scholarly journals The determinants of the demand for tobacco in Togo

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Makiliwè Barcola
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Control Policy ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Tobacco Products ◽  
Tobacco Taxes ◽  
Demand Models ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Demand Equations ◽  
The Relationship

This paper analyzes the relationship between the demand for tobacco, its price and the economic factors that may influence it. The objective is to understand the response of consumers to an increase in tobacco prices. The price increase is assumed to be caused by the effect of increasing tobacco taxes, which is a major tobacco control policy. This paper also analyzes the reaction of smokers to an increase in the prices of other goods in the economy. To achieve this objective, we estimate the elasticities of these factors through the tobacco demand models proposed in the literature. The price of tobacco, consumer income per capita, the price of goods such as food and health care, and the strengthening of anti-smoking laws are among the variables used to estimate the demand equations for tobacco. The results of the estimations indicate first that the demand for tobacco is highly elastic with respect to its price; the price elasticity is estimated at -1.368. Tobacco demand is also sensitive to consumer income and the strengthening of anti-smoking laws. In contrast, changes in the prices of other non-addictive goods in the economy, such as food, have no influence on the demand for tobacco products. This means that when the price of other products increases, smokers are likely to reduce the quantity of these products consumed in order to maintain their level of tobacco consumption.

scholarly journals Health Care Expenditure and GDP in African Countries: Evidence from Semiparametric Estimation with Panel Data

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhike Lv ◽  
Huiming Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Panel Data Analysis ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
Large Body ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Infant Mortality Rate ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

A large body of literature studies on the relationship between health care expenditure (HCE) and GDP have been analyzed using data intensively from developed countries, but little is known for other regions. This paper considers a semiparametric panel data analysis for the study of the relationship between per capita HCE and per capita GDP for 42 African countries over the period 1995–2009. We found that infant mortality rate per 1,000 live births has a negative effect on per capita HCE, while the proportion of the population aged 65 is statistically insignificant in African countries. Furthermore, we found that the income elasticity is not constant but varies with income level, and health care is a necessity rather than a luxury for African countries.

scholarly journals Is it Possible to Buy Longevity: the Relationship between Health-Care Expenditures and Life Expectancy

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 99-117
Author(s):  
Polina Karelina ◽  
Ekaterina Ivanova ◽  
Ekaterina Cherkasova
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Life Expectancy ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Hypotheses Testing ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Factors Influencing ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

The task of this article is to assess the effect of the health-care expenditures per capita on the life expectancy (LE). This paper hypothesizes that health-care expenditures lead to an increase in the life expectancy and that they affect LE in different ways depending on sex and age. For hypotheses testing the panel 6-year-data for 183 countries are used. Based on these data the authors build econometrical model, considering LE as a dependent variable. Other factors influencing LE are included as control variables, all independent variables are with taken with a 10-year lag. The hypotheses are partially confirmed. All other things being equal, health-care expenditures actually lead to an increase in the LE, but only for developing countries. The second hypothesis is also not fully confirmed: LE at old age is more quantitatively dependent on health-care expenditures then LE at birth is, however strong differences for men and women were not revealed.

scholarly journals Seeking Explanations for High Levels of Infant Mortality in Pakistan

1987 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zeba A. Sathar
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Important Determinant ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Child Survival ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Middle Level ◽  
Economic Factors ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
And Migration

Here we seek explanations for the relatively high levels of infant mortality in Pakistan compared with those in other countries having middle-level per capita incomes. Data are mainly drawn from the birth histories of 9810 ever-married women interviewed in the Population Labour Force and Migration Survey of 1979. The empirical evidence points to childbearing and childrearing practices, such as spacing, to be more important determinants of mortality than economic factors. Availability of health care is also an important determinant of mortality but parents' propensity to avail themselves of it may be more critical to child survival.

Health aspects of human capital differentiation in Poland. The regional approach

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-51
Author(s):  
Maria Klonowska-Matynia
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Capital ◽  
Data Bank ◽  
Spatial Diversity ◽  
Local Data ◽  
Model Free ◽  
Health Quality ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

The objective of the article is to determine the level and asses the spatial dif-ferentiation of human capital defined in the area of health quality and expenses for health per capita. The analysis was carried out in spatial terms at the NUTS 2 level for the years 2013—2015; the main source of data was the Local Data Bank of Statistics Poland. Taxonomic hierarchization methods (model-free) and classification of multi-feature objects were used. As a result, each object has been assigned a synthetic measure — relative indicator of the level of human capital defined in the area of health quality and a relative indicator of the level of expenses on health per capita. It has been assumed that the distribution of human capital is uneven and remains in relation to the amount of expenses on health care and that higher expenses on health care are borne in regions with a relatively lower human capital. The results of the analyses positively verify the existence of spatial diversity of human capital and expenses on health care, both in relation to individual diagnostic variables and to synthetic measures. However, they did not confirm the relationship between the spatial distributions of the analyzed features. Keywords: human capital, health, differentiation, region.

scholarly journals International Socioeconomic Predictors of Colon and Rectal Cancer Mortality: Is Colorectal Cancer a First World Problem?

