scholarly journals Activities of the Peasant Land Bank in the Territory of the Penza Province in 1884–1895

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 407-417
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Kisteneva
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Land Market ◽  
Credit Institution ◽  
Credit Policy ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Land Bank

Introduction. The agrarian reforms of the mid-19th century led not only to the liberation of peasants from serfdom, but also to fundamental economic changes in the agrarian sector of the country’s economy. The peasantry was involved in the civil legal relations related to the purchase and sale of land, having been able not only to cultivate it but also to acquire ownership. It is obvious that this estate was the weakest in pre-revolutionary Russia in economic terms, the low purchasing power limited the activity of the peasantry in the land market and hindered the solution of the pending land issue. In order to help low-income peasants to buy land, a special credit institution was set up to grant loans on favorable terms against the collateral of land acquired, the main activities of which in the territory of the Penza province are devoted this article. Materials and Methods. An analysis of the main performance indicators of the Peasant Land Bank was carried out on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of the credit institution’s records for the period 1884 to 1895. The study was carried out using a number of historical and economic methods, in particular comparative, statistical, quantitative, systemic and others. Results. On the basis of the materials of the Penza province, the main indicators of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank in the first period of its operation are analyzed, the dynamics of credit operations and the ways in which peasants acquire land through the intermediary of a bank are examined, as well as the regional characteristics of the processes being investigated. Discussion and Conclusions. In general, the activities of the bank in the territory of the Penza province during the period from 1884 to 1895. This was done in the general framework of its credit policy in the territory of the Russian Federation, but possessed a certain specificity: peasants here were more willing to take loans to buy land in rural societies than in partnerships, as was the case in the country as a whole: The price of the land purchased in the province under the mediation of the Peasant Land Bank in 1888 and from 1891 to 1895 dropped below market, which was not the case for European Russia as a whole. At the same time, the volume of activity of the bank in the governorate was negligible, accounting for only about 1 % of the total volume of transactions carried out by the bank in the country as a whole.

scholarly journals Activities of the Peasant Land Bank in Penza province of Russia (1883-1915)

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (34) ◽  
pp. 483-511
Author(s):  
Roman V. Fedoseev ◽  
Eduard D. Bogatyrev ◽  
Natalya A. Kisteneva
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Credit Institution ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Land Prices ◽  
Regional Features ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Land Bank

The reform of 1861 not only freed the peasants from serfdom, but also led to radical economic changes in the agrarian sphere. The peasantry was involved in civil and legal relations associated with the purchase and sale of land. In order to assist land-poor peasants in the purchase of land, a specialized credit institution was created, which issued loans on favorable terms against the security of the acquired land plots. The purpose of this study is to identify the features of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank in the territory of the Penza province of Russia. Based on the materials of the Penza province, the main indicators of the activity of the Peasant Land Bank are analyzed, the dynamics of credit operations, the influence of its activities on the growth of land prices are considered, regional features of the processes under study are indicated. As a result of the study, it was concluded that the creation and operation of the Peasant Land Bank was an element of the government's agricultural policy aimed at creating peasant land tenure by providing loans to buy land from private owners.

Methodology for Evaluating the Effectiveness of the Implementation of an Innovative Project in the Field of Information Technology

2021 ◽  
pp. 12-17
Author(s):  
T. Nikolenko ◽  
L. Semina
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Research Topic ◽  
Investment Performance ◽  
Initial Information ◽  
Innovative Project ◽  
Fifth Generation ◽  
Aggregate Risk ◽  
Generation Network ◽  
The Russian Federation

The research topic is relevant in connection with the growing need to implement innovative projects that increase the level of the national economy. High risks and significant initial investments have determined the need to develop the most accurate methods for evaluating the effectiveness of innovations. The article describes the stages of analysis of an innovative project for the introduction of 5G technology. Calculations are presented that allow us to obtain a single criterion for choosing the most optimal project implementation option. The developed methodology takes into account both standard investment performance indicators and the level of aggregate risk, as a result of which project execution scenarios with unacceptable criteria are excluded under the specified constraints. The advantage of the described method is the simplicity of calculations and the absence of the need for a large amount of initial information about the project. In the conclusion of the study, the author's recommendations on the organization of effective deployment of the fifth-generation network in the Russian Federation are given.

