scholarly journals Fair Trial Principles in the Basis of Judges Considering Decisions Based on Testimonium De Auditu

2021 ◽  
Vol 04 (07) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yanels Garsione Damanik ◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Fair Trial ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Witness Testimony ◽  
Legal Norms ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Secondary Data Sources

After the enactment of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 65 / PUU-VIII / 2010, the history in the process of proving a criminal incident in Indonesia began to experience development. However, this creates a new problem because the decision of the constitutional court regarding the generalization of witness is contrary to legal norms in Law Number 8 of 1981 concerning the Criminal Procedure Code, especially in article 185 paragraph 1 and its exegesis. The decision of the constitutional court itself provides an opportunity for the testimonium de auditu to be used as evidence but does not provide a detailed explanation of the classification of the de auditu witness evidence including its type of evidence as evidence for witness testimony or indicative evidence following Article 184 of the Indonesia Criminal Procedure Code, exceptions regarding the acceptance of de auditu witnesses are used as evidence and the validity of testimony heard from other people (testimonium de auditu) is used as evidence. This also affects the quality of the judge's consideration when the de auditu witness must be used by the judge as a basis for his consideration, especially in the aspect of justice (fair trial). This study uses a normative juridical method that uses two primary and secondary data sources. The results showed that the importance of detailed arrangements in the Criminal Procedure Code regarding exceptions using the testimony de auditu with certain conditions to ensure justice, certainty, expediency to create a fair trial.

scholarly journals Verbalisan Witness Position as Evidence of a Criminal Case

Ius Poenale ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
M. Kemal Pasha Zahrie
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Criminal Case ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Witness Testimony ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Justice Practice

The presence of Constitutional Court Decision Number 65/PUUVIII/2010 expands the meaning of witnesses in Article 1 point 26 of the KUHAP, resulting in the emergence of various interpretations in criminal justice practice concerning the position of verbal witness testimony as evidence. Juridically, the decision creates problems considering that the Criminal Procedure Code or Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP) does not recognize verbal witnesses' testimony as evidence. This study examined the position and the strength of verbal witnesses' testimony as evidence in criminal proceedings. After gathering all the data using normative and empirical juridical research, this paper concludes that the testimony of verbal witnesses is grouped in the evidence of guidance in Article 188 Paragraph (1) of the KUHAP because the testimony of verbal witnesses is not primary evidence. After all, its existence is contingent on the judge's willingness to employ it. The strength of proof of testimony of verbal witnesses is that they must satisfy the elements of Article 188 paragraph (1) of the KUHAP, namely the information referred to in the form of events or circumstances concerning a criminal act, as well as conformity with other evidence, as required by Article 188 paragraph (2) of the KUHAP.

scholarly journals KEBIJAKAN PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP ANAK SEBAGAI KORBAN KEJAHATAN DALAM HUKUM POSITIF DI INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-218
Author(s):  
Nova Ariati
Keyword(s):  
Code Of Ethics ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
District Court ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Single Judge ◽  
Working Day ◽  
The Right ◽  
Trial Series

