The Saar Question as a European Problem From the Trade Union’s Perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-42
Author(s):  
Severin CRAMM

The Saar region did not immediately become part of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949, but was gradually given the status of a semi-protectorate of France from 1947 onwards. The region's high-quality coal and the iron and steel industries were supposed both to help the reconstruction of France and to weaken German industry by being withdrawn of its control. The region was economically and politically closely tied to France; freedom of opinion and of the press for those who advocated annexation to the FRG were restricted. This happened at the same time when Franco- German reconciliation and the beginning of European integration were seen as a sign of a settlement between Germany and France. The Saar issue thus became a regional problem for European integration. In the absence of political opposition, the trade unions of the Saarland became the voice of the critical population and became victims of state persecution. The article highlights the role of the Saarland, German and international trade unions, which therefore proved to be important mediators in the conflict over the future of the Saar region.

2021 ◽  
pp. 106-124
Author(s):  
O. Mitrofanova

The article is devoted to the study of the experience and peculiarities of reconciliation of contradictions between Germany and France. The positions of the Presidents of France and Chancellors of the Federal Republic of Germany regarding the theoretical foundations and practical steps of the implementation of French-German reconciliation are studied. This paper deals with the problem of Alsace-Lorraine, a region with a border identity, which repeatedly became the cause of Franco-German disputes and passed from one state to another. The role of the individual in overcoming the contradictions between Germany and France is highlighted. The factor of European integration is considered, which not only contributed to the reconciliation of contradictions between Germany and France, but also turned the two states into leaders of a united Europe. The Elysee Treaty and its implementation were analyzed. The military cooperation between France and Germany is investigated. The problem of historical memory and the desire to reconcile the contradictions between Germany and France are revealed. It is proved that the experience and peculiarities of reconciliation of contradictions between Germany and France testify to the fact that the real reconciliation of the two leading states directed their efforts towards a more global goal – the creation of a common Europe. It was concluded that the mechanisms for achieving Franco-German reconciliation are interesting for studying and borrowing, taking into account national characteristics in the reconciliation of other European countries, and regions with borderline identities. The French-German experience may be useful for application in Polish-Ukrainian relations. The main conclusion from the analysis of the experience and the peculiarities of reconciling the contradictions between Germany and France is that their implementation led to unexpected and far-reaching consequences that once seemed just a dream. At the beginning of European integration in the 50s of the twentieth century, it was difficult to imagine the contemporary EU with its common currency, the Schengen area, developed economy, social programs. Franco-German reconciliation was transformed into the fruitful work of the Franco-German tandem, on the success of which depends not only the future of France and Germany, but the evolution of the entire united Europe.


2019 ◽  
Vol 31 ◽  
pp. 89
Author(s):  
Andy Eric Castillo Patton

Resumen: Este artículo trata de analizar la influencia en la acción colectiva revolucionaria femenina en la Huelga General Revolucionaria de 1917 a partir de los acontecimientos de la Semana Trágica de 1909, también conocida como Revolución de julio de 1909, protagonizados inicialmente por mujeres. Según la tesis central del texto, las activistas del Partido Republicano Radical y las mujeres del lumpenproletariado, conocidas como las “petroleras”, no sólo fueron fundamentales en la movilización contra la guerra colonial y el embarco masivo de reservistas, sino que marcaron un precedente en cuanto a cómo se involucraban las mujeres en política hasta el momento. En este sentido, es de particular interés destacar cómo a partir de los acontecimientos de 1909 se potenciaron diversas asociaciones de mujeres, sobre todo socialistas, que trataban de canalizar la conflictividad social y laboral en términos tanto de clase como de género. Esta labor política tiene su frustrada influencia en el movimiento revolucionario español de 1917, inspirado en gran medida por la Revolución rusa de febrero-marzo, donde el protagonismo de las mujeres se vería desplazado por los partidos antidinásticos y los sindicatos de clase. Este análisis diacrónico, el cual se fundamenta en los testimonios de la prensa de la época, pretende así contribuir a la discusión que se establece respecto a la importancia de la presencia de mujeres en los movimientos revolucionarios.Palabras clave: Acción colectiva, España, Mujeres, Revolución, Semana Trágica.Abstract: This article analyses the influence of women’s revolutionary collective action on the Revolutionary General Strike of 1917 following the events of the Tragic Week in 1909, also known as the Revolution of July 1909, initially led by women. According to the central thesis of the text, the activists of the Radical Republican Party and the women of the lumpenproletariat, known as the “petroleras”, were not only crucial in the mobilisation against the colonial war and the massive reservist embarkation, but they also marked a precedent in how women became involved in politics that is unchallenged to this day. In this sense, it is of special interest to highlight how, based on the events of 1909, various associations of women, particularly socialists, were boosted in the intent of trying to channel social and labour unrest in terms of class and gender perspective. The influence of this political work was frustrated in the Spanish revolutionary movement of 1917, itself largely inspired by the Russian Revolution of February-March, as the anti-dynastic parties and class trade unions offset the role of women. Based on testimonies in the press of the time, this paper provides a diachronic analysis that contributes to the discussion on the significance of the presence of women in revolutionary movements.Key words: Collective action, Spain, Women, Revolution, Tragic Week.


