scholarly journals Experience and Peculiarities of Reconciliation of Contradictions between Germany and France

2021 ◽  
pp. 106-124
Author(s):  
O. Mitrofanova
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
Social Programs ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
National Characteristics ◽  
Global Goal ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The article is devoted to the study of the experience and peculiarities of reconciliation of contradictions between Germany and France. The positions of the Presidents of France and Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany regarding the theoretical foundations and practical steps of the implementation of French-German reconciliation are studied. This paper deals with the problem of Alsace-Lorraine, a region with a border identity, which repeatedly became the cause of Franco-German disputes and passed from one state to another. The role of the individual in overcoming the contradictions between Germany and France is highlighted. The factor of European integration is considered, which not only contributed to the reconciliation of contradictions between Germany and France, but also turned the two states into leaders of a united Europe. The Elysee Treaty and its implementation were analyzed. The military cooperation between France and Germany is investigated. The problem of historical memory and the desire to reconcile the contradictions between Germany and France are revealed. It is proved that the experience and peculiarities of reconciliation of contradictions between Germany and France testify to the fact that the real reconciliation of the two leading states directed their efforts towards a more global goal – the creation of a common Europe. It was concluded that the mechanisms for achieving Franco-German reconciliation are interesting for studying and borrowing, taking into account national characteristics in the reconciliation of other European countries, and regions with borderline identities. The French-German experience may be useful for application in Polish-Ukrainian relations. The main conclusion from the analysis of the experience and the peculiarities of reconciling the contradictions between Germany and France is that their implementation led to unexpected and far-reaching consequences that once seemed just a dream. At the beginning of European integration in the 50s of the twentieth century, it was difficult to imagine the contemporary EU with its common currency, the Schengen area, developed economy, social programs. Franco-German reconciliation was transformed into the fruitful work of the Franco-German tandem, on the success of which depends not only the future of France and Germany, but the evolution of the entire united Europe.

scholarly journals The Peculiarities of Overcoming the Painful Nazi and Socialist Past in Contemporary Germany

2019 ◽  
pp. 664-685
Author(s):  
Аndriy Kudriachenko
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Political Culture ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
German Society ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Modern Germany ◽  
New Public ◽  
Historical Heritage

The article analyses the components of overcoming the national socialist past of Germany and the totalitarian legacy of the socialist era, identifies four historical periods, displays the fundamental difference and common features in the approaches of the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic to the study of the national socialist past, and outlines a system of measures for the formation of political culture in reunified Germany. Various components of the policy of clear distancing from the Hitler regime and integration of former Nazis into new public institutions as a way to establish modern democratic foundations of Germany’s development are considered. The article emphasizes the importance of the generational change and critical public study of the painful past and an important role of the establishment of a new political culture. The growing public interest and intensive public discussions in united Germany related to the formation of historical memory are pointed out. The importance and significance of studying the GDR’s past and overcoming differences between citizens of the Eastern and Western parts of reunified Germany are emphasized. The article also outlines new approaches and visions of self-identification of a state, society and citizens based on the so-called constitutional patriotism. The author emphasizes that the German society has established the idea that any positive historical myths cannot become a basis for the genuine development of a country and that an antidote to the repetition of the terrible pages of history is not relegating them to oblivion but immortal memory thereof. Such an approach included an appropriate set of sociopolitical and economic measures ranging from property restitution and lustration to the payment of monetary compensation to victims of the regime and creation of memorial complexes. The author hopes that overcoming the burdensome Nazi and totalitarian past will continue to serve as a powerful guarantee of the democratic progress of modern Germany. Keywords: FRG, GDR, historical memory, World War II, national tragedy, historical heritage.

scholarly journals Analysis of Humanitarian Technologies of Expertises in Solving of Socio-Cultural Dilemmas

Discourse ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 17-32
Author(s):  
T. V. Kovaleva
Keyword(s):  
Social Action ◽  
Unethical Behavior ◽  
Professional Organizations ◽  
Illegal Activities ◽  
Expert Science ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Step Over ◽  
Theoretical Foundations ◽  
Scientific Achievements

