scholarly journals Activities of the Peasant Land Bank in Penza province of Russia (1883-1915)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (34) ◽  
pp. 483-511
Author(s):  
Roman V. Fedoseev ◽  
Eduard D. Bogatyrev ◽  
Natalya A. Kisteneva
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Credit Institution ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Land Bank

The reform of 1861 not only freed the peasants from serfdom, but also led to radical economic changes in the agrarian sphere. The peasantry was involved in civil and legal relations associated with the purchase and sale of land. In order to assist land-poor peasants in the purchase of land, a specialized credit institution was created, which issued loans on favorable terms against the security of the acquired land plots. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank in the territory of the Penza province of Russia. Based on the materials of the Penza province, the main indicators of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank are analyzed, the dynamics of credit operations, the influence of its activities on the growth of land prices are considered, regional features of the processes under study are indicated. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the creation and operation of the Peasant Land Bank was an element of the government's agricultural policy aimed at creating peasant land tenure by providing loans to buy land from private owners.

scholarly journals Activities of the Peasant Land Bank in the Territory of the Penza Province in 1884–1895

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-417
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Kisteneva
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Credit Institution ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Land Bank

Introduction. The agrarian reforms of the mid-19th century led not only to the liberation of peasants from serfdom, but also to fundamental economic changes in the agrarian sector of the country’s economy. The peasantry was involved in the civil legal relations related to the purchase and sale of land, having been able not only to cultivate it but also to acquire ownership. It is obvious that this estate was the weakest in pre-revolutionary Russia in economic terms, the low purchasing power limited the activity of the peasantry in the land market and hindered the solution of the pending land issue. In order to help low-income peasants to buy land, a special credit institution was set up to grant loans on favorable terms against the collateral of land acquired, the main activities of which in the territory of the Penza province are devoted this article. Materials and Methods. An analysis of the main performance indicators of the Peasant Land Bank was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the credit institution’s records for the period 1884 to 1895. The study was carried out using a number of historical and economic methods, in particular comparative, statistical, quantitative, systemic and others. Results. On the basis of the materials of the Penza province, the main indicators of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank in the first period of its operation are analyzed, the dynamics of credit operations and the ways in which peasants acquire land through the intermediary of a bank are examined, as well as the regional characteristics of the processes being investigated. Discussion and Conclusions. In general, the activities of the bank in the territory of the Penza province during the period from 1884 to 1895. This was done in the general framework of its credit policy in the territory of the Russian Federation, but possessed a certain specificity: peasants here were more willing to take loans to buy land in rural societies than in partnerships, as was the case in the country as a whole: The price of the land purchased in the province under the mediation of the Peasant Land Bank in 1888 and from 1891 to 1895 dropped below market, which was not the case for European Russia as a whole. At the same time, the volume of activity of the bank in the governorate was negligible, accounting for only about 1 % of the total volume of transactions carried out by the bank in the country as a whole.

A meta-analysis of the capitalisation of CAP direct payments into land prices

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Varacca ◽  
Giovanni Guastella ◽  
Stefano Pareglio ◽  
Paolo Sckokai
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Extensive Review ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Decoupled Payments ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
Implementation Scheme ◽  
Direct Payments ◽  
Meta Regression ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The impact of the European Union common agricultural policy direct payments on land prices has received substantial attention in recent years, leading to heterogeneous evidence of capitalisation for both coupled and decoupled payments. In this paper, we provide an extensive review of the empirical works addressing this issue econometrically and compare their results through a Bayesian meta-regression model, focussing on the impact of decoupling and its implementation schemes. We find that the introduction of decoupled payments increased the capitalisation rate, although the extent of this increment hinges on the implementation scheme adopted by the member state.

