scholarly journals Study on the Joint Toxicity of Multi-component Mixtures of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Jin ◽  
L.Y. Mo ◽  
L.T. Qin ◽  
J.F. Dai
Keyword(s):  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Green Light ◽  
Joint Toxicity ◽  
Combined Toxicity ◽  
Component Mixture ◽  
Number Of Components ◽  
Toxicity Unit ◽  
Mixture System

Pollutants generally exist as mixtures in the environment. Their cumulative toxicity and toxicity interactions are potential risks. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the variation of joint toxicity of a multi-component mixture system, which consisted of six common quaternary ammonium salt surfactants in the environment, on Vibrio qinghaiensis sp.-Q67 (Q67). Vibrio qinghaiensis sp. -Q67 (Vqin-Q67) is a freshwater luminescent bacterium that continuously emits blue-green light (485 nm). The bacterium has been widely used for detecting toxic contaminants. In the mixture system, the luminescent toxicity of each component of the mixture to Q67 was determined by the microplate toxicity analysis method, and the toxicity interaction of the mixture was determined by the toxicity unit method (TU). The combined toxicity of the mixture system was investigated from four aspects, including the number of components, key components, concentration (toxicity) ratio, and exposure time. The results showed that the combined toxic effect of the same mixture system tends to be an additive effect with the increase of the number of components. The combined toxicity of the mixture system was close to that of the key components. Antagonism was presented in the equal toxicity mixture, while synergism was presented in the non-equal toxicity mixture. The combined toxic effect of the multi-component mixture system was not only related to the concentration of the pollutant but also related to the exposure time of the pollutant.

scholarly journals Combined Amoebicidal Effect of Atorvastatin and Commercial Eye Drops against Acanthamoeba castellanii Neff: In Vitro Assay Based on Mixture Design

Pathogens ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 219 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ines Sifaoui ◽  
Eulalia Capote Yanes ◽  
María Reyes-Batlle ◽  
Rubén L. Rodríguez-Expósito ◽  
José E. Piñero ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acanthamoeba Castellanii ◽  
Acanthamoeba Keratitis ◽  
Eukaryotic Cell ◽  
Resistance Pattern ◽  
Eye Drops ◽  
Current Standard ◽  
Component Mixture ◽  
Vitro Assay ◽  
Mixture System

The establishment of an effective therapeutic agent against Acanthamoeba keratitis (AK), remains until present, an issue to be solved due to the existence of a cyst stage in the life cycle of Acanthamoeba. Moreover, the effectiveness of the current standard therapeutic agents varies depending on the tested Acanthamoeba strains and its resistance pattern. In the present study, two 10-point augmented simplex-centroid designs were used to formulate a three-component mixture system using water, atorvastatin, and Diclofenaco-lepori or Optiben. The amoebicidal effects and in vitro-induced toxicity in a eukaryotic cell line were determined for all experiments. The optimal mixture to inhibit the parasite without inducing toxicity was established in the first plan as 30% Optiben, 63.5% atorvastatin, and 3.1% water. As for the second experimental design, the optimal mixture to inhibit Acanthamoeba with lower toxicity effect was composed of 17.6% Diclofenaco-lepori and 82.4% atorvastatin.

The estimation of pesticides toxicity with the help of zootest method

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-80
Author(s):  
Tatiana Fylypchuk ◽  
Iryna Sytnikova
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Test Object ◽  
Aquatic Ecosystems ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Sensitive Test ◽  
Pesticide Toxicity ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Test Objects