2021 ◽  
pp. 1659-1667
Author(s):  
Christina L. Cui ◽  
Anna M. Dornisch ◽  
Anya E. Umlauf ◽  
Raphael E. Cuomo ◽  
James D. Murphy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Health Care Expenditure ◽  
International Health ◽  
Physician Density ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Colon And Rectal Cancer ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Relationship

PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of international morbidity and is the second highest cause of cancer-related mortality in the world. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between international health care spending on CRC mortality over time. METHODS This is a retrospective study using a publicly available data from the WHO Global Health Observatory database. General estimating equations were used to analyze the relationship between total health care expenditure per capita (THEpc) and CRC mortality at the country level. The primary predictors of interest were quartiles of THEpc. Other exposure variables included gross domestic product per capita (GDPpc), smoking (% of adult population smoking), physician density (per 10,000), and time. RESULTS Mortality decreased significantly from 2000 to 2016 (coefficient [95% CI], −2.2 [−3.3 to −1.1]; P < .001). THEpc, GDPpc, time, and percentage of adult population smoking were significant predictors of CRC mortality. Patients in the top two quartiles of THEpc had 3% higher rates of CRC mortality compared with countries in Q1 THEpc (Q3: 3.4 [1.9-4.8], P < .001; Q4: 3.2 [1.4-5.0], P = .001). Similar trends were seen in GDPpc (Q4: 3.2 [1.4-5.0], P = .001; Q3: 3.4 [1.9-4.8], P < .001; Q2: 1.7 [0.7-2.6], P < .001; Q1: reference). CONCLUSION Overall, mortality decreased significantly over the study period. Countries with higher health expenditures and higher gross domestic products experienced higher rates of CRC mortality. Further research will be necessary to determine the cause for this, but we postulate that it may be a result of more robust diagnostic and follow-up methods in countries with more resources.

scholarly journals Hubungan Indikator Perilaku dan Pelayanan Kesehatan dengan Sub Indeks Penyakit Tidak Menular (Analisis Lanjut IPKM 2014)

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-146
Author(s):  
Olwin Nainggolan ◽  
Puti Sari H
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Tobacco Consumption ◽  
P Value ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Independent Variables ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPublic Health Development Index (PHDI) is a picture of progress in the health sector and a further elaboration of the health component of the Human Development Index (HDI) in Indonesia. PHDI 2014 consists of seven component sub-indexes which are sub-index of Non Communicable Diseases (NCD). The analytical method used is multiple linear regression, while data from data Basic Health Research (Riskesdas) 2013 and the Potential of Village (PODES) 2011 which are consisted of 497 districts / cities throughout Indonesia. The purpose of analysis is to find the relationship of NCD sub index with behavioral and health services as well as making a prediction value of NCD index variable through independent variables which include the proportion of tobacco consumption, the proportion of properly brushing teeth, the proportion of adequately physical activity, the proportion of the number of doctors in sub-district, and the proportion of Health Care Assurance ownership. The analysis showed that the variables such as brushing teeth, physical activity, and smoking absence have a significant relationship with the sub-index of NCD (p-value = 0.000) with influence of 10.7%. Variables that have the most impact on the sub-index of NCD is adequately physical activity with a coefficient of 0.002. Abstrak IPKM (Indeks Pembangunan Kesehatan Masyarakat) merupakan gambaran kemajuan di bidang kesehatan dan merupakan penjabaran lebih lanjut dari komponen kesehatan pada Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) di Indonesia. IPKM 2014 terdiri dari 7 komponen sub indeks diantaranya adalah sub indeks Penyakit Tidak Menular (PTM). Metode analisis yang digunakan adalah regresi linier berganda, sedangkan data berasal dari data Riset Kesehatan Dasar (Riskesdas) 2013 dan Potensi Desa (PODES) 2011 terdiri dari 497 kabupaten/kota di seluruh Indonesia. Tujuan analisis adalah untuk mencari hubungan sub indeks PTM dengan perilaku dan pelayanan kesehatan serta membuat prediksi nilai variabel indeks PTM melalui variabel-variabel independen yang meliputi proporsi perilaku konsumsi tembakau, proporsi perilaku menggosok gigi benar, proporsi aktivitas fisik cukup, proporsi jumlah dokter perkecamatan serta proporsi kepemilikan Jaminan Pelayanan Kesehatan (JPK). Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa variabel menggosok gigi, aktivitas fisik dan tidak merokok mempunyai hubungan yang bermakna dengan sub indeks PTM (p-value=0,000) dengan pengaruh sebesar 10,7%. Variabel yang mempunyai pengaruh paling besar terhadap sub indeks PTM adalah cukup aktivitas fisik dengan koefisien sebesar 0,002. 

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