ICT and Distance Learning for Agricultural Extension in Low Income Countries

2008 ◽  
pp. 1554-1560
Author(s):  
Colin R. Latchem ◽  
Ajit Maru
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Value Add

About 2 billion people in low-income countries are dependent upon smallholding farming for their livelihoods. These are among the world’s poorest people. Most of them lack land tenure and farm in regions with limited land and water resources. Many must cope with drought, desertification, and environmental damage caused by failed land reforms, large-scale monocropping, overgrazing, logging, destroyed watersheds, and the encroachment of new pests and diseases. They use only the most primitive of tools and they lack the knowledge and skills to improve their farming methods, value-add their produce, and compete in national and global markets. Many of these smallholder communities have been devastated by HIV/AIDS. In some regions of sub-Saharan Africa, food production has dropped by 40%, and it is estimated that over the next 20 years, 26% of the agricultural labour force will be lost to this pandemic. And demographic and economic changes in the low-income nations are increasingly leaving farming in the hands of women, who lack the knowledge and resources to farm efficiently.

Disposable Music

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Hajdu
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Special Software ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Heterogeneous Ensemble ◽  
Cultural Developments ◽  
Musical Forms

This article introduces the concept of real-time composition and composition as a “dispositif” in the sense of Foucault and Deleuze, defining it as a heterogeneous ensemble of pieces that together form an apparatus. The introduction situates the dispositif in the context of cultural developments, most notably its slow but steady shift away from textualization in digital media. As musicians are adapting to ensuing cultural and, above all, economic changes, new musical forms emerge that rely to a lesser degree on fully notated scores, such as “comprovisation” or laptop performance. Antithetically, the computer also allows the creation of “authorless” notated scores in real time to be sight-read by capable musicians—a practice for which special software has been developed in recent years. Because these scores are not meant to be kept and distributed, they are ephemeral and, therefore, disposable. Three examples by the author are given to illustrate the interwovenness of this approach, where carefully selected narratives and dramaturgies make up for the inherent unpredictability of the outcome.

Land and territory: the interface between two systems of land tenure, Murang'a District, Kenya

Africa ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fiona Mackenzie
Keyword(s):  
Seventeenth Century ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Land Reform ◽  
Export Markets ◽  
Colonial State ◽  
Mau Mau ◽  
Plateau Area ◽  
Two Systems ◽  
African Agriculture

Introduction: ‘Land Reform’ and Rural SecurityThe objective of this paper is to examine the nature of the interface between two systems of land tenure in an area of smallholdings, Murang'a District, Central Province, Kenya. The first, the ng'undu system, evolved in the fertile, dissected plateau area east of the Nyandarua Range since the Kikuyu migrated there in the early seventeenth century (Muriuki, 1974: 62–82; Government of Kenya, 1929: 6); the second, a freehold system of individual land tenure, was introduced by the colonial state in the mid-1950s as a political instrument to counter the force of Mau Mau (Lamb, 1974; Leys, 1975). The latter system, it was intended, would replace the former, thereby laying the basis for an intensification of African agriculture which was also, under the Swynnerton Plan, to include production for the urban and export markets (Heyer, 1981; House and Killick, 1983). Commitment to this same principle continues to inform present agricultural policy (Government of Kenya, 1984a, Kenya Development Plan 1984–1988, p. 187; 1986,: 88).

scholarly journals The Establishment of Gwǝlt and Rim Landholdings in Eighteenth-Century Gondärine Churches with a Special Focus on Ḥamärä Noḫ Śälästu Mǝʾǝt Däbr

Aethiopica ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Namouna Guebreyesus ◽  
Hiruy Abdu
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
Social Status ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Comprehensive Analysis ◽  
Fundamental Aspect ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Church

The Ethiopian kings of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries established churches endowed with large estates. The gwǝlt charter founding these estates conferred tax and jurisdictional privileges on the beneficiaries for the administration of the churches. On the land given as gwǝlt , individual holdings known as rim were distributed to clerics. The study defines the economic and social contexts in which the foundation of both gwǝlt and rim occurred and shows that such grants were a manifestation of the king’s prerogatives and that the creation of ecclesiastical holdings disturbed existing social status and entitlements to land. In a comprehensive analysis the study considers land documents from Gondärine churches, with an emphasis on the Golden Gospel of the church of Ḥamärä Noḫ. The commentaries of the Fǝtḥa nägäśt, composed in the same period as the Gondärine land documents, will serve to explain the legal framework of gwǝlt and rim as applied in the eighteenth century in regards to customary Gondärine practices. This study of gwǝlt and rim reveals landholding practises whereby several rights coexisted on the same land, a fundamental aspect of Ethiopian land tenure which continued until the Revolution of 1974.