Methodology for analyzing PR activities of public authorities

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
VALERYA DAMBUEVA ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Mass Communication ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Complex Image ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Commercial Organizations ◽  
Analytical Tools ◽  
Evaluation Parameters

The article analyses various approaches to assessing the PR activities of commercial organizations and public authorities. The author concludes that there is no comprehensive methodology for analyzing and evaluating the effectiveness of PR activities. This indicates the relevance and the need to develop a special methodology to identify relevant and potential sources for the formation and development of a complex image and reputation characteristics of public authorities with which citizens of the Russian Federation could operate. The basis of the proposed theory is the materials of works on communication by G. Lasswell (model of mass communication, pentad). The method is a system of evaluation parameters, performance indicators, and analytical tools for each structural component of such activities, as well as an algorithm for their analysis and evaluation. When developing this methodology, we try to take into account the maximum number of criteria and performance indicators, but in practice, it is not always possible. To increase the effectiveness of the methodology, the author conducts the structuring of the pentad, which allows to distinguish the main processes of PR activity of a public authority. The assessment of each component of the pentad is a separate study in which we can identify the relevant PR activity processes that require adjustment.

scholarly journals Modern social policy of the Russian Federation in relation to low-income citizens and families

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (3B) ◽  
pp. 604-620
Author(s):  
Dina Viktorovna Alontseva ◽  
Irina Aleksandrovna Zaitseva ◽  
Alexander Yevgenyevich Krikunov ◽  
Olga Anatolyevna Lavrishcheva ◽  
Sergey Sergeevich Fomenko
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Living Alone ◽  
Standard Of Living ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Objective Indicators ◽  
Comprehensive Study

In this article, the authors conducted a comprehensive study of the main directions of the modern social policy of the Russian Federation in relation to low-income citizens living alone and low-income families. Namely, based on the analysis of doctrinal sources, the provisions of international acts and the norms of the current Russian legislation: we formulated the definition of the concept of "poor"; justified the opinion that it is necessary to use a set of objective indicators and indicators to determine a decent standard of living. The identified problems and the proposed system of scientific views significantly expand the previously obtained theoretical teachings on the types and forms of state social support and protection of low-income families and low-income citizens living alone, considering the realities of modern politics and trends in the development of the Russian Federation.

Establishment and Operation of Private Land Credit Institutions in Penza Province in the Late 1860s – mid 1880s

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 349-360
Author(s):  
Natalia A. Kisteneva
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Private Landowners ◽  
Private Land ◽  
Credit System ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Economic Methods ◽  
Private Credit ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
Credit Institutions

Introduction. The abolition of public credit institutions in the first half of the 19th century meant that following after the peasant reform, private landowners were forced to rely entirely on their ability to conduct economic activities, they desperately needed the money demanded for the capitalist modernization of their estates. It was important under such circumstances the appearance in the mid-1860s of private land banks that have granted land collateral loans. Materials and Methods. The study of the claimed problem required the involvement of a number of historical and economic methods: historical, statistical and quantitative. At the same time, the question of the amount of debt owed to private land banks was examined on the basis of a comprehensive analysis of statistical data on land credit published by a committee of congresses of representatives of Russian land credit institutions. Results. The article analyzes the main indicators of the activity of the joint-stock land banks in the first two decades of their operation, considers the characteristics of the establishment and development of the private land credit system, the volume of loans issued, the size of the mortgaged land, the amount of the loans are shown by their regional characteristics. Discussion and Conclusions. Set up in mid-nineteenth century the system of equity land credit, which focuses on the granting of land mortgages by private landowners, has played an important role in the processes of land ownership mobilization and the development of capitalism in the agricultural sector. Private credit institutions were one of the most important components of the land credit system, and the activities of these institutions in the territory of the governorate in question resulted in: that almost a quarter of all privately owned land had been deposited in them.

INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENT ISSUES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 395-395
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
International Development ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Military Expenditure ◽  
World Health ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
River Blindness ◽  
Eradication Programme ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Health Organization

The annual military bill is now approaching 450 billion US dollars, while official development aid accounts for less than 5 per cent of this figure. Four examples: 1. The military expenditure of only half a day would suffice to finance the whole malaria eradication programme of the World Health Organization, and less would be needed to conquer river-blindness, which is still the scourge of millions. 2. A modern tank costs about one million dollars; that amount could improve storage facilities for 100,000 tons of rice and thus save 4000 tons or more annually; one person can live on just over a pound of rice a day. The same sum of money could provide 1000 classrooms for 30,000 children. 3. For the price of one jet fighter (20 million dollars) one could set up about 40,000 village pharmacies. 4. One-half of one per cent of one year's world military expenditure would pay for all the farm equipment needed to increase food production and approach self-sufficiency in food-deficit low-income countries by 1990.