The following article is the result of biotesting of ecotoxicological danger of pesticides, which are used in gardening. Ten pesticide preparations were selected for the research, six of them are fungicides: flint-star, chorus, score, stroby, topsin-M and median-extra and four of them are insecticides: bi-58, calypso, mospilan and actara. Toxicity of pesticides was identified through analyzing ten times dilution (1:10) of the recommended solution specified by the manufacturer. Not less than three days old tap water served as control. Daphnia, Ostracoda and Danio were selected as test objects. After 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 24 and 72 hours of exposure the number of dead animals was visually determined and the percentage of survival of testers was calculated. The toxicity of the pesticide preparations was considered as proven if the percentage of test organisms mortality rate was ≥50%. The scale of pesticide toxicity degree was developed, including the percentage of test organisms mortality during certain exposure time (up to 24 or 48 hours). It can be used to define its acute and toxic effect. According to the biotesting results, flint-star and score are the most toxic among the examined pesticide preparations fungicides for aquatic ecosystems, as they showed ultrahigh and high levels of toxicity for zootests. Carp fishes of the genus Danio showed greater sensitivity to the influence of fungicides and lower to insecticides, while for aquatic crustaceous Daphnia and Ostracoda these features were not detected. The sensitivity of the tested test objects to insecticides decreased in an order: Ostracoda sp.→Daphnia sp.→Danio sp. Comparing the sensitivity of aquatic crustaceous in the process of the pesticides biotesting, it was found out that Ostracoda sp. is more sensitive test object than Daphnia sp. Under the same conditions of biotesting, an absolute immobilization of ostracods is two times higher than the immobilization of Branchiopoda.

Graphene oxide interactions with co-existing heavy metal cations: adsorption, colloidal properties and joint toxicity

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 362-371 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Gao ◽  
Xuemei Ren ◽  
Jianchun Wu ◽  
Tasawar Hayat ◽  
Ahmed Alsaedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Graphene Oxide ◽  
Metal Cations ◽  
Joint Toxicity ◽  
Schematic Diagram ◽  
Combined Toxicity ◽  
Heavy Metal Cations ◽  
Colloidal Properties

Schematic diagram of the combined toxicity of graphene oxide and heavy metal cations towards bacteria.

Concentration addition prediction for a multiple-component mixture containing no effect chemicals

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (23) ◽  
pp. 9912-9917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ling Liu ◽  
Shu-Shen Liu ◽  
Mo Yu ◽  
Jin Zhang ◽  
Fu Chen
Keyword(s):  
Prediction Method ◽  
Concentration Effect ◽  
Concentration Addition ◽  
Component Mixture ◽  
Blind Zone ◽  
Multiple Component ◽  
Mixture System

A concentration-effect prediction method for a mixture with a predictive blind zone (PBZone) in a mixture system containing no-effect chemicals.

Quasi-SMILES for Nano-QSAR Prediction of Toxic Effect of Al2O3 Nanoparticles

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alla P. Toropova ◽  
P. Ganga Raju Achary ◽  
Andrey A. Toropov
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Predictive Model ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Oral Treatment ◽  
Numerical Data ◽  
Al2o3 Nanoparticles ◽  
Nano Oxide

The level of malondialdehyde (MDA) in wet tissue of different organs is utilized as a measure of toxic effect. The numerical data on the concentration of MDA in wet tissue of liver, kidneys, brain, and heart of rat is examined as the endpoint which are impacted by different dose (mg/kg), exposure time (3 and 14 days) and single oral treatment of aluminium nano-oxide (Al2O3) with 30 nm or 40 nm. An attempt to develop predictive model for this endpoint has been carried out in this work. SMILES is a traditional tool to represent molecular structure for QSPRs/QSARs. In contrast to traditional SMILES, so-called quasi-SMILES can be a tool to build up quantitative features – property / activity relationships (QFPRs/QFARs) for endpoints which are not defined by solely molecular structure, but by a group of physicochemical and/or biochemical conditions. The quasi-SMILES is the representation of the above eclectic conditions whereas the QFPR/QFAR are models of endpoints which are modified under impacts of these eclectic conditions.

Treatment of Preserved Fecal Sludge Using Anaerobic Digestion.

