scholarly journals PROBLEMS OF STUDYING KARACHAI-BALKAR NART SAGAS IN THE LIGHT OF VSEVOLOD MILLER’S OBSERVATIONS

Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
К.Ю. РАХНО
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Turkic Languages

Существование аланского субстрата у балкарцев и карачаевцев установлено многочисленными исследованиями этнологов и лингвистов. Но в дискуссии о происхождении этих народов пока мало привлекается материал бытующих у них нартовских сказаний. Генезис карачаево-бал­карского нартовского эпоса пока остается невыясненным. Так, например, вызывает интерес связь первых фиксаций сказаний с именами балкар­ского князя Исмаила Урусбиева и его двух сыновей – Сафар-Али и Науруза. Дело в том, что князь Исмаил превосходно знал осетинский и адыгский фольклор, поэтому вполне мог выступить звеном в передаче осетинских сказаний на балкарском языке. Судя по всему, известный Урусбиевым ре­пертуар заметно отличался от того, что сейчас известно как карачае­во-балкарский эпос, а подвластное им население еще долго ощущало себя родственным осетинам. Примечательно, что нартовские сказания ка­рачаевцев и балкарцев концентрируются вокруг фигуры кузнеца Дебета. При внимательном рассмотрении Дебет оказывается тождественным ветхозаветному и кораническому пророку Давиду, с которым его роднит, прежде всего, знание кузнечного дела, власть над металлами. Возникает впечатление, что у балкарцев и карачаевцев заимствованные сказания о нартах были искусственно присоединены к иудейским и исламским пре­даниям. Наконец, важным, неисследованным ранее вопросом является предположение отдельных балкарских исследователей, что в эпосе вели­каны, учуяв запах нарта, говорят, будто асским духом пахнет. Сравнение с фольклорными материалами ногайцев показало, что на самом деле имелся в виду запах мясной пищи. Это же подтверждают аналогичные слова-эхо в других тюркских языках. The existence of the strong Alanian substrate among the Balkars and Karachai has been established by numerous studies of ethnologists and linguists. But in the discussion about the origin of these peoples, the material of the Nart legends prevailing among them is still little used. The genesis of the Karachai- Balkarian Nart epic remains unclear. For example, the connection of the first fixations of sagas with the names of the Balkar Prince Ismail Urusbiev and his two sons, Safar-Ali and Nauruz, is of interest. The fact is that Prince Ismail perfectly knew the Ossetian and Adyghe folklore, therefore he could well act as a link in the transmission of Ossetian legends in the Balkar language. Apparently, the repertoire known to the Urusbievs was noticeably different from what is now known as the Karachai-Balkarian epic, and the population under their control felt like akin to the Ossetians for a long time. An important point is that the Nart legends of the Karachai and Balkars are concentrated around the figure of the blacksmith Debet. On closer examination, Debet turns out to be identical with the Old Testament and the Koranic prophet David, with whom he is related, first of all, by the knowledge of blacksmithing and power over metals. It seems that the borrowed legends about the Narts from the Balkars and Karachais were artificially attached to the Jewish and Islamic legends. Finally, an important, previously unexplored issue is the assumption of certain Balkarian researchers that in the epos the giants, smelling the scent of a Nart, say that they smell the smell of an As. Comparison with the folklore materials of the Nogais showed that what was really meant was the smell of meat food. This is also confirmed by similar words, echoe-twins in other Turkic languages.

Syncretism and Allegory in the Jerusalem Orpheus Mosaic

Traditio ◽  
1967 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Block Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Roman Empire ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
Funerary Monuments ◽  
Early Christian ◽  
Christian View ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Visual Statement