It's a Setup

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy Black ◽  
Sky Keyes
Keyword(s):  
Low Income ◽  
Child Protection ◽  
Father Involvement ◽  
Child Support ◽  
Dark Side ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
New Beginnings ◽  
Low Income Families ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Childhood Traumas

The norms and expectations of father involvement have changed rapidly within one to two generations. Socially and economically marginalized fathers are being exposed to these messages through popular culture and the media; in state welfare, child protection, and probation offices; in jails, prisons, and post-release programs; and in child support and family courts. Moreover, they are being told that it is up to them to make better choices, to get themselves together, and to be involved fathers. Based on life history interviews with 138 low-income fathers, Black and Keyes show that fathers have internalized these messages and sound determined. After all, there is social worth in fatherhood, hope for creating meaningful lives or new beginnings, the fantasy of leaving something of value behind in the world, and a stake in resisting stigmatizing labels like the deadbeat dad. Most will, however, fall short for several reasons: first, while the expectations for father involvement were increasing, state and economic support for low-income families was decreasing; second, vulnerable fathers often lack viable models to guide them; third, living in dangerous neighborhoods compromises fatherhood and leaves fathers at odds with dominant institutional narratives about being nurturing fathers; and fourth, the dark side of poverty, inscribed on bodies and minds, leaves some struggling with childhood traumas and unhealthy routines to mitigate or numb these painful developmental disruptions. Consequently, the authors assert that without transformative economic, political, and social change that would facilitate and support engaged and nurturing fatherhood, these fathers are being “set up.”

ICT and Distance Learning for Agricultural Extension in Low Income Countries

2008 ◽  
pp. 1554-1560
Author(s):  
Colin R. Latchem ◽  
Ajit Maru
Keyword(s):  
Land Tenure ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Environmental Damage ◽  
Land Reforms ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Pests And Diseases ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Value Add

About 2 billion people in low-income countries are dependent upon smallholding farming for their livelihoods. These are among the world’s poorest people. Most of them lack land tenure and farm in regions with limited land and water resources. Many must cope with drought, desertification, and environmental damage caused by failed land reforms, large-scale monocropping, overgrazing, logging, destroyed watersheds, and the encroachment of new pests and diseases. They use only the most primitive of tools and they lack the knowledge and skills to improve their farming methods, value-add their produce, and compete in national and global markets. Many of these smallholder communities have been devastated by HIV/AIDS. In some regions of sub-Saharan Africa, food production has dropped by 40%, and it is estimated that over the next 20 years, 26% of the agricultural labour force will be lost to this pandemic. And demographic and economic changes in the low-income nations are increasingly leaving farming in the hands of women, who lack the knowledge and resources to farm efficiently.

Creating an Information System for the Russian State Library

2001 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Monika Segbert ◽  
Alexander Vislyi
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Staff Development ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
National Library ◽  
Library Automation ◽  
Know How ◽  
Russian State ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Set Up ◽  
State Library

The Russian State Library, the national library of the Russian Federation (until 1992 known as Lenin State Library), began in 1862 when Count N.P. Rumyantsev bequeathed his collection of books, manuscripts, and other materials to the state. From the beginning the library received a free copy of all Russian publications. The library started to look into automation in the late 1960s. Eventually, after a series of false starts and small initiatives, a feasibility study was set up in 1995, funded by the European Commission, focusing on library automation while setting the issue in the wider context of collection development, building improvements, conservation, document supply and staff development. As a result of this study the Russian State Library was awarded a Tacis project and a budget of one million Euro over 18 months (later extended by six months, plus 300,000 Euro for the extension). Tacis fosters the development of links between EU countries and the states of the former Soviet Union and Mongolia. A key area of Tacis activity is Know-How transfer, carried out through policy advice, consultancy teams, training studies and partnerships. Several other varied projects have been initiated. Many positive changes have occurred during the project, notably in the development of staff.

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