scholarly journals Growth and development of Alfalfa depending on the type of nitrogen nutrition

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 03007
Author(s):  
Marina Yu. Kozyreva ◽  
Larisa Zh. Basieva ◽  
Al-Azawi Nagham Majeed Hameed ◽  
Alda Kh. Chibirova ◽  
Khetag M. Khetagurov
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Stand Density ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
The Third ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Plant Stand

Mineral and symbiotrophic types of nitrogen nutrition of plants were compared in experiments with the blue-hybrid alfalfa. Variants with seed inoculation by high-mountain strains of nodule bacteria (In-1800 and N30+In) had the maximum height of plants during all experimental years (40-70 cm), which is explained by the better nitrogen provision of plants. At the same time, the effect of the mineral forms of nitrogen appeared only in the year of sowing at the beginning of the growing season to the first mowing, in the future the differences between these options were neutralized. The foliage intensity of plants was in the range of 41.4-54.8%, increasing due to the improved availability of biologically bound nitrogen in plants. Mineral forms of nitrogen reduced plants’ foliage coverage in all experimental years, however, this decrease was noted only in the initial periods of vegetation. The maximum indicators of foliage coverage were noted in the In-1800 variant. By the end of the third year of crops use, the plant stand density was 980-1100 thousand units/ha, and the total thinning of alfalfa crops reached 45-51%. At the same time, the symbiotrophic type of nitrogen nutrition made it possible to significantly increase the competitiveness of plants, which ultimately affected the persistence of the crop density.

scholarly journals SYMBIOTIC ACTIVITY OF MEDICAGO VARIA MART. DEPENDING ON THE TYPE OF NITROGEN NUTRITION

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (24) ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
M.Yu. Kozyreva ◽  
◽  
L.Zh. Basieva ◽  
A.Kh. Kozyrev ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Experiments ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Molecular Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Industrial Strain ◽  
Symbiotic System ◽  
Mountain Zone

The issue of the use of mineral forms of nitrogen for legumes is still a source of debate among scientists. Under the environmental conditions of the foothill zone of RNO-Alania, the field experiments were laid to study the activity of the symbiotic system and the productivity of the alfalfa depending on the type of nitrogen nutrition and the presence of a virulent active strain of rhizobia. The research was carried out in 2017– 2019. Soil – chernozems leached. Objects: crops of Medicago varia Mart.; industrial strain of rhizotorphin 425a; inoculum of high-mountain strains of nodule bacteria; starting doses of nitrogen fertilizers. The dimensions of the symbiotic apparatus were studied according to the G.S. Posypanov method. The specific activity of symbiosis was 4.2 to 9.0 mg/kg. The maximum amount of air nitrogen (456.1 kg/ha) for three years of experiments was fixed by the symbiotic system of alfalfa in the variant with pre-sowing seed inoculation with high-mountain strains of nodule bacteria. This indicates their higher activity and competitiveness compared to the industrial strain of rhizotorphin 425a and indigenous strains of rhizobia from the pre-mountain zone of RNO-Alania. Mineral forms of nitrogen significantly inhibited the activity of the symbiotic system. As a result, the amount of fixed nitrogen decreased by 3.5–9.0 %. In the pre-mountain zone, under natural conditions, the growth and development of plants were provided with atmospheric nitrogen by 66 %, the rest of the need for the element (34 %) they satisfied with soil nitrogen. The maximum involvement of molecular nitrogen of the atmosphere in the biological cycle was distinguished by the variant with pre-sowing inoculation of seeds by virulent active strains of rhizobia, in which the share of air nitrogen participation in plant nutrition averaged 71–73 % over the three years of research.

scholarly journals Functional composition and diversity of leaf traits in subalpine versus alpine vegetation in the Apennines

AoB Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Stanisci ◽  
Alessandro Bricca ◽  
Valentina Calabrese ◽  
Maurizio Cutini ◽  
Harald Pauli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Functional Diversity ◽  
Functional Traits ◽  
Resource Use ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Plant Functional Traits ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Dry Matter Content ◽  
Functional Composition

