more than that of un-inoculated (control).

scholarly journals Growth and development of Alfalfa depending on the type of nitrogen nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Marina Yu. Kozyreva ◽  
Larisa Zh. Basieva ◽  
Al-Azawi Nagham Majeed Hameed ◽  
Alda Kh. Chibirova ◽  
Khetag M. Khetagurov
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
The Third ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Plant Stand

Mineral and symbiotrophic types of nitrogen nutrition of plants were compared in experiments with the blue-hybrid alfalfa. Variants with seed inoculation by high-mountain strains of nodule bacteria (In-1800 and N30+In) had the maximum height of plants during all experimental years (40-70 cm), which is explained by the better nitrogen provision of plants. At the same time, the effect of the mineral forms of nitrogen appeared only in the year of sowing at the beginning of the growing season to the first mowing, in the future the differences between these options were neutralized. The foliage intensity of plants was in the range of 41.4-54.8%, increasing due to the improved availability of biologically bound nitrogen in plants. Mineral forms of nitrogen reduced plants’ foliage coverage in all experimental years, however, this decrease was noted only in the initial periods of vegetation. The maximum indicators of foliage coverage were noted in the In-1800 variant. By the end of the third year of crops use, the plant stand density was 980-1100 thousand units/ha, and the total thinning of alfalfa crops reached 45-51%. At the same time, the symbiotrophic type of nitrogen nutrition made it possible to significantly increase the competitiveness of plants, which ultimately affected the persistence of the crop density.

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