scholarly journals Carnivore Concepts: Categorization in Carnivores “Bears” Further Study

2017 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Vonk ◽  
Jessica A. Leete
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Relational Reasoning ◽  
Human Emotion ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Conceptual Representations ◽  
Dietary Preferences ◽  
Natural Categories ◽  
Conceptual Ability ◽  
Future Work

Although categorization abilities may serve as the foundation for most other complex cognitive processes, this topic has been grossly understudied in the order Carnivora. However, there are a growing number of studies examining the abilities of bears, felines, and canines to discriminate among stimuli that could represent conceptual categories. These studies are few in number compared to the extensive work conducted on non-human primates, but, thus far, results suggest that carnivores show comparable abilities to, for example; form natural categories, discriminate quantities, recognize cues of human emotion, and to discriminate kin. There is little existing work exploring concepts of sameness and relational reasoning in carnivores, and work on social concepts, such as representations of mental states, exist only in canines. Future studies are necessary to better understand the mechanisms underlying carnivores’ categorization abilities and conceptual representations. Furthermore, future work should focus on differences in conceptual ability as a function of social lifestyle and dietary preferences within carnivores. Such studies will be helpful in understanding the evolutionary pressures responsible for conceptual processes in a variety of species, including humans.

scholarly journals The Interaction Between Caudate Nucleus and Regions Within the Theory of Mind Network as a Neural Basis for Social Intelligence

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Votinov ◽  
Artem Myznikov ◽  
Maya Zheltyakova ◽  
Ruslan Masharipov ◽  
Alexander Korotkov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Theory Of Mind ◽  
Caudate Nucleus ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Functional Integration ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Neural Basis ◽  
Caudate Nuclei ◽  
Structural Peculiarity ◽  
The Right

The organization of socio-cognitive processes is a multifaceted problem for which many sophisticated concepts have been proposed. One of these concepts is social intelligence (SI), i.e., the set of abilities that allow successful interaction with other people. The theory of mind (ToM) human brain network is a good candidate for the neural substrate underlying SI since it is involved in inferring the mental states of others and ourselves and predicting or explaining others’ actions. However, the relationship of ToM to SI remains poorly explored. Our recent research revealed an association between the gray matter volume of the caudate nucleus and the degree of SI as measured by the Guilford-Sullivan test. It led us to question whether this structural peculiarity is reflected in changes to the integration of the caudate with other areas of the brain associated with socio-cognitive processes, including the ToM system. We conducted seed-based functional connectivity (FC) analysis of resting-state fMRI data for 42 subjects with the caudate as a region of interest. We found that the scores of the Guilford-Sullivan test were positively correlated with the FC between seeds in the right caudate head and two clusters located within the right superior temporal gyrus and bilateral precuneus. Both regions are known to be nodes of the ToM network. Thus, the current study demonstrates that the SI level is associated with the degree of functional integration between the ToM network and the caudate nuclei.

scholarly journals Syntactic and cognitive issues in investigating gendered coreference

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lauren Marie Ackerman
Keyword(s):  
Additional Data ◽  
Personal Names ◽  
Conceptual Representations ◽  
Linguistic Patterns ◽  
Biological Aspects ◽  
Future Work ◽  
Insight Into

This paper presents a framework for how the multifaceted nature of "gender" (human and linguistic) interacts with grammatical operations such as coreference dependency formation. It frames the question through the lens of English, in which it focuses on how personal names and referents who identify as nonbinary can provide insight into the conceptual representations of gender. Additional data from a variety of modern languages supports a model of how gender might be cognitively represented such that the observed linguistic patterns are available. A three-tiered model of gender is proposed that unites grammatical, cognitive, social, and biological aspects and describes how implications of this model might be tested in future work.

scholarly journals Measuring Vascular Recovery Rate After Exercise

Proceedings ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Halil Dijab ◽  
Jordi Alastruey ◽  
Peter Charlton
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Recovery Rate ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Cardiovascular Fitness ◽  
Wave Shape ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Pulse Waves ◽  
Future Work

