scholarly journals GEOCHEMISTRY AND ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METALS IN SURFACE SOIL IN AL-HAWIJA, SOUTHWEST KIRKUK

2020 ◽  
Vol 53 (2E) ◽  
pp. 36-61
Author(s):  
Ahmed Al-Obeidi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Size Fraction ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources

Soil pollution adversely affects the safety and health of the human being. The main objective of the study is to determine the concentrations of heavy metals (As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb and Zn) in surface soil in Al-Hawija, southwestern Kirkuk. Twenty-one samples were collected and analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to measure the content of heavy metals and assess the soil pollution by using the contamination factor, degree of contamination, geoaccumulation index, pollution load index and ecological risk index (RI). The results indicate that there is high pollution by lead, chromium and copper (78.8, 87.4 and 53.8 mg/kg) respectively, in industrial areas due to anthropogenic sources with the presence of significant ecological risk (Er) of the lead (116) in site S7, due to its high concentrations, while size fraction analysis indicated that all heavy metals are concentrated in the fine parts as a result of adsorption processes by clay minerals.

Contamination status and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediment of Kelantan River and its nearshore area, Malaysia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Nagaiah Pooveneswary ◽  
Ahmad Farid Bin Abu Bakar ◽  
Bong Chui Wei ◽  
Choon Weng Lee ◽  
Wang Ai Jun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Surface Sediment ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Nearshore Area ◽  
Significant Enrichment

Abstract A study on contamination status and ecological risk of heavy metals in surface sediment at selected sites on Kelantan River and its nearshore area was carried out. Ten samples along Kelantan River and 25 samples from the nearshore were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) to determine heavy metal concentrations. Sediment samples were also analyzed for particle size compositions, total organic matter and pH content. The average concentrations for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn were 7.38, 1.31, 17.71, 11.40, 507.15, 5.97, 22.61, 32.95 mg/kg for riverine and 14.14, 4.59, 29.79, 14.07, 389.96, 9.65, 62.21, 41.04 mg/kg for nearshore samples respectively. The potential ecological risk index showed stations Bekok, Manek Urai, and RH under considerable risk followed by station Pasir Mas under moderate risk. The pollution load index classified four nearshore sites (KW10, KW17, KW18, KW37) as polluted. The geo-accumulation index (Igeo) categorized moderate contamination for Cd and Pb. The enrichment factor (EF) along the river categorized extremely high enrichment for Cd, and significant enrichment for As, Pb and Mn while Pb and As were under very high and significant enrichment in nearshore areas. Pb, Cu, Zn, As, Ni and Cr showed significant correlations with each other.

scholarly journals Risk Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution of Topsoil in the Proposed Land for UNIOSUN Teaching Hospital

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Anifowose
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Teaching Hospital ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Inductively Coupled Plasma ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
University Teaching ◽  
Emission Spectrometry ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Potential Threat

Heavy metals which are released to the soil are found to be deleterious to environment and biota. Such soil quality, particularly in residential proximities, must be assessed periodically. This study investigated nine (9) heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Fe, Cr, Zn, As, Mn, Ni) in the surface soil of an agrarian land for Osun State University Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, with a view to establishing their potential threat. They were measured in twenty (20) composite soil samples of the site by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The results showed that the average concentrations of Cu (6.5 mg/kg), Pb (5.4 mg/kg), Fe (5831 mg/kg), Cr (22 mg/kg), Zn (14.8 mg/kg), As (1.4 mg/kg), Mn (575 mg/kg), Ni (2.6 mg/kg) were within the permissible range and posed no ecological risk. However, Cd ranging 0.1–1.3 mg/kg (average, 0.6 mg/kg) moderately posed ecological risk due to its positive geo-accumulation index and constituted 86.5% of risk index of all the metals. Applications of agrochemicals, fertilizers in the previous agricultural activities could be the primary sources of the elevated concentration of Cd measured in the soil. The overall pollution assessment of the surface soil indicated moderate pollution of the site soil by the heavy metals.

scholarly journals Applying Some Indices for Soil Pollution Assessment in Northern Industrial Area from Erbil Governorate

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 45-58
Author(s):  
Nashmeel Khudhur ◽  
Sidra Qubad Yassin ◽  
Ahmed Saman Hassan ◽  
Mortatha Nawzad Omar
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Soil Pollution ◽  
Surface Soil ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Assessment ◽  
Industrial Area ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Growth Effect ◽  
Lepidium Sativum ◽  
Soil Site

