scholarly journals Liderazgo directivo en escuelas y proyectos no formales en centros de menores y carcelarios de la Región Metropolita de Chile

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (5) ◽  
pp. 7151-7162
Author(s):  
Marcela Gaete Vergara ◽  
Violeta Acuña Collado ◽  
Marisol Ramírez Muga
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Management Teams ◽  
Managerial Leadership ◽  
Symbolic Space ◽  
Ethical Commitment ◽  
Specific Support ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Investigación Cualitativa ◽  
Free Environment

La educación en contextos encierro es un tema poco estudiado e incluso invisibilizado, los/as docentes y los equipos directivos no cuentan con apoyos específicos suficientes para llevar a cabo su labor, la que está sujeta a una serie de condiciones y demandas muy diferentes a la del medio libre. Una investigación cualitativa en curso, en que se han recogido datos del 70% de los participantes, cuyo propósito es cartografiar el sentido los proyectos formativos con jóvenes y adultos en contextos de encierro en la R.M de Chile, arroja información relevante en torno al liderazgo directivo. En todos los casos los principios que guían los proyectos educativos constituyen parte del “sueño pedagógico” de los equipos que conducen las escuelas o programas, quienes se caracterizan por un fuerte compromiso ético y por una toma de decisiones que privilegia el desarrollo de las capacidades de los/as internos/as. Consecuentemente, los equipos directivos no dudan en ir más allá de lo que les corresponde y buscar alternativas autogestionadas para realizar su labor. Lo anterior posibilita que los proyectos no formales y las escuelas se constituyan en un espacio simbólico muy diferente al espacio carcelario, alejándose de la lógica de vigilar y castigar.   Education in confinement contexts is a little studied and even invisibilized topic; teachers and management teams do not have enough specific support to carry out their work, which is subject to a series of conditions and demands very different from those of the free environment. A qualitative research in progress, in which data have been collected from 70% of the participants, whose purpose is to map the meaning of educational projects with young people and adults in confinement contexts in the R.M. of Chile, yields relevant information on managerial leadership. In all cases, the principles guiding the educational projects are part of the "pedagogical dream" of the teams leading the schools or programs, who are characterized by a strong ethical commitment and by decision-making that favors the development of the inmates' capacities. Consequently, the management teams do not hesitate to go beyond their responsibilities and seek self-managed alternatives to carry out their work. This makes it possible for non-formal projects and schools to become a symbolic space that is very different from the prison space, moving away from the logic of surveillance and punishment.

scholarly journals El Compromiso Ético de la Medicina: A Propósito de la Obra de Alfred I. Tauber / The Ethical Commitment of Medicine

2012 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ion Arrieta-Valero
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Medical Practice ◽  
Medical Humanities ◽  
Science And Technology ◽  
The Other ◽  
Ethical Commitment ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
The One ◽  
Element Characteristic

ABSTRACTTaking as starting point the recent translation into Spanish of his book Confessions of a medicine man, his most personal and applauded work, this article reviews the work of Alfred I. Tauber, one of the most influential voices currently in U.S. medical humanities. Tauber’s work is already very extensive and presents a wide variety of themes, but it is possible to identify two main concerns: the attempt to justify and implement an alternative to autonomist ethics that today dominates the medical practice and decision making on the one hand; and on the other hand, the concern for the excessive penchant for science and technology that usually shows current medicine, which would have nothing objectionable if it had not sacrificed in a clumsy and unnecessary way the empathetic and humanist element characteristic of the art of caring.RESUMENTomando como punto de partida la reciente traducción al castellano de su libro Confesiones de un médico, su trabajo más personal y aplaudido, este artículo hace un repaso de la obra de Alfred I. Tauber, una de las voces más influyentes en la actualidad de las humanidades médicas norteamericanas. La obra de Tauber es ya muy extensa y de una gran variedad temática, pero es posible identificar las dos preocupaciones centrales que la animan: el intento de fundamentar e implantar una alternativa a la ética autonomista que a día de hoy domina el escenario de la práctica y la toma de decisiones médicas, por un lado; y por el otro, la inquietud por la excesiva querencia por la ciencia y la tecnología que generalmente muestra la medicina actual, lo cual no tendría nada de censurable si ello no supusiera sacrificar de una manera torpe e innecesaria el elemento empático y humanista propio del arte de cuidar.