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 33-37
Author(s):  
Yu.V. Litti ◽  
D.V. Serdyukov ◽  
O.V. Kanunnikov ◽  
V.A. Axelrod ◽  
N.G. Loiko
Keyword(s):  
Anaerobic Digestion ◽  
Toxic Effect ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Anaerobic Fermentation ◽  
Environmentally Friendly ◽  
Bacteriostatic Effect ◽  
Polyhexamethylene Guanidine ◽  
Fecal Sludge ◽  
Ammonium Compounds ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic

Rational ways of treatment of fecal sludge (FS) from environmentally friendly toilet complexes of railway cars preserved with a biocidal agent (BA) based on quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) are considered. The bacteriostatic effect of BA on different groups (aerobic and anaerobic) of microorganisms in preserved FS was shown. An effective method for reducing the toxic effect of BA in FS by means of pretreatment with acid prior to microbiological processing has been proposed. The conditions for carrying out the process were selected, allowing to increase the efficiency of anaerobic fermentation of FS containing BA.

scholarly journals In vitro cytotoxicity and virucidal efficacy of potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfate compared to quaternary ammonium compound under various concentrations, exposure times and temperatures against African swine fever virus

2021 ◽  
pp. 2936-2940
Author(s):  
Watcharee Sovijit ◽  
Machimaporn Taesuji ◽  
Khate Rattanamas ◽  
Darsaniya Punyadarsaniya ◽  
Thanongsak Mamom ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Host Cell ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
African Swine Fever ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Porcine Alveolar Macrophage ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Cell Cytotoxicity ◽  
Potassium Hydrogen

Background and Aim: The selection and proper application of disinfectants are crucial to the prevention of many diseases, so disinfectants must be evaluated before being used for the prevention of African swine fever (ASF). Three disinfectant products belonging to the group of potassium hydrogen peroxymonosulfates, product A and product B, and a quaternary ammonium compound called product C, were examined in vitro for host cell cytotoxicity and the efficacy of ASF virus inactivation. The study parameters included various concentrations, exposure times, temperatures, and degrees of cytotoxicity. Materials and Methods: Three disinfectant products were evaluated for cytotoxicity using primary porcine alveolar macrophage (PAM) cells at dilutions from 1:200 to 1:51,200. Disinfectants in concentrations of 1:200, 1:400, and 1:800 were prepared, the pH and the virucidal activity were tested. An equal volume of each dilution was mixed with the ASF virus and incubated at room temperature (20°C) or on ice (4°C) for 1 min, 5 min, or 30 min. Hemadsorption (HAD) or rosette formation was observed using an inverted microscope for 5 days after inoculation, and the virus titer was calculated as HAD50/mL. Each treatment and virus control were tested in triplicate, and the titers were reported as means and standard deviations. The reduction factor was used to measure inactivation. Results: Products A, B, and C at 1:400, 1:800, and 1:25,600 of dilution, respectively, did not show significant cytotoxic effects on PAM cells. Products A and B could inactivate ASF virus at 1:200 dilution within 5 min after exposure at 4°C. However, at 20°C, the exposure time had to be extended to 30 min to inactivate the virus. Product C could inactivate the virus at 1:400 dilution within 5 min under both temperature conditions, whereas at 1:800 dilution, the exposure time had to be extended to 30 min to completely inactivate the virus at 20°C. Conclusion: All disinfectants could inactivate ASF virus in various concentrations, under appropriate exposure times and reaction temperatures, and there was no evidence of host cell cytotoxicity. For the control of ASF in pig farms, the appropriate concentration, ambient temperature, and contact time of these disinfectants should be taken into account.

scholarly journals Minimum inhibition concentration and anti-fungal contact time of quaternary ammonium and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) mixture towards Candida Albicans isolate

2008 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Yunita ◽  
Karlina Hardjawinata ◽  
Warta Dewi
Keyword(s):  
Candida Albicans ◽  
Exposure Time ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid ◽  
Quaternary Ammonium Compound ◽  
Ammonium Compound ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Experimental Laboratory ◽  
Anti Fungal

The aim of this study is to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and the exposure time of the combination of quaternary ammonium compound with EDTA towards Candida albicans isolates from the 5 upper acrylic removable complete dentures. This experimental laboratory study was conducted based on a serial dilution of the combination of quaternary ammonium compound with EDTA towards Candida albicans in 3 replications and statistically analyzed according to Kruskal-Wallis method. The result showed that the MIC of the combination of quaternary ammonium compound with EDTA towards Candida albicans was in 1/8000 concentration with minimum 8 hours exposure time. This study concluded that the combination of quaternary ammonium compound with EDTA had an antifungal activity towards Candida albicans at 1/8000 concentration in 8 hours exposure time.

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