The ingenuity of early Christian artisans in turning a host of pagan symbols and images to the service of a new ideology is one of the most conspicuous features of Christian art during the second and third centuries after Christ. It is responsible for the art of the catacombs in which Orpheus the charmer of wild beasts represents Christ the Good Shepherd, and the eagle, peacock, Dionysiac grapes, sun, stars, and other pagan funerary symbols of long standing express the state of the Christian soul after death. Yet as Christianity grew stronger in the Roman empire, as councils were held and creeds formulated, and as a distinctively Christian view of history evolved in which Old Testament figures replaced pagan heroes, we find a curious lag in the visual arts. The old pagan imagery continues to appear in Christian funerary monuments, often in conjunction with newer, wholly Christian, motifs, but significantly not replaced by them. This phenomenon is not due simply to the conservatism of the artisans, but owes much to the vigor of the old motifs and the persistence of the ideas they represented. It also points up the fundamental difference between a verbal statement, made up of words which may be freely rearranged and whose connotations shift mercurially from year to year, and a visual statement, which is less flexible and able to retain its symbolic appeal for a very long time. The difference, practically a commonplace in the study of the history of ideas, is nonetheless often overlooked in the study of the ideas and motifs of late antiquity, when words and pictures ostensibly representing the same ideas were often straining in opposite directions. Thus, while the Councils of Ephesus and Chalcedon sought to settle for all time the relation between the human and divine in the person of Jesus, Christian artisans were still depicting Christ the Good Shepherd in the aspect of Orpheus.

Der καιρός bei Prokop von Kaisareia

Millennium ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-102
Author(s):  
Hansjoachim Andres
Keyword(s):  
Old Testament ◽  
Human Action ◽  
Practical Aspect ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Greek Literature ◽  
Salvation History ◽  
The World ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Amount Of Knowledge ◽  
The Right

Abstract Procopius’ view on history and the nature of his Weltanschauung have been amatter of debate for a long time. Especially the relation between the influence of God and the influence of fate is a central problem in the interpretation of the Corpus Procopianum. In contrast, the concept of καιρός has been disregarded almost universally. Starting with the two fundamental meanings of the term in Greek literature and thought, the right measure and the right time, this paper gives a first glance at Procopius’ use of this concept. It is shown that both of these meanings can have an ontological and practical aspect, in Greek literature as well as in Procopius and even beyond that,while the typical Greek understanding and use of the term is a synthesis of both. To understand how Procopius uses καιρός, one needs to expound the problems of this synthesis, that culminate in three major questions:Who is the originator of the καιρός? How frequently does the καιρός appear and does every human action have its καιρός? How does one know the presence of the καιρός and whence does one know how to act during it? After a careful study of the works of Procopius, using mainly the philosophy of Plato and the assumptions of Dariusz Brodka, the answers are: 1) The originator of the καιρός is God, who not only gives the opportunity, but at the same time implements the task to use this opportunity, so the καιρός becomes a part of Salvation History. This concept is shown to be similar to Old Testament views on time and opportunity. 2) Contrary to ancient thought, not every human action in Procopius has its καιρός. The moment only arises when God wants it to arise. 3) The human ability to know the presence of a καιρός and to know the right action during this moment Procopius understands according to Plato: it is possible through the application of experience and reason. In the Anecdota, the καιρός is used to further discredit and demonise Justinianus. The rule of the Emperor changes the basic conditions of the world in such a way that man is no longer able to recognise the godly καιρός through application of experience and therefore is unable to use this moment given by God. The amount of knowledge one needs to manipulate the world in such away is an impossibility foramere human, but a given for the demon Justinianus. The terror of Justinianus therefore gains a metaphysical dimension, just like the Emperor himself thanks to his presentation as a demon. Justinianus’ relation to the καιρός is horrible, for God neither presents him with such a moment nor is he able to do anything but act against the godly καιρός of others, for it is the nature of a demon to act against God. Finally it is shown that the καιρός of Procopius is very different from the καιρός of Thucydides. In Procopius it is a basic principle of God’s operations in the world, whereas in Thucydides it is a somewhat vague everyday term.

scholarly journals Das Opfer nach der Sintflut f�r die Gottheit(en) des Alten Testaments und des Alten Orients: Eine neue Deutung

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerlinde Baumann
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Near East ◽  
Cultural Anthropology ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
New Interpretation ◽  
Gilgamesh Epic ◽  
The Sacrifice

The Sacrifice for (the) God(s) after the Flood in Ancient Israel and the Ancient Near East: A New Interpretation. The experience of a large, devastating flood is part of the cultural heritage of mankind. The famous �texts of the deluge� come from Mesopotamia. Here, the flood tradition dates back to the 3rd Millennium. The longest and most traditional of these texts, which � amongst other things � deal with the interpretation of these events, is the Atramḫasis myth. The literary-dependent text is the Gilgamesh epic, and the Old Testament version is the story of the Flood that is found in Genesis 6�9. For a long time the similarities and differences between these three texts have been known. However, so far little attention was given to a passage that all three texts share: the sacrifice of the surviving humans after the Flood. The reaction of the deity(ies) differs in these three texts. In this article I would like to consider the similarities and differences between the texts in order to evaluate the significance of the Old Testament text. This is against the background of recent insights in the field of ancient Israelite sacrifice, related to cultural anthropology. These three passages are first considered in their context and then compared to the relevant aspects of each other before a conclusion is drawn.