Abstract Mediterranean high mountain grasslands are shaped by climatic stress and understanding their functional adaptations can contribute to better understanding ecosystems’ response to global change. The present work analyses the plant functional traits of high-elevation grasslands growing in Mediterranean limestone mountains to explore, at the community level, the presence of different plant strategies for resource use (conservative vs. acquisitive) and functional diversity syndromes (convergent or divergent). Thus, we compared the functional composition and diversity of the above-ground traits related to resource acquisition strategies of subalpine and alpine calcareous grasslands in the central Apennines, a mountain region characterized by a dry-summer Mediterranean climate. We used georeferenced vegetation plots and field-measured plant functional traits (plant maximum height, specific leaf area and leaf dry matter content) for the dominant species of two characteristic vegetation types: the subalpine Sesleria juncifolia community and the alpine Silene acaulis community. Both communities are of particular conservation concern and are rich in endemic species for which plant functional traits are measured here for the first time. We analysed the functional composition and diversity using the community-weighted mean trait index and the functional diversity using Rao’s function, and we assessed how much the observed pattern deviated from a random distribution by calculating the respective standardized effect sizes. The results highlighted that an acquisitive resource use strategy and relatively higher functional diversity of leaf traits prevail in the alpine S. acaulis community, optimizing a rapid carbon gain, which would help overcome the constraints exerted by the short growing season. The divergent functional strategy underlines the co-occurrence of different leaf traits in the alpine grasslands, which shows good adaptation to a microhabitat-rich environment. Conversely, in the subalpine S. juncifolia grassland, a conservative resource use strategy and relatively lower functional diversity of the leaf traits are likely related to a high level resistance to aridity over a longer growing season. Our outcomes indicate the preadaptation strategy of the subalpine S. juncifolia grassland to shift upwards to the alpine zone that will become warmer and drier as a result of anthropogenic climate change.

scholarly journals FORMATION OF A SYMBIOTIC APPARATUS OF ALFALFA DEPENDING ON THE NITROGEN NUTRITION TYPE

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Marina Kozyreva ◽  
Larisa Basieva
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Seed Treatment ◽  
Nitrogen Nutrition ◽  
Natural Soil ◽  
High Mountain ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Combined Use ◽  
Starting Dose ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Sowing Seed

The experiments were carried out in 2017–2019 in the foothill zone of North Ossetia-Alania (540 m above sea level) on leached chernozem. The effect of the mineral and symbiotrophic types of nitrogen nutrition on the formation of the alfalfa symbiotic apparatus was compared to optimize the cultivation agricultural technique. The experimental design included the following options: control - natural soil fertility; In-1800 - seed treatment with the inoculum of nitrogen-fixing bacteria strains selected in high mountain conditions (1800 m above sea level); Strain 425a - seed inoculation with an industrial strain of rhizotorphin (strain 425a); N30 - starting dose of nitrogen; N30+In - combined use of high-mountain strains of bacteria and starting doses of nitrogen. Seeds were treated with the studied strains before sowing. The formation of nodules on the roots of alfalfa during inoculation of seeds with rhizobia strains occurred 1 ... 2 days earlier than in the control, which indicates their greater activity compared to the local microflora. The duration of the general symbiosis in the second year of life in the variants with inoculation with industrial and alpine strains reached 215 ... 216 days, which is 4 ... 7 days more than in the control and variant N30. The greatest number of nodules in all years was noted during seed treatment with the inoculum of alpine rhizobia strains, both in pure form (96 ... 248 units/plant.), and against the background of the use of starting doses of nitrogen (80 ... 243 units/plant.). The smallest mass of nodules in the experiment (40 ... 255 kg/ha) was recorded in the control and variant N30. The highest mass of nodules was formed by the second crop of the second year of sowing life and exceeded 300 kg/ha in all variants with pre-sowing seed inoculation with active rhizobia strains. The superiority of the In-1800 variant over control was 28.3%, and the differences with N30+In turned out to be insignificant. .

scholarly journals Rattail fescue (Vulpia myuros) interference and seed production as affected by sowing time and crop density in winter wheat

Weed Science ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Muhammad Javaid Akhter ◽  
Per Kudsk ◽  
Solvejg Kopp Mathiassen ◽  
Bo Melander
Keyword(s):  
Winter Wheat ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Seed Production ◽  
Yield Components ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Sowing Time ◽  
Growing Seasons ◽  
Crop Density ◽  
Wide Range