Introduction. The aim of the article is to show the socio-philosophical basis of humanitarian expertises and to demonstrate an important role of these technologies in the life of society and the world for solving of current socio-cultural dilemmas. We set ourselves the following tasks: to conduct a socio-philosophical justification of the theoretical foundations of moral expert science, to define three types of humanitarian expertises, to identify the range of their application, to show the significance of their application for society and for professional organizations.Methodology and sources. This work methodologically is based on a socio-philosophical analysis of the works of well-known sociologists and philosophers of the ХХ–XXI centuries who created the foundation for humanitarian expertises as well as on a comparative analysis of the three expertises with the identification of their deferential characteristics.Results and discussion. Thanks to the developed methods and methodologies in sociology, cultural studies, etc., various new approaches were created for the scientific study of the society problems and the consequences of the influence of scientific and technological progress on it. These methods and methodologies which are the basis of humanitarian technologies, allowed us to step over the individual subjectivity and to consider objectively socio-cultural phenomena, based on facts and on the justification of social action. Suggested by Emile Durkheim’s practical sociological method of investigating facts made it possible to combine the forces of specialists in different fields to identify the causes of the appearance of normal and pathological factors and to analyze them. Whereas, M. Weber outlined the methodological foundations of social action with the help of them it is possible to objectively identify the main actions developed by this society. The methods and techniques formed the basis of the humanitarian technologies of three examinations: socio-humanitarian, humanitarian and ethical. There is still no term under which they can be combined so the author’s this article proposed the term – humanitarian. The humanitarian is from the word humanity (humanity), that is, what is inherent in all people including society and its actions. Functional analysis of social and cultural products by Robert Merton and show of ethics micro and macro order by George Ritzer had formed the foundation for modern humanitarian expertises: social humanitarian, humanitarian and ethical.Conclusion. When the role of science in the life of society becomes dominant, it is necessary to have such methodologies with which it will be possible to control the illegal use of scientific achievements, to identify unethical behavior of scientists. The main focus of these expertise is to control the illegal activities of professionals, to protect the interests and health of people.

Role of Culture in Electronic Business Diffusion in Developing Countries

2011 ◽  
pp. 36-44
Author(s):  
Marwa M. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Electronic Business ◽  
Technology Usage ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Business Technology ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

This chapter includes discussions pertaining to the role of culture in influencing electronic business diffusion in developing countries. In this chapter, the author discusses specific cultural factors and their influences on the individual components required for Internet rollout and use in developing countries. Cases from developing countries are also presented to illustrate the effects culture produces on the levels of electronic business technology usage. The discussions of the lessons learned from those cases along with the theoretical foundations presented throughout the chapter, culminate in the author’s provision of recommendations to the reader, deemed necessary for effectively increasing the diffusion of electronic business in developing countries as well as for reaping the potential benefits generated from its use.

scholarly journals Destinies of editions about the Russian-Japanese War in the collections of pre-revolutionary military libraries

2020 ◽  
pp. 11-27
Author(s):  
A. M. Panchenko ◽  
Yu. V. Timofeeva
Keyword(s):  
Historical Memory ◽  
First World War ◽  
World War ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Number Of Publications ◽  
The Military ◽  
First World

The relevance of the topic is due to the great role of military-historical literature and libraries as its repositories in forming the historical memory ofthe people, which is important for ensuring the spiritual security of the country. The article is the first to examine publications on the Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905 from the book collection of the “House of Officers of the Novosibirsk Garrison” of the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation, got from other military libraries. The purpose of the article is to identify the fate of military libraries. Research tasks are: 1) to calculate the number of publications on the Russian-Japanese War in the book collection of the “House of Officers...”; 2)to reconstruct their repertoire; 3) to determine libraries which collections they were originally included in. The study methodologically bases on historic, objective, systematic principles, localization of historical facts. Methods used are that of source studying, comparative and statistical. The work is done on a wide representative source base, constituted from pre-revolutionary publications of the “Houses of Officers...,” periodicals, regulatory and legal documents of the military department. 21 catalogs of officer libraries were analyzed, confirming the presence of issues on the Russian-Japanese War in them. As a result of the study, 92 pre-revolutionary works in 100 copies dedicated to the Russian-Japanese War were revealed in the library of the House of Officers. For 66 of them in 71 copies the former ownership of 18 military libraries was established. Their repertoire was reconstructed. The results show that the First World War, which destroyed the personnel of the Russian army, became an involuntary cause of the ruin of ­military libraries, having left them without supervision in the places of the previous quartering of troops and deprived them of officers - enthusiasts of ­librarianship. The revolutions of 1917, radical transformations of Soviet power and the Civil War completed the ruin of the tsarist army military libraries, which ceased to exist as independent book collections. The study has expanded the understanding of the state role in military-historical works’ dissemination and military libraries’ collections replenishment.

scholarly journals Historical Policy in the context of Transformations of the National security Concepts in Belarus and Russia: theoretical foundations

2021 ◽  
pp. 120-129
Author(s):  
A.A. Mushta ◽  
◽  
T.V. Rastimehina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
National Security ◽  
Political Institutions ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
The State ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Systems ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The interrelated concepts of historical policy and memory policy are considered. The foundations of the relationship between the security policy of the individual, society and the state and the policy of memory are traced. The author notes the peculiarity of modern Russian and Belarusian historical politics, which is associated with the use of historical memory as a source of legitimacy of political institutions. The author shows the prerequisites for the securitization of historical and memory policy in the context of increasing risks and threats of an external nature and internal destabilization in relation to the political systems of Belarus and Russia.

