The Alpine Convention – an international agreement with widespread dimensions

elni Review ◽  
2008 ◽  
pp. 39-49
Author(s):  
Birgit Dette

The Alps are experiencing a dynamic development in different areas, such as economy, social development or cross-alpine traffic and at the same time are facing environmental changes that impair the living conditions of people as well as of its flora and fauna. It is therefore important that through the Alpine Convention an international treaty has been agreed upon for the protection of the Alps with an integrative approach, embracing ecological, economic and social aspects. This article provides an overview of the objectives and content of the Alpine Convention. It also takes a look at its genesis and implementation as well as the different stakeholders that are involved therein. The article further examines the specific characteristics of the Alpine Convention such as its mechanisms for dispute resolution and its aspects of public participation. In this context a parallel is drawn to the Aarhus Convention which is likewise an NGO-driven international Convention.

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-103
Author(s):  
Komang Sukaniasa

International agreements are agreements between international subjects that give rise to binding obligations in international rights, which can be bilateral or multilateral. Based on these opinions, an understanding can be taken that international treaties are agreements or agreements entered into by two or more countries as subjects of international law that aim to cause certain legal consequences. International agreements, whether ratified or through approval or acceptance or accession, or other methods that are permitted, have the same binding force as ratified international treaties established in the Ratification Law of International Treaties. Once again, it is equally valid and binding on the state. Therefore, the authors consider that the position of international treaties are not made in the form of the Ratification Act of the International Agreement but are binding and apply to Indonesia. Then Damos Dumoli Agusman argues that ratification originates from the conception of international treaty law which is interpreted as an act of confirmation from a country of the legal acts of its envoys or representatives who have signed an agreement as a sign of agreement to be bound by the agreement.


2003 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
G.V. Pyrog

The relevance of the study of the problem of Christian axiology is due to the growing interest in religion and the associated change in world outlook and values ​​in contemporary Ukrainian society. The study of religious values ​​is caused by the urgent problem of finding universal moral values ​​of social development and clarifying the content, structure and nature of their functioning. The scientific study of religious values ​​is also relevant because this problem is closely linked to the value aspects of political life. Christian values ​​are one of the most important factors influencing the formation and development of Ukrainian culture.


Author(s):  
Iryna Osmirko ◽  
Ivanna Maryniv

Problem setting. Due to the fact that the constitutional norms determine the status of an international treaty, the binding nature of which has been approved by the parliament as part of national legislation, it is important to study the temporal effect of international treaties, namely their retroactivity. In general, the Vienna Convention contains a provision according to which an international treaty has no retroactive effect in respect of the States which are parties to it, except where the intention to give retroactive effect to the treaty follows from the treaty itself or the agreements of its parties. These exceptions to the general rule indicate the non-absoluteness of the latter, so it is appropriate to study the factors that determine the existence of retroactive agreements, as well as controversial and controversial issues that arise in this regard. Analysis of recent researches and publications. Scholars such as S.N. Ivanov, RA Kalamkaryan, M.A. Kapustina, II Lukashuk, OV Pushnyak and others. However, this area needs further study and analysis, given the existence of exceptions to the general provision on the lack of retroactive effect of international agreements. Target of research. Тo consider the conditions under which an international treaty has retroactive effect, to investigate the factors influencing the decision to grant retroactive effect and the issues arising in connection with the retroactivity of international treaties. Article’s main body. This study examines the non-absoluteness of the provision on the absence of retroactive effect of international agreements. Among the reasons that encourage states to anticipate retroactive effect – the interpretive or additional nature of the international agreement or the need to resolve the situation that arose before its conclusion. It should be emphasized that some agreements have retroactive effect by virtue of their object, which provides this retroactive effect, as agreed by the parties, although not explicitly stated in the contract. It is also not uncommon for certain rights and obligations to arise not because of an international treaty that has not yet entered into force, but because of customary norms that are enshrined in it. Conclusions and prospects for the development. The principle of no retroactive effect of an international agreement is not absolute. In each case, the reasons for the application of retroactivity must be decided by a judicial authority in the process of interpreting the contractual obligations. An important role in the possibility of retroactive application of an international treaty is played by its object or the co-existing customary norms of international law and the principles recognized by civilized nations as binding.


2020 ◽  
Vol 287 (1919) ◽  
pp. 20192348 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey Diez ◽  
Håvard Kauserud ◽  
Carrie Andrew ◽  
Einar Heegaard ◽  
Irmgard Krisai-Greilhuber ◽  
...  