Abstract Field experiments were conducted in the growing seasons of 2017 to 2018 and 2018 to 2019 to evaluate the competitive effects of rattail fescue [Vulpia myuros (L.) C.C. Gmel.] in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and to assess whether delayed crop sowing and increased crop density influence the emergence, competitiveness, and fecundity of V. myuros. Cumulative emergence showed the potential of V. myuros to emerge rapidly and under a wide range of climatic conditions with no effect of crop density and variable effects of sowing time between the two experiments. Grain yield and yield components were negatively affected by increasing V. myuros density. The relationship between grain yield and V. myuros density was not influenced by sowing time or by crop density, but crop–weed competition was strongly influenced by growing conditions. Due to very different weather conditions, grain yield reductions were lower in the growing season of 2017 to 2018 than in 2018 to 2019, with maximum grain yield losses of 22% and 50% in the two growing seasons, respectively. The yield components, number of crop ears per square meter, and 1,000-kernel weight were affected almost equally, reflecting that V. myuros’s competition with winter wheat occurred both early and late in the growing season. Seed production of V. myuros was suppressed by delaying sowing and increasing crop density. The impacts of delayed sowing and increasing crop density on seed production of V. myuros highlight the potential of these cultural weed control tactics in the long-term management programs of this species.

SOIL CONDITIONERS—THEIR EFFECT ON COARSE-TEXTURED SOILS, CROP YIELDS AND COMPOSITION

1957 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 102-112
Author(s):  
R. M. Holmes ◽  
S. J. Toth
Keyword(s):  
Structural Changes ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Sandy Soils ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Soil Aggregate ◽  
Crop Response ◽  
The Third ◽  
Soil Conditioners ◽  
The Stability

Crop response to soil structural changes caused by soil conditioner amendments was studied in several different sandy soils of New Jersey. The response varied with the crop and treatment. Those chemicals that were slightly hydrophobic were most effective and generally crop response was greatest on these treatments. Cations such as Na may be added in large amounts as part of some conditioners, and this may result in reduced uptake of other nutrients such as Mg. and K. Except for this effect, conditioners did not reduce nutrient uptake by plants. When elements such as Na and N are added in large amounts as part of some conditioners, there may be an increased uptake of these nutrients.Catalin and VAMA conditioners produced a dry surface mulch which appeared to reduce evaporation. Moisture reserves were, therefore, preserved through a drought and this resulted in increased growth of crops over those grown on other treatments. Cultural practices destroyed the stability of the conditioned aggregates, since in most cases the effect had largely disappeared by the third growing season. Chemicals which were effective in soil aggregate stabilization were also effective as anti-crustants when crusting was a problem.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF BRASSICA RAPA'S GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT, DEPENDING ON THE TERRITORY OF SOWING THE SEED

2019 ◽  
pp. 183-194
Author(s):  
Serhii Vdovenko
Keyword(s):  
Seed Germination ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Total Yield ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Vegetation Period ◽  
Row Spacing ◽  
The Third ◽  
Golden Ball ◽  
And Control

In order to study the effect of the time of sowing seeds on the passage of morphogenesis and productivity of rapeseed, the scheme included experiments where the seeds were sown in I, II, III in April, I and II in May. The experiment used varieties of Golden Ball, Purpurleopop, Purpurov and Geisha, and control was the variant in which the seeds of the Golden Ball varieties were sown in the second decade of April with a row spacing of 45 cm. laboratory - to determine the total yield; statistical - to establish the reliability of the investigated factors. Seed germination analysis used in the experiment ranged from 78.9% to 81.1% on average. The highest indicator of seed germination was characterized by the Purpulepop variety, where the studied value was 83.2%, which was dominated by the seed germination of the control variant by 2.1%. In the early stages of sowing seeds, the period of seedling formation was shorter. Seeding of seeds in the first two decades of April on the surface of the soil was observed for 8 days. The short sprouting period was characterized by all varieties of turnips. As a result of sowing turnip seeds at a later date, namely in the third decade of April - the first and second decade of May and the setting of a higher soil temperature, the period of germination was extended and ranged from 8 to 10 days. By using the term of sowing seeds I-II decade of April, the short interphase period was characterized by Purpleupop and Purpurova varieties, where the specified period was only 22 days. The sowing of turnip seeds at a later date ensured the formation of an interphase period of "seedlings - leaf rosette" in 23-25 days except Purpulopop variety. The interphase period "leaf rosette - the beginning of rooting" and "the beginning of rooting - technical maturity" determined the benefits of early seeding, namely in the first decade of April on varieties Purpulopop and Purpurov.The short vegetation period was characterized by the Golden Ball plants for sowing seeds in the first and third decades of April and the first of May. During the specified seeding period the duration of the growing season was only 40 days. A longer vegetation period was characterized by plants of the Geisha variety for sowing seeds in the first two decades of April. As a result of the use of the researched elements of technology to grow turnips in open soil, the total yield varied from 11.0 t / ha to 24.0 t / ha. The most productive is the first sowing of rapeseed, where its value ranged from 20.6 t / ha to 22.7 t / ha. At the same time, when sowing seeds in the first decade of April, the yield of turnip varieties Purpulepop was the highest and was 22.7 t / ha, or the increase was 2.4 t / ha.