Soil pollution by some heavy metals including: Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Cd and Pb from northern industrial area of Erbil City was assessed. The contamination indices including: geoaccumulation (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), enrichment factor (EF), degree of contamination (Cdeg), pollution load index (PLI) and element contamination index (ECI) were applied to assess soil pollution in Erbil North Industrial area at three sites (for both surface and sub-surface soils). Maximum Fe value 34243.6 ppm was recorded in sub-surface soil (site 2). Maximum values 265.4, 248.8, 98.23 and 397.45 ppm were recorded for Cr, Ni, Cu and Zn at sub-surface soil (site 3). Whereas, maximum values of 22.52, 5.36, 23.9, 6.12 and 65.67 ppm were recorded for As, Mo, Ag, Cd and Pb at surface soil (site 3). Results of analysed heavy metals for soil Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Mo, Ag, Cd and Pb have shown that the studied sites were severely contaminated with Cd, so the maximum detected Cd concentration was 6.12 ppm in surface soil (300 meters away from the industrial area). The soil pollution in the studied area was classified as moderate to strong surface and sub-surface soil contamination. Behavioral toxicity experiment showed slight growth effect on Lepidium sativum L.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Contamination and Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals Associated with Cement Production in Ewekoro, Southwest Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (25) ◽  
Author(s):  
Temitope Ayodeji Laniyan ◽  
Adeniyi JohnPaul Adewumi
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Anthropogenic Activities ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Cement Production ◽  
Heavy Metals In Soils

Background. Exposure to heavy metals emanating from cement production and other anthropogenic activities can pose ecological risks. Objectives. A detailed investigation was carried out to assess the contamination and ecological risk of heavy metals associated with dust released during cement production. Methods. Sixty samples, including 30 soils and 30 plants, were collected around Lafarge Cement Production Company. Control samples of soil and plants were collected in areas where human activities are limited. Samples were dried, sieved (for soil; 65 μm), packaged and analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry at Acme Laboratory in Canada. Results. The average concentration of heavy metals in soils of the area are: copper (Cu): 41.63 mg/kg; lead (Pb): 35.43 mg/kg; zinc (Zn): 213.64 mg/kg; chromium (Cr): 35.60 mg/kg; cobalt (Co): 3.84 mg/kg and nickel (Ni): 5.13 mg/kg. Concentrations of Cr in soils were above the recommended standards, while other metals were below recommended limits. The average concentrations of heavy metals in plants were: Cu: 26.32 mg/kg; Pb: 15.46 mg/kg; Zn: 213.94 mg/kg; Cr: 30.62 mg/kg; Co: 0.45 mg/kg and Ni: 3.77 mg/kg. Levels of heavy metals in plants were all above international limits. Geo-accumulation of metals in soils ranged between −0.15 and 6.32, while the contamination factor ranged between 0.53 and 119.59. Ecological risk index of heavy metals in soils ranged between 49.71 and 749. Discussion. All metals in soils of the study area except for Cr were below the allowable limits, while the levels of metals in plants were above the permissible limits. Levels of heavy metals reported in this study were higher than those from similar cement production areas. Soils around the Ewekoro cement production area were low to extremely contaminated by toxic metals. Cement production, processing, transportation in conjunction with the abandoned railway track in the area greatly contribute to the high degree of contamination observed in the area. Metal transfers from soil to plant are a common phenomenon. The metals pose low to considerable ecological risk. Conclusions. Anthropogenic sources, especially cement processing activities, release heavy metals which leads to progressive pollution of the environment and poses high ecological risk. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests

scholarly journals Accumulation and Potential Ecological Risk of Heavy Metals in the Sediments of Rivers System in Beijing-Tianjin Area

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shengguang Yuan ◽  
wenqiang zhang ◽  
Wenye Li ◽  
Zhenhan Li ◽  
Minshan Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
Sampling Points