scholarly journals ATUAÇÃO ÉTICA DO ENFERMEIRO FRENTE AOS ERROS DE MEDICAÇÃO

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Daniela Cavanholi Mangilli ◽  
Maria Terezinha da Assunção ◽  
Maria Teresa Brasil Zanini ◽  
Valdemira Santina Dagostin ◽  
Maria Tereza Soratto
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Patient Safety ◽  
Data Analysis ◽  
Medication Errors ◽  
Field Research ◽  
Structured Interview ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Qualitative Descriptive ◽  
Investigación Cualitativa ◽  
Formación Permanente

Objetivo: identificar a atuação ética do enfermeiro frente aos erros de medicação. Pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva, exploratória e de campo. Realizou-se entrevista semiestruturada com 10 enfermeiros. A análise dos dados foi realizada a partir da análise de conteúdo. Resultados: a atuação ética do enfermeiro frente aos erros de medicação inclui a tomada de decisão em relação às intercorrências com o paciente; ações educativas com a equipe de enfermagem; registro do erro e aplicação de penalidades. Conclusão: considera-se imprescindível a educação permanente dos profissionais para a prevenção e redução de erros de medicamentos, possibilitando a segurança do paciente e qualificação do serviço.Descritores: Ética, Erros de medicação, Segurança do paciente, Enfermagem.ETHICAL ROLE NURSES FACE WITH MEDICATION ERRORSObjective: to identify the work ethics of nurse facing medication errors. Qualitative, descriptive, exploratory field research. Semi-structured interview was held with 10 nurses. Data analysis was carried out from the analysis of content. Results: the ethic of the nurse facing medication errors include decision-making in relation to complications with the patient; educational activities with the nursing staff; error log and the application of penalties. Conclusion: it is considered vital the permanent education of professionals for the prevention and reduction of medication errors, patient safety and service qualification.Descriptors: Ethics, Medication errors, Patient safety, Nursing.ENFERMERÍA ÉTICA FRENTE A LOS ERRORES DE MEDICACIÓNObjetivo: identificar la ética de trabajo de la enfermera frente a errores de medicación. Investigación cualitativa, descriptiva, exploratoria y campo. Entrevista semiestructurada se realizó con 10 enfermeras. Análisis de datos se llevó a cabo a partir del análisis de contenido. Resultados: la ética de la enfermera frente a errores de medicación incluyen la toma de decisiones en relación con las complicaciones con el paciente; actividades educativas con el personal de enfermería; registro de errores y la aplicación de sanciones. Conclusión: se considera imprencíndivel la formación permanente de profesionales para la prevención y reducción de errores de medicación, seguridad del paciente y calificación de servicio.Descriptores: Ética, Errores de Medicación, Seguridad del Paciente, Enfermería.

scholarly journals Participação da mulher na tomada de decisão no processo de parturição

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 499
Author(s):  
Ana Paula De Lima Escobal ◽  
Greice Carvalho De Matos ◽  
Kamila Dias Gonçalves ◽  
Pricilla Porto Quadro ◽  
Susana Cecagno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Qualitative Research ◽  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Medical Decision ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
Vaginal Birth After Cesarean ◽  
Natural Childbirth ◽  
Virtual Libraries ◽  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Investigación Cualitativa