The rate at which an individual recovers from exercise is known to be indicative of cardiovascular risk. It has been widely shown that the reduction in heart rate immediately after exercise is predictive of mortality. However, little research has been conducted into whether the time taken for the blood vessels to return to normal is also indicative of risk. In this study, we present a novel approach to assess vascular recovery rate (VRR) using the photoplethysmogram (PPG) signal, which is monitored by smart wearables. The VORTAL dataset (http://peterhcharlton.github.io/RRest/) was used for this study, containing PPG signals from 39 healthy subjects before (baseline) and after exercise. 31 VRR indices were extracted from the PPG pulse wave shape, as well as heart rate for comparison. The rate at which indices returned to baseline after exercise was quantified, and the consistency of changes between subjects was assessed statistically. Many VRR indices exhibited changes after exercise which were consistent between subjects. Indices derived from the timings and second derivative of pulse waves were identified as candidates for future work. The rate at which the indices returned to baseline differed between indices and subjects, indicating that they may provide additional information beyond that of heart rate, and that they may be useful for stratifying subjects. This study demonstrated the feasibility of assessing VRR after exercise from the PPG. Future studies should investigate whether VRR indices are associated with cardiovascular fitness, and the potential utility of incorporating the indices into wearable sensors.

Learning Systems and their Engineering

2003 ◽  
pp. 164-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Valentina Plekhanova
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Systems Engineering ◽  
Knowledge Engineering ◽  
Learning Processes ◽  
Learning Systems ◽  
Cognitive Systems ◽  
Project Proposal ◽  
Cognitive Agents ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Future Work

This chapter presents a project proposal that defines future work in engineering the learning processes in cognitive systems. This proposal outlines a number of directions in the fields of systems engineering, machine learning, knowledge engineering and profile theory, that lead to the development of formal methods for the modeling and engineering of learning systems. This chapter describes a framework for formalization and engineering the cognitive processes, which is based on applications of computational methods. The proposed work studies cognitive processes in software development process and considers a cognitive system as a multi-agents system of human-cognitive agents. It is important to note that this framework can be applied to different types of learning systems, and there are various techniques from different theories (e.g., system theory, quantum theory, neural networks) can be used for the description of cognitive systems, which in turn can be represented by different types of cognitive agents.

Relationship of Metacognition and Insight to Neural Synchronization and Cognitive Function in Early Phase Psychosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 259-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bethany L. Leonhardt ◽  
Jenifer L. Vohs ◽  
Lisa A. Bartolomeo ◽  
Andrew Visco ◽  
William P. Hetrick ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Early Phase ◽  
Psychotic Disorders ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Neural Synchronization ◽  
Need For Treatment ◽  
Gamma Range ◽  
Brief Assessment ◽  
Life Challenges

Metacognition is the process of thinking about one’s own mental states. It involves a range of faculties that allow an individual to integrate information and form understanding of self and others, and use this understanding to respond to life challenges. Clinical insight is the awareness of one’s mental illness, its consequences, and the need for treatment. Persons with psychotic disorders show impaired metacognition and insight, but the neurobiological bases for these impairments are not well characterized. We hypothesized that metacognition and insight may depend on capacity of neural circuits to synchronize at gamma frequencies, as well as the integrity of underlying cognitive processes. In order to test these hypotheses, 17 adults with early phase psychosis were evaluated. Metacognition was assessed with the Metacognition Assessment Scale–Abbreviated, and insight was assessed with the Scale of Unawareness of Illness–Abbreviated. The auditory steady state response (ASSR) to gamma range stimulation (40 Hz) was used as an index of neural synchronization. Cognitive function was assessed using the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia. Increases in ASSR power were associated with poorer metacognition and insight. Higher cognitive performance was associated with higher levels of metacognitive function and insight. These findings suggest that altered neural synchronization and constituent cognitive processes affect both metacognition and insight in early phase psychosis and may offer targets for both pharmacological and psychotherapeutic interventions.

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology of Children’s Religious Beliefs

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler S. Greenway ◽  
Justin L. Barrett
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Religious Beliefs ◽  
Developmental Psychology ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Time Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Intuitive Ontologies

The pancultural presence of religious beliefs suggests that children’s ordinary development may incline them toward such beliefs. Various cognitive processes that mature during this time period may enable and encourage religion. Such processes include the ability to distinguish agents from objects, think about the mental states of other agents, see purpose in the world, and view agents dualistically. The generation and persistence of religious beliefs may also be a product of their violation of certain intuitive ontologies, as such violations are more memorable for younger individuals. The naturalness of religion is discussed, and evolutionary accounts of religion as an adaptation and byproduct are presented.