2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-139
Author(s):  
Jaelani Sidiq ◽  
Heril Fahmi

Implementation of PKWT according to Law no. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower states that the PKWT work relationship requires a written agreement in Indonesian and may not be for permanent work in the company which, if violated, will result in changing the work relationship to PKWTT. Likewise with the rights to wages, working time and employee participation in the BPJS. Meanwhile, the terms of work are regulated in a Work Agreement or Collective Bargaining Agreement. Workers Union at PT. GCP, namely GSPMII, has succeeded in overseeing the implementation of PKWT in the form of fulfilling work norms and conditions for PKWT workers in companies and also guaranteeing continuity to work at the company. Although there are still violations where the sanctions for violating the PKWT mechanism, namely changing the status to PKWTT, cannot be implemented so that there is a work agreement that always continues, but in the mind of the labor union, it is a solution to guarantee the continuity of work for PKWT workers in the company. This study limits the discussion to the problem of implementing PKWT at PT. GCP is in accordance with Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower and how the role of PUK GSPMII PT. GCP in overseeing the fulfillment of work norms and conditions and providing guarantees for the continuity of employment of contract workers in the company. This thesis research uses the empirical normative legal method where the authors conduct research on the application of labor law at PT. Grafitecindo Ciptaprima, where the researcher is in charge of the trade union. Employers must comply with the legal rules regarding the PKWT mechanism, including the fulfillment of temporary work norms and conditions for trade unions must have a good understanding and strategy in dealing with the problem of violating the PKWT mechanism, not only prioritizing legal certainty but also but also it would be better if it prioritizes the principles benefit, especially for workers. 


2021 ◽  
Vol 882 (1) ◽  
pp. 012076
Author(s):  
D Cahyaningtyas ◽  
T Suseno ◽  
S Rochani ◽  
B Yunianto ◽  
I Rodliyah ◽  
...  

Abstract The iron and steel industries play a crucial role in supporting national development. The high dependence on imported raw materials causes Indonesia to suffer US $ 2.11 billion steel trade deficit per year. This study identifies the role of iron and nickel smelters in supporting the development of steel industries. The methodology used is descriptive statistics and regression models. Ferronickel and nickel pig iron as the primary raw materials for stainless steel have been produced in Indonesia, but only 23.05% and 47.77% are sold domestically. According to the linear regression models, it is expected that steel production and consumption will grow. Indonesia will become an independent steel producer and even export it by 2050. However, the supply chain is weak and poorly integrated as the local raw materials do not meet the domestic steel industry’s specifications. By 2050, 44 million tonnes of scrap, 19 million tonnes of sponge iron, 16 million tonnes of nickel, and 10 million tonnes of other raw materials will be needed annually. Hence, to reduce the national steel trade deficit, Indonesia must increase the smelters capacity and optimize local iron resources by increasing Fe content to meet the specifications of the national steel industry.


elni Review ◽  
2018 ◽  
pp. 11-16
Author(s):  
Erjon Muharremaj

This paper analyses the main role of legislation and courts in the protection of the environment in the EU and its impact on the course of the European integration of Albania, a candidate country for EU membership. It begins with a brief analysis of the relationship between EU law and domestic law of Member States. It continues with the analysis of the relationship between international law and domestic law in Albania, and sets out the role of the courts in the protection of environment in the EU. Further, the scope of the analysis includes the challenges, the status, and the role of courts in the process of the approximation with the environmental acquis in Albania. Lastly, it is argued that the protection of the environment is multi-faceted and requires an integrated approach. Although Albania has generally harmonised its environmental legislation with the acquis communautaire, it must make serious efforts towards its proper implementation in practice.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sabine Frerichs ◽  
Fernando Losada

In an article recently published in this journal, Steven Klein revised Karl Polanyi’s conceptualization of the relation between economy and society, and adapted it to the post-crisis European context. Klein’s reconstruction emphasized the redemocratization potential of trade unions and central banks against the pernicious effects of the commodification of labor and money on the European level. While Klein’s approach is without doubt very insightful and original, we think that some of his claims either deserve discussion or require closer elaboration. This reservation concerns the conceptual approach of setting Polanyi against Habermas as well as the critique of the role of law in the integration process. As for the latter, we think that further contextualization is needed to appreciate changing historical contexts and layers of European integration. With the objective of enriching Klein’s analysis, we first propose a way to reconcile, against what Klein suggests, Polanyian and Habermasian understandings of law and money. This theoretical background will help us, second, to explore in detail the differences between market integration and monetary integration, and in particular the role that law plays in each of these politico-economic constellations. Based on this, we will, thirdly and finally, explain how the interaction of public and private law in the context of post-crisis European integration further promotes the process of commodification, and how the configuration of law in market and monetary integration currently prevents trade unions and central banks from exerting the redemocratizing potential that Klein assigns to them.


Author(s):  
L.J. Chen ◽  
Y.F. Hsieh

One measure of the maturity of a device technology is the ease and reliability of applying contact metallurgy. Compared to metal contact of silicon, the status of GaAs metallization is still at its primitive stage. With the advent of GaAs MESFET and integrated circuits, very stringent requirements were placed on their metal contacts. During the past few years, extensive researches have been conducted in the area of Au-Ge-Ni in order to lower contact resistances and improve uniformity. In this paper, we report the results of TEM study of interfacial reactions between Ni and GaAs as part of the attempt to understand the role of nickel in Au-Ge-Ni contact of GaAs.N-type, Si-doped, (001) oriented GaAs wafers, 15 mil in thickness, were grown by gradient-freeze method. Nickel thin films, 300Å in thickness, were e-gun deposited on GaAs wafers. The samples were then annealed in dry N2 in a 3-zone diffusion furnace at temperatures 200°C - 600°C for 5-180 minutes. Thin foils for TEM examinations were prepared by chemical polishing from the GaA.s side. TEM investigations were performed with JE0L- 100B and JE0L-200CX electron microscopes.


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