RESUMOObjetivo: conhecer a participação da mulher na tomada de decisão sobre o tipo de parto vivenciado. Método: revisão integrativa de literatura de artigos completos em inglês, português ou espanhol, utilizando recorte temporal de janeiro de 2004 a janeiro de 2014, por meio das Bases de dados LILACS, MEDLINE e da biblioteca virtual Scielo. Utilizou-se como descritores Parto Normal, Parto humanizado, Cesárea, Tomada de Decisões e Pesquisa Qualitativa, sendo utilizado os operadores boleanos “and” e “or” como ferramenta para o cruzamento. Resultados: foram considerados relevantes à temática deste estudo 16 artigos, categorizados em dois eixos temáticos: Parto normal pós cesárea e Cesárea: Decisão médica ou decisão materna? Conclusão: os estudos permitiram perceber que é preciso persistir na busca pela humanização do processo de parturição, abdicando de ações padronizadas, intervenções tecnológicas e medicalizadoras que desconsideram a decisão da mulher sobre o processo de parturição vivenciado. Descritores: Parto Normal; Parto Humanizado; Cesárea; Tomada de Decisões; Pesquisa Qualitativa.ABSTRACTObjective: to know the participation of the woman in the decision-making about the type of birth experienced. Method: integrative review of literature in full articles in English, Portuguese or Spanish, using a temporal cut from January 2004 to January 2014, using the LILACS, MEDLINE and SCIELO virtual libraries. We used as descriptors Normal Childbirth, Humanized Childbirth, Cesarean Section, Decision-Making and Qualitative Research, using the "and" and "or" Boolean operators as a tool for crossing. Results: 16 articles categorized in two thematic axes were considered relevant to the topic of this study: Vaginal birth after cesarean and Cesarean section: medical decision or maternal decision? Conclusion: the studies made it possible to perceive that it is necessary to persist in the search for the humanization of the parturition process, abdicating standardized actions, technological and medicalizing interventions that disregard the woman's decision about the process of parturition experienced. Descriptors: Natural Childbirth; Humanizing Delivery; Cesarean Section; Decision-Making; Qualitative Research.RESUMEN Objetivo: conocer la participación de la mujer en la toma de decisión sobre el tipo de parto vivenciado. Método: revisión integradora de la literatura trabajos completos en Inglés, portugués o español, utilizando marco temporal de enero 2004-enero 2014, a través de las bases de datos LILACS, MEDLINE y biblioteca virtual SciELO. Se utilizó como descriptores Parto Normal, Parto humanizado, Cesárea, Toma de Decisiones e Investigación Cualitativa, siendo utilizado los operadores boleanos "and" y "or" como herramienta para el cruce. Resultados: fueron considerados relevantes a la temática de este estudio 16 artículos, categorizados en dos ejes temáticos: Parto normal post cesárea y Cesárea: Decisión médica o decisión materna? Conclusión: los estudios permitieron percibir que es necesario persistir en la búsqueda por la humanización del proceso de parturición, abdicando de acciones estandarizadas, intervenciones tecnológicas y medicalizadoras que desconsideran la decisión de la mujer sobre el proceso de parturición vivenciada. Descriptores: Parto Normal; Parto Humanizado; Cesárea; Tomada de Decisiones; Investigación Cualitativa.

Competencias profesionales, gestión clínica y grupos relacionados de diagnósticos. El caso de hospitales públicos chilenos

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 472-478 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katiuska Lidice Reynaldos-Grandón ◽  
José Manuel Saiz-Alvarez ◽  
Yerko Pablo Molina-Muñoz
Keyword(s):  
Toma De Decisiones ◽  
Investigación Cualitativa ◽  
Competencias Profesionales

Objetivo Definir un modelo competencias profesionales para el desarrollo de un sistema de información de apoyo a la Gestión Clínica basado en Grupos Relacionados de Diagnósticos-GRD en hospitales públicos chilenos.Método Mixta. Investigación cualitativa, descriptiva, basada en entrevistas focalizadas con un muestreo teórico o intencionado a cuatro líderes expertos en GRD en Chile, con análisis de contenido; Investigación cuantitativa, con uso de Método Delphi a 18 gestores encargados de la implementación de las unidades de GRD en Chile, con 3 rondas. El análisis de los datos cuantitativos se realizó por conglomerados.Resultados Luego de cinco iteraciones, se evaluaron 78 competencias de un total de 179 en nivel “alto”, del tipo: Conocimientos del líder de los equipos, formación profesional preferentemente enfermeras, 15 actitudes y valores, 17 habilidades o destrezas y 12 competencias específicas relacionadas al sistema de codificación.Conclusión Existe tendencia en los profesionales, a requerir el máximo de competencias, se observó una conducta masificadora, con baja discriminación y priorización. Se propone analizar las causas que dificultan la toma de decisiones y priorizar las competencias requeridas; Determinar para cada competencia el nivel requerido, las brechas entre la oferta de competencias y su demanda, y finalmente diseñar un sistema de evaluación del impacto del modelo en el desarrollo de competencias de los equipos.

The use of a Domain Ontology for the Management of Essential Hypertension (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Chavez ◽  
Vanessa Perez ◽  
Angélica Urrutia
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Essential Hypertension ◽  
Medical History ◽  
Medical Records ◽  
Medical Training ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Domain Ontology ◽  
Free Text ◽  
Snomed Ct ◽  
History Of