Understanding the Role of the European Court of Justice in European Integration

2012 ◽  
Vol 106 (1) ◽  
pp. 214-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
CLIFFORD J. CARRUBA ◽  
MATTHEW GABEL ◽  
CHARLES HANKLA
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Integration ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
European Court Of Justice ◽  
Political Constraints ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
European Court ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

In 2008 we published an article finding evidence for political constraints on European Court of Justice (ECJ) decision making. Stone Sweet and Brunell (this issue) argue that our theoretical foundations are fundamentally flawed and that our empirical evidence supports neofunctionalism over intergovernmentalism “in a landslide.” We respectfully disagree with Stone Sweet and Brunell regarding both their conclusions about our theoretical arguments and what the empirical evidence demonstrates. We use this response to clarify our argument and to draw a clearer contrast between our and their perspective on the role the ECJ plays in European integration. Finally, we reevaluate their neofunctionalist hypotheses. Ultimately, we do not find support in the data for Stone Sweet and Brunell's empirical claims.

Role of Culture in Electronic Business Diffusion in Developing Countries

2008 ◽  
pp. 3328-3344
Author(s):  
Marwa M. Hafez
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Cultural Factors ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
Electronic Business ◽  
Technology Usage ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Business Technology ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

This chapter includes discussions pertaining to the role of culture in influencing electronic business diffusion in developing countries. In this chapter, the author discusses specific cultural factors and their influences on the individual components required for Internet rollout and use in developing countries. Cases from developing countries are also presented to illustrate the effects culture produces on the levels of electronic business technology usage. The discussions of the lessons learned from those cases along with the theoretical foundations presented throughout the chapter, culminate in the author’s provision of recommendations to the reader, deemed necessary for effectively increasing the diffusion of electronic business in developing countries as well as for reaping the potential benefits generated from its use.

Circulation, Conditions, Claims: Examining the Politics of Historical Memory in Eastern Europe

2021 ◽  
pp. 088832542096978
Author(s):  
Félix Krawatzek ◽  
George Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Eastern Europe ◽  
Special Section ◽  
Historical Memory ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Regime Types ◽  
Individual Contributions ◽  
The Individual

Across Eastern Europe how the past is remembered has become a crucial factor for understanding present-day political developments within and between states. In this introduction, we first present the articles that form part of this special section through a discussion of the various methods used by the authors to demonstrate the potential ways into studying collective memory. We then define the regional characteristics of Eastern Europe’s mnemonic politics and the reasons for their oftentimes conflictual character. Thereafter we consider three thematic arenas that situate the individual contributions to this special section within the wider scholarly debate. First, we examine the institutional and structural conditions that shape the circulation of memory and lead to conflictive constellations of remembering; second, we discuss how different regime types and cultural rules influence the framing of historical episodes, paying attention to supranational integration and the role of technological change; third, we consider the different types of actors that shape the present recall of the past, including political elites, social movements, and society at large. We conclude by identifying several promising avenues for further research.

The Saar Question as a European Problem From the Trade Union’s Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-42
Author(s):  
Severin CRAMM
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
German Industry ◽  
Federal Republic Of Germany ◽  
Iron And Steel ◽  
The Press ◽  
The Status ◽  
Regional Problem ◽  
Steel Industries

The Saar region did not immediately become part of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, but was gradually given the status of a semi-protectorate of France from 1947 onwards. The region's high-quality coal and the iron and steel industries were supposed both to help the reconstruction of France and to weaken German industry by being withdrawn of its control. The region was economically and politically closely tied to France; freedom of opinion and of the press for those who advocated annexation to the FRG were restricted. This happened at the same time when Franco- German reconciliation and the beginning of European integration were seen as a sign of a settlement between Germany and France. The Saar issue thus became a regional problem for European integration. In the absence of political opposition, the trade unions of the Saarland became the voice of the critical population and became victims of state persecution. The article highlights the role of the Saarland, German and international trade unions, which therefore proved to be important mediators in the conflict over the future of the Saar region.

scholarly journals Warfare Ecology Approaches in Issues of Military Operations

Hadmérnök ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
György Leskó
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Protection ◽  
Human Ecology ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Military Operations ◽  
Military Operation ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Military ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
National Defence

The fulfilment of environmental protection requirements and social expectations has become a requirement in the field of military operations as well. Impacts that threaten the ecosystems increasingly occur during the activities of the armed forces and military operations. A recently created new field of science, the ecology of warfare, investigates the military, the support systems for the armed forces and national defence, and their relation to the environment as living systems above the level of the individual (like human ecology). Ecology of warfare examines habitats, the relationship between organisms and the environment in the military field. The capability-based, mission-based, coordinated (target, place and time) ability to use military forces has an impact on the ecology. The analysis of the place and role of military operations from the perspective of the ecology of warfare is an important, timely issue. In the study, the author analyses the tasks required for planning, organising and conducting a military operation and their relationship to environmental protection.

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