Many plant and animal species are changing their latitudinal and/or altitudinal distributions in response to climate change, but whether fungi show similar changes is largely unknown. Here, we use historical fungal fruit body records from the European Alps to assess altitudinal changes in fungal fruiting between 1960 and 2010. We observe that many fungal species are fruiting at significantly higher elevations in 2010 compared to 1960, and especially so among soil-dwelling fungi. Wood-decay fungi, being dependent on the presence of one or a few host trees, show a slower response. Species growing at higher elevations changed their altitudinal fruiting patterns significantly more than lowland species. Environmental changes in high altitudes may lead to proportionally stronger responses, since high-altitude species live closer to their physiological limit. These aboveground changes in fruiting patterns probably mirror corresponding shifts in belowground fungal communities, suggesting parallel shifts in important ecosystem functions.


AJIL Unbound ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 108 ◽  
pp. 166-169
Author(s):  
Rachelle Adams

In Romain Gary’s novel Roots of Heaven, Morel, a French national in despair over the plight of Africa’s elephants, resolves to promote an international convention that will ban all hunting of elephants. The setting is colonial Chad in French Equatorial Africa in 1953, and, evocative of the current crisis, the story relates that thirty thousand elephants had been killed that year alone. The theme of the use of international law to protect the elephant weaves throughout the narrative. Morel is obsessed with gathering signatures to his petition for the new treaty, to counter “the notoriously insufficient laws for the protection of the African fauna.” The key international treaty at that time was the 1933 Convention Relative to the Preservation of Fauna and Flora in their Natural State. This convention had been adopted at the urging of scientists anxious over the devastation of elephant (and other wildlife) populations, by colonial governments more concerned over the implications for the ivory trade. The convention regulated hunting for trade and for trophies, as well as subsistence hunting, and provided for the conservation of the elephant as part of a management plan for this very lucrative colonial trade. Admittedly, although its primary objective was the steadfast supply of elephants for their tusks, this treaty did stalwartly stand between traders, governments, and consumers on the one hand, and the final demise of elephants on the other.


2016 ◽  
Vol 106 (5) ◽  
pp. 651-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Mitrović ◽  
Ž. Tomanović ◽  
M. Jakovljević ◽  
D. Radović ◽  
J. Havelka ◽  
...  

AbstractPopulations ofLiparus glabrirostris(Curculionidae: Molytinae), a weevil inhabiting higher altitudes of Central Europe, were sampled from 24 localities in the Alps and Carpathian Mountains, and the geographical structuring of genetic variation was analyzed. Comparison of the concatenated mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I and subunit II sequences revealed consistent genetic divergence between the populations ofL. glabrirostrisfrom different mountain ranges. In phylogenetic analysis using maximum parsimony and median-joining networks, concatenated mitochondrial haplotypes from the Alps and Carpathians clustered as separate lineages, with high bootstrap support. Substantial genetic distances determined between the separated groups ranged from 2.6 to 3.0%, with divergence estimated to have initiated approximately 0.85–0.98 million years ago. The nuclear elongation factor 1α gene was additionally amplified and haplotype analysis showed very low evolutionary divergence (0.2%), with separate clustering as well. The observed divergence suggests that the populations have been isolated for a long time, as a consequence of environmental changes resulting in varying fragmentation of habitats in the Alps and Carpathians, interrupting genetic exchange events and altering the genetic structure ofL. glabrirostrispopulations. On the other hand, comparison of morphological characteristics showed no differences to confirm genetically well differentiated groups of populations. A polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism-based method was therefore developed to discriminate between the Alpine and Carpathian lineages.


10.14201/2837 ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra María Pérez Alonso-geta ◽  
P. Cánovas Leonhardt ◽  
Enrique Gervilla Castillo