scholarly journals Quo Vadis Pembaharuan Hukum Pertanahan Nasional: Urgensi Pembentukan Peradilan Khusus Pertanahan dalam Penyelesaian Konflik Agraria yang Berkeadilan

Lentera Hukum ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 191
Author(s):  
Muhammad Busyrol Fuad
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Land Tenure ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Space ◽  
Land Law ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Quo Vadis ◽  
Plantation Company ◽  
The Military ◽  
Settlement Areas

The rise of national agraria conflicts that occurred seem to have been in the point is quite worrisome. Because he has a slice of various forms of human rights dimensionless violations. Various discourses in the effort to resolve the conflict continue. The discourse on the creation of a special court of land seems to have begun to gain a lot of attention. The reason, he is present in the situation of national agraria conflict that never ends, besides the passage of this discourse is full of momentum, which coincides with the draft Land Law Bill which is now entered the political space of legislation in parliament. A special court of land will certainly be a topic of discussion is quite fierce considering the issue will reach the settlement areas of national agraria cases that include land tenure by the plantation company (onderneming), PT. Perkebunan Nasional (PTPN), to the control of land by the military. This paper would like to discuss that the establishment of a special land court in the draft national land law is a necessity in solving a just national agrarian conflict. Keyword: Agraria Conflict, Violations of Human Rights, Special Court of Land

The Polish Minority in the German Empire — the Agrarian Aspect of Government Policy and the Opposition of the Polish Population in the Late 19th — Early 20th Centuries

Istoriya ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6 (104)) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Anna Matveeva
Keyword(s):  
Government Policy ◽  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
German Population ◽  
Main Role ◽  
Polish Population ◽  
German Empire ◽  
General Direction ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Land Bank

The purpose of this article is to examine the agrarian aspect of the opposition to the Prussian policy of Germanization of the Polish population of the provinces of Poznań and West Prussia from a historical perspective, with the main focus on the 1880s — 1900s. The publication of the Colonization Law in 1886 and the creation of the Colonization Commission marked the beginning of attempts by the Prussian government to change the ratio of the Polish and German population of the provinces in favour of the latter. The German side in 1886—1902 acted exclusively through centralized budget financing of the colonization structures, which increased from year to year. However, this did not lead to the achievement of the goals set. To counteract the Prussian activities, the Poles set up a system of credit institutions, the main role in which belonged to the Land Bank. These financial institutions took over the crediting of land deals and the support of Polish landowners and farmers. The Polish side chose a much more effective method, which allowed it to gain the upper hand over the German strategy. The process of Germanization in the agricultural sector in the late 19th and early 20th centuries went through several stages, always being a direct reflection of the general direction of German government policy: from the creation of internal unity under Bismarck, through Caprivi’s “Era of reconciliation”, to the “Weltpolitik” of Bulow, when Polish policy became a part of the common colonial trend.

The Marketing Concept and Economic Development: Peru

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 533-546 ◽  
Author(s):  
William P. Glade ◽  
Jon G. Udell
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Trade Unions ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Institutional Performance ◽  
Investment Funds ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Policy Alternatives ◽  
Domestic Capital ◽  
National Economic ◽  
Exogenous Factors

In the literature of development, it is recognized that the possibilities for national economic growth are strongly conditioned by prevailing institutional patterns. Exogenous factors, such as international market trends, the supply of foreign investment funds, and terms of trade, define outer constraints on the growth of many less developed countries; but within these boundaries, the realizable growth depends on endogenously set parameters that influence public policy alternatives, the level and direction of domestic capital formation, and the scope and rapidity of structural economic changes. It is in this latter area that the study of institutional performance becomes relevant.To date, the focus of institutional analysis has been on a variety of social organizations that influence the economic process at one point or another, e.g., trade unions, political parties, financial intermediaries, land tenure systems, and government agencies.

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