Abstract Human activities cause heavy metals to enter the water body and consequently deposit in sediment with slow flow velocity, however little studies have explored the spatial distribution and ecological risk of heavy metals in sediments. The risk, spatial distribution and toxicity of heavy metals in sediment were investigated along the North Canal in the Beijing-Tianjin area. The study revealed that the mean concentrations of heavy metals in sediments exhibited a descending order of Zn > Cr > As > Cu > Pb > Ni > Co > Cd. The average geoaccumulation index (Igeo) value of Cd was highest and ranged from 0.2 to 2.91. Moreover, the greatest contamination of Cd (the Igeo values > 2) was observed in three sampling sites around the Tianjin City. The pollution load index (PLI) of all sampling points were greater than 1, which indicated the inflow of heavy metals originated from anthropogenic sources. The risk index (RI) values of three sampling points were greater than 300, which demonstreated high potential ecological risk. With regards to the toxicity assessment of combined heavy metals, there were two probable effect concentration (PEC) quotient (Qm-PEC) values greater than 0.5 which suggested potential toxicity to certain sediment-dwelling organisms. Identification of the possible sources and factors contributing to the content and spatial distribution of heavy metals could assist in improvement of the water quality, as well as support efficient management strategies to restoration of the environment.

scholarly journals Estimation of Risk to the Eco-Environment and Human Health of Using Heavy Metals in the Uttarakhand Himalaya, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (20) ◽  
pp. 7078 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Marina Cabral-Pinto ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Munesh Kumar ◽  
Pedro A. Dinis
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Modern Era

In the modern era, due to the rapid increase in urbanization and industrialization in the vicinity of the Himalayas, heavy metals contamination in soil has become a key priority for researchers working globally; however, evaluation of the human and ecological risks mainly in hilly areas remains limited. In this study, we analyzed indices like the contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (DC), enrichment factor (EF), geochemical index (Igeo), pollution ecological risk index (PERI), and pollution load index (PLI), along with cancer risk (CR) and hazard indices (HI), to ascertain the eco-environmental and human risks of using heavy metals in datasets collected from 168 sampling locations in Uttarakhand, India. The evaluation calculated of Igeo, EF, and CF suggests that represented soil samples were moderately contaminated and highly augmented with Rb, while PERI (75.56) advocates a low ecological risk. Further, PLI and DC (PLI: 1.26; DC: 36.66) show a possible health risk for the native population in the vicinity of the studied catchment. The hazard index (HI) is estimated greater than 1 (HI > 1) for Cr and Mn, representing a possible risk for cancer. However, adults are free from cancer risk, and other studied elements have been reported as noncarcinogenic. This assessment gives important information to policymakers, environmentalists, and foresters for taking mitigation measures in advance to mitigate the potential future risk of soil pollution on humans, ecology, and the environment.

scholarly journals Deposited Particulate Matter Enrichment in Heavy Metals and Related Health Risk: A Case Study of Krakow, Poland

Proceedings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Gruszecka-Kosowska
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Particulate Matter ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Hazard Quotient ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Anthropogenic Sources ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Very High

The aim of these investigations was to determine the impact of heavy metals bound with deposited particulate matter (PM) on contamination degree and related toxicological effects by calculating enrichment indices, namely, the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), and enrichment factor (EF), as well as the ecological risk index (ERI) and modified hazard quotient (mHQ). Calculations were made based on the selected element concentrations determined in deposited PM samples in Krakow. The results of the investigations revealed that deposited PM was enriched in heavy metals. As Igeo provides information on the level of metal accumulation, it was found that deposited PM was practically uncontaminated with Be, Cd, and Tl (class 0) but heavily to extremely contaminated (class 5) with Co and Sn and extremely contaminated (class 6) with As, Ba, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn. On the other hand, the calculated values of CF revealed very high contamination of deposited PM with Cd and Zn, considerable contamination with Sn, Pb, and As, and moderate contamination with Cu and Li. Values of calculated EF revealed that among the investigated elements, only Zn originated from anthropogenic sources. For Cd, a small influence of anthropogenic sources was observed. For Pb and Sn, non-crustal sources of emission were expected. The calculated ERI values indicated potential ecological risk levels that were very high for Cd and considerable for Zn, as well as low potential ecological risk for As, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Tl. Moreover, the calculated mHQ values of severity of contamination were extreme for Zn, considerable for Cr, and moderate for As, Cu, and Pb. The analysis revealed that the impact of atmospheric and re-suspended PM on inhabitants constitutes a complex effect of a mixture of heavy metals simultaneously affecting human health.

scholarly journals Evaluation of ecological risk, source and spatial distribution of some heavy metals in marine sediments in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea region, Turkey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aylin Apaydın ◽  
Hatice Kabaoğlu ◽  
Gökhan Apaydın ◽  
Murat Şirin ◽  
Erhan Cengiz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Spatial Distribution ◽  
Black Sea ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Agricultural Practices ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Black Sea Region ◽  
The Mean