Concurrent data elicitation procedures, processes, and the early stages of L2 learning: A critical overview

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald P. Leow ◽  
Sarah Grey ◽  
Silvia Marijuan ◽  
Colleen Moorman
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Methodological Issues ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Early Stages ◽  
Descriptive Account ◽  
L2 Learning ◽  
Direct Data ◽  
Elicitation Procedure ◽  
Critical Overview

Given the current methodological interest in eliciting direct data on the cognitive processes L2 learners employ as they interact with L2 data during the early stages of the learning process, this article takes a critical and comparative look at three concurrent data elicitation procedures currently employed in the SLA literature: Think aloud (TA) protocols, eye-tracking (ET), and reaction time (RT). The section on each data elicitation procedure begins with a brief historical and descriptive account of its usage and application in the SLA literature to address cognitive processes as they occur during the early stages of the L2 learning process, followed by its strengths and some methodological issues that should be considered. Suggestions are provided for their usage in future studies investigating concurrent cognitive processes in L2 learning at these early stages of the L2 learning process.

scholarly journals Adolescent Social Cognitive Development

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Guazzelli Williamson
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognition ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Developmental Trajectories ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Considerations ◽  
Stage Of Development ◽  
Social Cognitive Processes

During adolescence, our bodies, brains, and behaviors undergo marked developmental changes. Adolescents often become increasingly aware of their social worlds and use this stage of development to develop skills to help them navigate this changing landscape. Up until recently, an overwhelming majority of research on social cognition–specifically on understanding the mental states of others–has focused on childhood. In this chapter, I demonstrate that adolescence is an important developmental period for the refinement and sophistication of social cognitive processes that began developing during childhood. I also discuss the development of more advanced and distinct social cognitive processes. Additionally, I review the available literature on the developmental trajectories of advanced social cognition across adolescence–including individual differences, cultural considerations, and implications for adolescent health and wellbeing. Finally, I describe how future research may begin to address current knowledge gaps on this topic.

scholarly journals The relation between language and mental state reasoning

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ercenur Ünal ◽  
Anna Papafragou
Keyword(s):  
Mental State ◽  
Cognitive Abilities ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Conceptual Representations ◽  
The Mind

This chapter discusses how children’s conceptual representations of the mind make contact with language. It focuses on two domains: the understanding of the conditions that lead to knowledge, and the ability to attribute knowledge to oneself and others. Specifically, it asks whether language provides the representational resources necessary for representing mental states and whether cross-linguistic differences in encoding of mental states influence sensitivity to the features that distinguish the conditions that allow people to gain knowledge. Empirical findings in these domains strongly suggest that language scaffolds the development of these cognitive abilities without altering the underlying conceptual representations of mental states.

scholarly journals The role of dopamine in action control: insights from medication effects in Parkinson’s disease

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marit Ruitenberg ◽  
Nelleke van Wouwe ◽  
Scotty Wylie ◽  
Elger Abrahamse
Keyword(s):  
Parkinson’S Disease ◽  
Parkinson's Disease ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Action Planning ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Motor Functioning ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Medication Effects ◽  
Medication Status

Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a neurological disorder associated primarily with overt motor symptoms. Several studies show that PD is additionally accompanied by impairments in covert cognitive processes controlling motor functioning (e.g., action planning, adaptation, inhibition), and that dopaminergic medication may modulate such action control. In this review we aim to leverage findings from studies in this domain to elucidate the role of dopamine (DA) in action control. A qualitative review of studies that investigated the effects of medication status (on vs. off) on action control in PD suggests a component-specific role for DA in action control, although the expression of medication effects depends on characteristics of both the patients and experimental tasks used to measure action control. We discuss these results in the light of findings from other research lines examining the role of DA in action control (e.g., animal research, pharmacology), and recommend that future studies use multi-method, within-subject approaches to model DA effects on action control across different components as well as underlying striatal pathways (ventral vs. dorsal).

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