BACKGROUND : Currently, hypertension is one of the diseases with greater risk of mortality in the world. Particularly in Chile, 90% of the population with this disease has idiopathic or essential hypertension. Essential hypertension is characterized by high blood pressure rates and it´s cause is unknown, which means that every patient might requires a different treatment, depending on their history and symptoms. Different data, such as history, symptoms, exams, etc., are generated for each patient suffering from the disease. This data is presented in the patient’s medical record, in no order, making it difficult to search for relevant information. Therefore, there is a need for a common, unified vocabulary of the terms that adequately represent the diseased, making searching within the domain more effective. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to develop a domain ontology for essential hypertension , therefore arranging the more significant data within the domain as tool for medical training or to support physicians’ decision making will be provided. METHODS The terms used for the ontology were extracted from the medical history of de-identified medical records, of patients with essential hypertension. The Snomed-CT’ collection of medical terms, and clinical guidelines to control the disease were also used. Methontology was used for the design, classes definition and their hierarchy, as well as relationships between concepts and instances. Three criteria were used to validate the ontology, which also helped to measure its quality. Tests were run with a dataset to verify that the tool was created according to the requirements. RESULTS An ontology of 310 instances classified into 37 classes was developed. From these, 4 super classes and 30 relationships were obtained. In the dataset tests, 100% correct and coherent answers were obtained for quality tests (3). CONCLUSIONS The development of this ontology provides a tool for physicians, specialists, and students, among others, that can be incorporated into clinical systems to support decision making regarding essential hypertension. Nevertheless, more instances should be incorporated into the ontology by carrying out further searched in the medical history or free text sections of the medical records of patients with this disease.

scholarly journals Individual differences in experienced and observational decision-making illuminate interactions between reinforcement learning and declarative memory

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Batel Yifrah ◽  
Ayelet Ramaty ◽  
Genela Morris ◽  
Avi Mendelsohn
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Reinforcement Learning ◽  
Declarative Memory ◽  
Contextual Information ◽  
Memory Performance ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Subjective Memory ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
Reinforcement Learning Models ◽  
Implicit And Explicit

AbstractDecision making can be shaped both by trial-and-error experiences and by memory of unique contextual information. Moreover, these types of information can be acquired either by means of active experience or by observing others behave in similar situations. The interactions between reinforcement learning parameters that inform decision updating and memory formation of declarative information in experienced and observational learning settings are, however, unknown. In the current study, participants took part in a probabilistic decision-making task involving situations that either yielded similar outcomes to those of an observed player or opposed them. By fitting alternative reinforcement learning models to each subject, we discerned participants who learned similarly from experience and observation from those who assigned different weights to learning signals from these two sources. Participants who assigned different weights to their own experience versus those of others displayed enhanced memory performance as well as subjective memory strength for episodes involving significant reward prospects. Conversely, memory performance of participants who did not prioritize their own experience over others did not seem to be influenced by reinforcement learning parameters. These findings demonstrate that interactions between implicit and explicit learning systems depend on the means by which individuals weigh relevant information conveyed via experience and observation.

scholarly journals Cognitive Control of Working Memory: A Model-Based Approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 721
Author(s):  
Russell J. Boag ◽  
Niek Stevenson ◽  
Roel van Dooren ◽  
Anne C. Trutti ◽  
Zsuzsika Sjoerds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Working Memory ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Decision Time ◽  
Control Processes ◽  
Prepotent Response ◽  
New Information ◽  
Empirical Performance ◽  
Flow Of Information

Working memory (WM)-based decision making depends on a number of cognitive control processes that control the flow of information into and out of WM and ensure that only relevant information is held active in WM’s limited-capacity store. Although necessary for successful decision making, recent work has shown that these control processes impose performance costs on both the speed and accuracy of WM-based decisions. Using the reference-back task as a benchmark measure of WM control, we conducted evidence accumulation modeling to test several competing explanations for six benchmark empirical performance costs. Costs were driven by a combination of processes, running outside of the decision stage (longer non-decision time) and showing the inhibition of the prepotent response (lower drift rates) in trials requiring WM control. Individuals also set more cautious response thresholds when expecting to update WM with new information versus maintain existing information. We discuss the promise of this approach for understanding cognitive control in WM-based decision making.

CAN BAYESIAN METHODS MAKE DATA AND ANALYSES MORE RELEVANT TO DECISION MAKERS?

2001 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 114-122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Steven H. Sheingold
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Paradigm Shift ◽  
Relevant Information ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Critical Importance ◽  
Bayesian Approaches ◽  
Bayesian Analyses ◽  
And Performance

Decision making in health care has become increasingly reliant on information technology, evidence-based processes, and performance measurement. It is therefore a time at which it is of critical importance to make data and analyses more relevant to decision makers. Those who support Bayesian approaches contend that their analyses provide more relevant information for decision making than do classical or “frequentist” methods, and that a paradigm shift to the former is long overdue. While formal Bayesian analyses may eventually play an important role in decision making, there are several obstacles to overcome if these methods are to gain acceptance in an environment dominated by frequentist approaches. Supporters of Bayesian statistics must find more accommodating approaches to making their case, especially in finding ways to make these methods more transparent and accessible. Moreover, they must better understand the decision-making environment they hope to influence. This paper discusses these issues and provides some suggestions for overcoming some of these barriers to greater acceptance.

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