scholarly journals Evaluation of dry beans for resistance to ashy stem blight

1969 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-355
Author(s):  
James S. Beaver ◽  
Miguel Martínez ◽  
Graciela Godoy
Keyword(s):  
Field Evaluation ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Macrophomina Phaseolina ◽  
Percentage Germination ◽  
Dry Beans ◽  
Preliminary Screening ◽  
Spearman Rank ◽  
Inoculation Methods ◽  
Stem Blight ◽  
Seed Inoculation

Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of two inoculation methods in the field evaluation of beans for resistance to ashy stem blight. Seed inoculation resulted in lower germination and greater infection by Macrophomina phaseolina than that in nontreated plots. Stem inoculation did not significantly differ from the control in percentage disease. Least significant differences among genotypes were smaller toward the end of the growing season. Therefore, bean genotypes should be evaluated for ashy stem blight infection near senescence. Spearman rank correlations between percentage germination and percentage infection near senescence were significant in 2 years. Seed inoculation combined with germination tests may be useful in the preliminary screening of bean genotypes for resistance to ashy stem blight.

Cultivation practices improving seed productivity of tetraploid red clover

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
М. Новосёлов ◽  
Л. Дробышева ◽  
О. Старшинова ◽  
Э. Рекашус ◽  
А. Одноворова
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Seed Productivity ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Increase ◽  
Seed Inoculation ◽  
Application Rates ◽  
Yield Capacity ◽  
Clover Seed

В статье изложены результаты исследований влияния инокуляции клубеньковыми бактериями и внекорневых обработок бором и минеральным азотом на семенную продуктивность клевера лугового сорта Марс. Цель работы определить оптимальные варианты внекорневой обработки растений бором и минеральным азотом, в том числе в сочетании с инокуляцией клубеньковыми бактериями, обеспечивающие максимальную семенную продуктивность клевера лугового сорта Марс. Установлено, что внекорневые подкормки минеральным азотом и бором в фазу начала цветения, а также инокуляция эффективным штаммом клубеньковых бактерий повышали его семенную продуктивность. Обработка растений бором повысила урожайность семян на 8,2. Совместное применение бора и инокуляции увеличило эффективность приёма до 20,0 к инокулированному и до 34,4 к неинокулированному контролю. Внекорневое опрыскивание аммиачной селитрой в чистом виде было эффективно в дозах 2,5 и 3,0 кг/га: прибавка к контролю составила соответственно 11,8 и 16,7. Комплексное применение бора и минерального азота наибольшую прибавку урожая семян дало в варианте B N3,0, которая составила 36,6. Инокуляция комплементарным штаммом Rh. trifolii увеличила урожайность семян клевера на 12,0. Обработка растений бором и аммиачной селитрой в различных концентрациях на фоне инокуляции была эффективной во всех вариантах (12,331,4 к инокулированному и 25,847,1 к неинокулированному контролю). Рекомендуется для повышения семенной продуктивности тетраплоидных сортов типа Марс проводить внекорневое опрыскивание растений в фазу начала цветения бором в дозе 0,4 кг/га в комплексе с аммиачной селитрой из расчёта 3,0 кг/га действующего вещества или инокулировать семена перед посевом комплементарными штаммами с последующей внекорневой подкормкой бором (0,4 кг/га) совместно с минеральным азотом (3,0 кг/га). This paper reports on red clover seed productivity affected by the inoculation with nodule bacteria and topdressing with B and mineral N. The aim was to determine optimal treatment rates and combinations leading to the highest seed productivity of clover Mars. Topdressing with B and N at flowering time combined with bacterium inoculation increased its yield capacity. B application improved seed yield by 8.2. B treatment together with inoculation improved clover performance by up to 20.0 and 34.4 compared to the inoculated and non-inoculated controls, respectively. Application rates of 2.5 and 3.0 kg ha-1 showed the best effect when topdressing by pure ammonium nitrate: yield increase amounted to 11.8 and 16.7, respectively. Variant B N3.0 provided the highest yield increase of 36.6. Seed inoculation with Rh. trifolii increased seed productivity by 12.0. Topdressing with different concentrations of B and ammonium nitrate was effective in all the variants on the background of bacterium inoculation (12.331.4 and 25.847.1 compared to inoculated and non-inoculated controls, respectively). Spraying with B (0.4 kg ha-1) and ammonium nitrate (3.0 kg ha-1) with or without seed inoculation by nodule bacteria are recommended to improve tetraploid clover performance.