Abstract In the present study, the concentration levels of heavy metals such as Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb in sediment samples collected from 16 sampling locations in the Middle and Eastern Black Sea regions, Turkey was measured using energy dispersive X–ray fluorescence spectroscopy (EDXRF). Various pollution parameters and methods, such as the enrichment factor (EF), geo–accumulation index (Igeo), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), ecological risk index (RI), and geo–spatial distribution patterns were used to assess in detail the pollution status, ecological risks and sources of metals in sediment. The mean concentrations of Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cr and Pb were found to be 565.38, 46,000, 34.38, 104.06, 109.88, 87.31, and 32.31 mg/kg, respectively. Results showed that the mean concentrations of Cu, Zn and Pb exceeded the crustal shale value, with the exception of Mn, Fe, Ni and Cr. According to the calculated pollution parameters, although minimal or moderate pollution was detected in the area investigated, it was determined that there was a very low ecological risk. Multivariate statistical analysis results showed that Cu, Zn, and Pb levels in the investigated region were slightly influenced by anthropogenic inputs such as mining and agricultural practices. In addition, the geo–spatial distributions of Cu, Zn, Fe and Pb were found to be higher in this region due to the mining activities carried out in the Eastern Black Sea region.

scholarly journals Tortum Gölü Yüzey Sedimentlerindeki Metal Birikiminin Ekolojik İndeksler Yolu ile Kapsamlı Risk Değerlendirmesi

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (12) ◽  
pp. 1185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Serkan Kürker
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Enrichment Factor ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Potential Ecological Risk ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Organic Carbon Content ◽  
Lake Catchment

In this study, ecological risks arising from the accumulation of some heavy metals in surface sediments of Lake Tortum are discussed based on the use of ecological indices, such as enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk index (PER) and the mean probable effect concentration quotient (mPEC-Q). Sediment samples were collected from six different sites using Van Veen grab and heavy metal and organic carbon content of sediments were determined. Results testify to the existence of minimal to moderate contamination in lake sediment. The highest value for the enrichment factor pertains to Cd caused by the use of fossil fuels in settlement areas in the lake catchment. PLI and PER estimations, on the other hand, reveals the presence of low heavy metals-induced ecological risk in lake sediments. Ranging between 15% and 29%, mPEC-Q values are indicative of the fact that Lake Tortum is a low-moderate priority site in terms of toxicity level caused by heavy metals.

scholarly journals Heavy Metals Contamination of Soil in the Vicinity of Hawassa Industrial Zone, Ethiopia

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (8) ◽  
pp. 1447-1454
Author(s):  
B. Samuel ◽  
S. Solomon ◽  
F. Daniel ◽  
G.M. Zinabu ◽  
G. Riise
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Ecological Risk ◽  
Human Impacts ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Contamination Factor ◽  
Pollution Load Index ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Industrial Zone ◽  
Pollution Load ◽  
Degree Of Contamination

Industrial effluents, containing heavy metals, drain directly into downstream water sources within the Hawassa Industrial Zone. These, water  sources are used for irrigation, drinking water and other domestic purposes. The load of pollutants, environmental risks and potential human impacts are generally, unknown for soil in Ethiopia. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the extent of heavy metal pollution of soil within the Hawassa Industrial Zone and to evaluate environmental impacts using contamination factor (CF), degree of contamination (Cd), modified degree of contamination (mCd), ecological risk factor (Er), ecological risk index (ERI) and pollution load index (PLI) analyses. Seven heavy metals: Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Cd and Pb were determined in soil samples from three different sites by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Average concentration of metals decreased in the order of Zn>Cu>Cr>Ni>Pb>As>Cd consistent with the normal order of abundance in non-polluted soils. One way ANOVA revealed significant differences (P<0.05) in the concentrations of Cu, As, Cd and Pb among the sampling sites. Pearson’s correlation, principal component and cluster analyses revealed that heavy metals are originating from different sources. Within the industrial area,  the CF increased in the order of Pb<Cd<Zn<As<Cu<Cr<Ni. The result of Cd revealed that there was considerable to very high contamination of the soil. The mCd index showed moderate contamination of the soils. The Er increased in the order of Zn<Cr<Pb<Cu<Ni<As<Cd and the result of the ERI value revealed considerable ecological risk for the soils. Overall, the study showed that the soils within the Hawassa Industrial Zone are highly contaminated with heavy metals. Therefore, regular monitoring of heavy metals concentration in soil and policy interventions with respect to waste disposal are recommended. Keywords: Heavy metals, potential ecological risks, pollution load index, soil

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