OPTIONAL WORDS IN TURKISH LANGUAGES

2020 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-47
Author(s):  
B. Sagyndykuli ◽  
◽  
G. Raeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Study ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Physical Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
Historical Nature

This article discusses variant words spoken through front-lingual vowels, with words spoken through back-lingual vowels that have the same meaning. As a result of the development of languages ​​over an infinitely long time, rear-lingual and middle-lingual, both vowels and consonants, moved to the front of the tongue. This, of course, was influenced by natural conditions, changes in the physical data of a person (decrease in growth, decrease in his complexion, etc.). In the article, by means of comparative historical study, the ancient forms of variant words are restored, which in linguistics are called “syngarmonic variants and parelli”.Singharmonic variants are more often found in monosyllables in modern languages, which indicates the historical nature of this phenomenon. The number of synarmonic variants increases sharply if we compare and compare competing roots in a separate language or Turkic languages ​​and their dialects, which are formed as a result of the free exchange of vowels, which do not differ in the lexical and semantic sense. Therefore, in order to prove that the ancient roots of the Kazakh-Turkic words were pronounced with solid vowels, we paid special attention to the correspondence of hard and soft vowels in syngarmonic variants

scholarly journals Die een wat sal kom: 'Messiaanse tekste' in die Ou Testament en ander Joodse geskrifte

2010 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alphonso Groenewald
Keyword(s):  
New Testament ◽  
Old Testament ◽  
Hebrew Bible ◽  
Jesus Christ ◽  
Ancient Israel ◽  
The New Testament ◽  
Long Time ◽  
To Come ◽  
The One ◽  
The Church

The one who is to come: �Messianic texts� in the Old Testament and other Jewish writingsAccording to the New-Testament authors, the life of Jesus, as Christ, should be seen in light of the Old-Testament texts. It seems that all the messianic texts in the Old Testament had been fulfilled in Jesus. The Messiah, who had been expected for a long time, was born in Bethlehem. This interpretation by the New-Testament authors has caused the church and Christians throughout the centuries to read the Old Testament as a prophecy, which is fulfilled in Jesus Christ. This interpretation has caused impatience with Jews, who did not accept Jesus of Nazareth as the Messiah. This article addresses the question: How did ancient Israel understand the concept �messiah�? It seems that the term is much more complex than a single meaning would allow the reader to believe. This article thus focuses on the theological functioning of the term within the Hebrew Bible as well as in other Jewish writings.

A New Look at the Colonization of the Siberian Khanate or what the Historical Toponyms Say

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (121) ◽  
pp. 92-104
Author(s):  
B Biyarov
Keyword(s):  
Western Siberia ◽  
Eastern Siberia ◽  
Ural Mountains ◽  
Russian Scientist ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Northern Regions ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Turkic Languages ◽  
New Look

The article reveals some aspects of the Russian colonization of the SiberianKhanate, which was formed in the second half of the 15th century in Western Siberia. Historicalplace names prove that before Yermak's detachment, the Russians did not cross the Ural Mountains,where Siberians and Turkic tribes lived for a long time. At the same time, the author considers thecampaign of Yermak's detachment to be aggression and considers its use unworthy of such a forceas Russia.The article notes that Kushim Khan, who fought for the independence of the Siberian Khanateuntil the end of his life, could not get a proper assessment of history. It was only natural that hisarmy, armed with bows, swords and spears, would not be able to withstand guns and rifles. At thesame time, Kushim Khan fought until the end of his life, and then his sons continued and stoppedthe process of colonization for decades.The article provides an etymological analysis of the macrotoponyms of the Siberian Khanate.The author also offers his own conclusions, referring to long-standing scientific opinions about themeaning of certain historical toponyms. Since the etymology of toponyms is revealed only in theUgric or Turkic languages, it is known that this region has long been inhabited by the Ostyaks,Voguls and Turkic peoples. Everyone knows that Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia and the Far Eastwere later colonized by Russia.This article can be considered a response to the inappropriate, unreasonably expressedopinions of some Russian politicians that “the northern regions of Kazakhstan (not to mentionWestern Siberia – the author) belonged to Russia, these lands were a “gift” to Kazakhstan”. Theoutstanding Russian scientist G. Potanin also, on the contrary, claims that “Siberia was a gift toRussia”.