RESUMEN: En este artículo los autores analizan los valores y competencias de los escolares en nuestro país considerando sus conductas y preferencias aquí y ahora, para, sobre esta base también, poder sentar líneas de mejora. Centra su atención en la escuela y, más en concreto, en la Enseñanza Obligatoria, si bien son conscientes de la dificultad de poner límites al campo, por cuanto escuela y sociedad son inseparables en la transmisión de competencias y valores. Es más, la escuela hoy no sería tal si no incorpora los valores de la sociedad para su conocimiento, reflexión y crítica.La LOGSE, como las grandes leyes educativas precedentes, es hoy para los autores un proyecto político y politizado que pretende la formación de los escolares, en un conjunto de valores y competencias, para el progreso individual y de la sociedad del momento. Tales valores, se concretan, según orden jerárquico, en los siguientes: sociales, dinámicos, intelectuales, globalizadores, individuales, corporales, morales, ecológicos, instrumentales, afectivos y estéticos. Tales valores admiten múltiples vías de realización: contenidos directos de aprendizaje, ejes transversales, medios y métodos, organización, relaciones personales, ambiente escolar, etc. Y aunque todos valen, no todos valen para todos, ni valen lo mismo; sí todos, en mayor o menor grado, humanizan. Entre esta pluralidad de valores y competencias que la LOGSE manifiesta, se ocupan, de la inteligencia, de lo social y del afecto y de la vida saludable.ABSTRACT: The autohors in this paper discuss Spanish school children's values and abilities, considering their behaviours and preferences here and now, and aiming, also on this ground, at establishing improvement programmes. Although discussion focusses on school and, more specifically, on compulsary education, the authors are aware of how difficult considering school in isolation from society is, as school and society cannot be separated from each other as far as the transfer of abilities and values in concerned. Furhermore, schools could not be considered as such if they did not include the understanding, thinking and criticism of social values.The authors argue that the LOGSE (Educational System Act), as the main previous Education Acts, is a political and politicized project whose goal is teaching students a set of values and abilities to promote individual and social development. Namely, they are, in a hierachical order, social, dynamic, intelectual, globalizing, individual, physical, moral, ecological, instrumental, emotional and aesthetic values. These values may be transferred in many ways: through direct learning content, cross-curricular learning, resources and methodology, structuring, personal relationships, school atmosphere, etc. Although all of them are worthy, not all of them are adecúate for all the students, neither have the same significance. The all, however, make students human in a higher or lower degree. Within this variety, values and abilities included in the LOGSE are related to intelligence, social aspects, attachment and healthy life.


ARCHALP ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (N. 4 / 2020) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristina Dešman ◽  
Maja Ivanič

Slovenia is an alpine country: 11 percent of its territory is above 1,600 meters above sea level. The Slovenian Alps are dotted with secluded farms and clustered hamlets, and there are larger towns on the plains of the pre-Alpine regions. In the 1990s, Slovenia, together with other Alpine countries, acceded to the International Convention on the Protection of the Alps. Due to its small size, the Slovenian Alpine space is manageable, but very fragile and sensitive to various interventions, especially architectural ones. Namely, architecture directs the mentality and consciousness of people, and thus also cultural and economic development. Today, it is difficult to talk about revitalizing the Alps without mentioning tourism, which brings money to the Alpine environment and creates jobs. Unfortunately, the Slovenian alpine space is developing without a comprehensive urban and architectural development direction. Economic and tourism strategies are also vague. Individual examples of modern quality architecture are rather happy coincidence of the architect's sensitivity, experience and mastery, and the investor's cultural breadth. That is why the examples of good architectural practice that culturally and economically revive the Slovenian Alpine region and preserve its identity stand out all the more. They are distinguished by their attitude towards the environment – understanding and respect for the natural and cultural landscape, dimensions of volumes that are carefully integrated into the scenography of mountain ambiences, modern spatial design, selection of new natural materials, interpretation of traditional architectural heritage and preservation of local traditions and knowledge of our ancestors.


Author(s):  
Elisabeth Sarinastitin

Social aspects of early childhood is something important to be developed in addition to cognitive and emotional aspects. There are many ways to help the child's social development process. One of them is through traditional games. Traditional games are local games that are usually played by children as a way to gather, communicate and interact with one another. This study aims to determine whether traditional games can help social development of children specifically aged 5-6 years. The object of research is children aged 5-6 years and teachers who teach traditional games in PAUD St. Yosef Langke Rembong. The research method used is descriptive analytical of the results of direct observation when children play traditional games and interviews with teachers. The results showed that the traditional games taught and played by children at the age of 5-6 years at the PAUD St. Yosef can help improve children's social development.


2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
LISIANE DA ROSA ◽  
MARIA ASSUNTA BUSATO ◽  
LUCIMARE FERRAZ ◽  
SILVIAMAR CAMPONOGARA

Abstract Introduction: the effects on human health of environmental changes brought about by the installation of a hydroelectric power plant may be physical or mental. Objective: to identify health impacts from the implementation of the Foz do Chapecó Hydroelectric Power Plant in the perspectives of the affected families. Methodology: a qualitative study was conducted with farming families affected by the reservoir of the Foz do Chapecó Hydroelectric Power Plant. Results: the transformation of the environment generated impacts on human health engendering illnesses like depression, hypertension, insomnia, and alcoholism. Conclusion: results presented in this paper indicate that, in addition to environmental and social aspects, questions relating to the health of the affected population must be taken into account when assessing the impacts generated by the installation of a hydroelectric power plant.


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