Nodulation studies on legumes exotic to Australia: symbiotic relationships between Chamaecytisus palmensis (tagasaste) and Lotus spp

1994 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 385 ◽  
Author(s):  
RR Gault ◽  
A Pilka ◽  
DM Hebb ◽  
J Brockwell
Keyword(s):  
Host Plants ◽  
Root Nodule ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Analysis Procedure ◽  
Nodule Bacteria ◽  
Symbiotic Relationships ◽  
The Third ◽  
Rhizobium Loti ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Bradyrhizobium Sp

Strains of rhizobia were isolated from soil around the roots of tagasaste (Chamaecytisus palmensis) growing at 15 widely separated locations in south-eastem Australia. A further collection of strains of both Rhizobium loti and Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus) was assembled from 18 legumes including Lotus and other species symbiotically related to Lotus. The strains were used to inoculate tagasaste and 4 species of Lotus in experiments conducted under bacteriologically controlled conditions in a temperature-controlled glasshouse. Tagasaste formed nodules and fixed N2 with all of its homologous rhizobia but there was a wide range of effectiveness among the 15 strains. Tagasaste also formed nodules with each of the 18 strains from other species but fixed N2 with only 10. Four species of Lotus were inoculated with 3 tagasaste strains. One strain nodulated each species and fixed N2 with L. conimhricensis and L. corniculatus but not with L. parviflorus or L. pedunculatus. A second tagasaste strain formed nodules with all 4 Lotus spp. but did not fix N2, while the third nodulated only L. pedunculatus but did not fix N2. A pattern analysis based on the nodulating ability of the host plants in association with 21 strains showed that tagasaste and L. corniculatus formed 1 symbiotic group, and the other 3 Lotus species formed a third group. The pattern analysis procedure based on nodulating capacity of 21 rhizobial strains in association with the 5 host species indicated substantial symbiotic diversity within the collection, with the strains comprising 8 different symbiotic groups. No strain was highly effective on both tagasaste and any of the 4 species of Lotus. Data were insufficient to classify the root-nodule bacteria of tagasaste as either Rhizobium loti or Bradyrhizobium sp. (Lotus).

Growth and Development of Giant Burreed (Sparganium eurycarpum)

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 849-854 ◽  
Author(s):  
John W. Leif ◽  
Ervin A. Oelke
Keyword(s):  
Wild Rice ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Vegetative Reproduction ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Height ◽  
Cumulative Length ◽  
Growth Development ◽  
Rhizome Bud ◽  
Sparganium Eurycarpum ◽  
Outdoor Experiments

Outdoor experiments were conducted at two locations in Minnesota to characterize the growth, development, and vegetative reproduction potential of giant burreed grown with and without wild rice. Giant burreed growth was influenced by environment more than the presence of wild rice. Shoots emerged from corms 2 to 3 wk after planting (WAP), and continued throughout the growing season. Giant burreed attained a maximum height of 135 cm with an average 36 shoots/plant. Rhizome production started 4 to 6 WAP, and continued throughout the growing season. Corm formation at the base of shoots started 8 WAP and continued throughout the growing season. Rhizomes grew to a maximum cumulative length of 2500 cm/plant spreading in all directions and produced up to 250 buds/plant. Corm and rhizome bud viability was 15 and 10%, respectively. These data suggest that giant burreed grown in wild rice should be controlled by 2 to 3 wk after emergence to prevent vegetative reproduction.

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