200kv superconducting cryo electron microscope

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 642-643
Author(s):  
M. Iwatsuki ◽  
Y. Kokubo ◽  
Y. Harada ◽  
J. Lehman
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Structure Analysis ◽  
Organic Materials ◽  
Strong Interactions ◽  
Specimen Preparation ◽  
Great Effort ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Crystal Fields ◽  
Special Skill ◽  
Long Time

In recent years, the electron microscope has been significantly improved in resolution and we can obtain routinely atomic-level high resolution images without any special skill. With this improvement, the structure analysis of organic materials has become one of the interesting targets in the biological and polymer crystal fields.Up to now, X-ray structure analysis has been mainly used for such materials. With this method, however, great effort and a long time are required for specimen preparation because of the need for larger crystals. This method can analyze average crystal structure but is insufficient for interpreting it on the atomic or molecular level. The electron microscopic method for organic materials has not only the advantage of specimen preparation but also the capability of providing various information from extremely small specimen regions, using strong interactions between electrons and the substance. On the other hand, however, this strong interaction has a big disadvantage in high radiation damage.

A Stationary Solution of High-Energy Electron Reflection (HEER) for An Arbitrary Surface

1990 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-375
Author(s):  
YIQUN MA
Keyword(s):  
Stationary Solution ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Bloch Wave ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
High Energy Electron ◽  
Bulk Materials ◽  
Periodic Surface ◽  
Electron Transmission ◽  
Electron Reflection ◽  
Long Time

For a long time, the development of dynamical theory for HEER has been stagnated for several reasons. Although the Bloch wave method is powerful for the understanding of physical insights of electron diffraction, particularly electron transmission diffraction, it is not readily available for the simulation of various surface imperfection in electron reflection diffraction since it is basically a method for bulk materials and perfect surface. When the multislice method due to Cowley & Moodie is used for electron reflection, the “edge effects” stand firmly in the way of reaching a stationary solution for HEER. The multislice method due to Maksym & Beeby is valid only for an 2-D periodic surface.Now, a method for solving stationary solution of HEER for an arbitrary surface is available, which is called the Edge Patching method in Multislice-Only mode (the EPMO method). The analytical basis for this method can be attributed to two important characters of HEER: 1) 2-D dependence of the wave fields and 2) the Picard iteractionlike character of multislice calculation due to Cowley and Moodie in the Bragg case.

Direct imaging of charge transfer

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 680-681
Author(s):  
Yimei Zhu ◽  
J. Tafto
Keyword(s):  
Charge Transfer ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Scattering Amplitude ◽  
High Temperature Superconductors ◽  
Charge Carriers ◽  
Image Charge ◽  
Net Charge ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Electron Holes ◽  
First Time

The electron holes confined to the CuO2-plane are the charge carriers in high-temperature superconductors, and thus, the distribution of charge plays a key role in determining their superconducting properties. While it has been known for a long time that in principle, electron diffraction at low angles is very sensitive to charge transfer, we, for the first time, show that under a proper TEM imaging condition, it is possible to directly image charge in crystals with a large unit cell. We apply this new way of studying charge distribution to the technologically important Bi2Sr2Ca1Cu2O8+δ superconductors.Charged particles interact with the electrostatic potential, and thus, for small scattering angles, the incident particle sees a nuclei that is screened by the electron cloud. Hence, the scattering amplitude mainly is determined by the net charge of the ion. Comparing with the high Z neutral Bi atom, we note that the scattering amplitude of the hole or an electron is larger at small scattering angles. This is in stark contrast to the displacements which contribute negligibly to the electron diffraction pattern at small angles because of the short g-vectors.

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