ABSTRAKSidang praperadilan dilakukan dengan cepat dan berita acara serta putusan praperadilan dibuat seperti pemeriksaan singkat dan dipimpin oleh seorang hakim tunggal. Tujuh hari merupakan ketentuan yang diamanatkan KUHAP untuk pelaksanaan rangkaian praperadilan yang cepat dan sederhana, mulai dari pemeriksaan perkara. Mahkamah Konstitusi melalui putusan nomor 78 / PUU-XI / 2013 menegaskan bahwa proses praperadilan paling lambat tujuh hari untuk memberikan kepastian hukum, terutama bagi pemohon yang merasa haknya dirugikan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian yuridis empiris yaitu sebagai upaya pendekatan masalah yang diteliti dengan sifat hukum yang nyata atau sesuai dengan kenyataan dilapangan, karena dalam penelitian ini peneliti segera melakukan penelitian di lokasi atau lapangan penelitian yaitu tempat yang diteliti untuk memberikan gambaran yang lengkap dan jelas tentang masalah yang diteliti. Sifat penelitian ini adalah deskriptif. Penelitian ini menggunakan data sekunder yaitu data yang telah disiapkan. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah interpretasi hakim terkait sidang praperadilan selama tujuh hari antara hari kerja dan hari kalender dalam beberapa kasus dan relevansinya dengan kode etik hakim di Pengadilan Negeri Pekanbaru yang bervariasi. Hal ini karena masih adanya penafsiran hakim yang tidak sesuai dengan ketentuan KUHAP sehingga masih ada hakim yang memutuskan perkara praperadilan melebihi 7 hari kerja. Pemenuhan hak pemohon dengan interpretasi terkait sidang praperadilan tujuh hari antara hari kerja dan hari kalender di Pengadilan Negeri Pekanbaru masih memuat beberapa perkara yang menunjukkan terpenuhinya hak pemohon sesuai dengan ketentuan di dalam KUHAP. Dalam Pasal 82 ayat (1) huruf c KUHAP paling lambat tujuh hari hakim harus sudah mengambil putusan, padahal masih ada beberapa perkara yang putusan hakimnya dijatuhkan lebih dari 7 hari. Kata kunci: interpretasi; uji coba tujuh hari; praperadilanABSTRACTThe pretrial hearing is conducted quickly and the minutes and pretrial decisions are made like a brief examination and are chaired by a single judge. Seven days is a provision mandated by the Criminal Procedure Code for the implementation of a quick and simple pre-trial series, starting from the commencement of the examination. The Constitutional Court through decision number 78 / PUU-XI / 2013 asserted that at the latest seven days the pretrial process is to provide legal certainty, especially for applicants who feel their rights are harmed. This type of research is empirical juridical research that is as an effort to approach the problem under study with the nature of law that is real or in accordance with the reality in the field, because in this study, researchers immediately conduct research on the location or place under study to provide a complete and clear picture about the problem under study. The nature of this research is descriptive. This study uses secondary data, namely data that has been prepared. The results of this study are the interpretation of judges related to the seven-day pretrial hearing between workdays and calendar days in some cases and their relevance to the judge's code of ethics in the Pekanbaru District Court varies. There are still interpretations of judges who are not in accordance with the provisions of the KUHAP so that there are still judges who decide that pretrial cases exceed 7 working days. Fulfillment of the right of the applicant with a related interpretation of the seven-day pretrial hearing between the working day and calendar day in the Pekanbaru District Court still contains several cases that indicate the fulfillment of the right of the applicant in accordance with the provisions in the Criminal Procedure Code. In Article 82 paragraph (1) letter c KUHAP no later than seven days the judge must have made a decision, while there are still a number of cases where the judge's decision is imposed more than 7 days.Keywords: interpretation; seven days trial; pretrial

scholarly journals Kajian Yuridis Dasar Hukum Jaksa Penuntut Umum Melakukan Upaya Hukum Kasasi Terhadap Putusan Bebas (Vrijspraak) Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Heru Drajat Sulistyo
Keyword(s):  
Research Method ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Public Prosecutor ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Data Types ◽  
The Public ◽  
Procedure Code

This study discusses theoretically normative about the appeal made by the Public Prosecutor on the verdict free (vrijspraak) in the Indonesian Criminal Justice System intended to find solutions to the juridical problems arising from the acquittal. The problem in this study, namely: What is the legal basis for the Public Prosecutor to conduct an appeal against the verdict (vrijspraak). The research method used is a normative legal research method and uses secondary data types, including primary legal materials, secondary legal materials and tertiary legal materials collected through library studies, print media, electronic media. The results of the research study, namely: the legal basis of the Public Prosecutor conducting an appeal against the verdict (vrijspraak) is the Decree of the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Indonesia Number M.14-PW.07.03 of 1983 dated December 10, 1983 concerning Supplementary Guidelines for the Implementation of the Criminal Procedure Code (item 19) . Then the Supreme Court Decree Reg. no: 275 K / Pid / 1983 in the Raden Sonson Natalegawa case was the first decision to be born as jurisprudence for a free verdict after the entry into force of the Criminal Procedure Code. Furthermore, the Constitutional Court Decision Number 114 / PUU-X / 2012 dated March 28, 2013. The existence of the Constitutional Court Decision Number 114 / PUU-X / 2012 dated March 28, 2013, the public must accept the Public Prosecutor is contested with legal action to appeal against the acquittal (vrijspraak).

scholarly journals PEMBUKTIAN TERBALIK TERHADAP PERAMPASAN ASET DALAM PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA PENCUCIAN UANG HASIL KEJAHATAN NARKOTIKA

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andri , ◽  
Supanto ,
Keyword(s):  
Money Laundering ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Public Prosecutor ◽  
Criminal Offense ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Criminal Procedure Law ◽  
Proceeds Of Crime ◽  
Secondary Data Sources

<p>Abstract <br />This paper aims to assess the implemention of proof reversed money laundering in the case of narcotics assets is a criminal offense so seized for the stste as stipulated in law No.8 year 2010 on Prevention and eradication of money laundering and the law No.35 year 2009 on narcotics review of the Indonesian criminal justice system. This article is a normative legal research with the nature of the research is descriptive and forms of research is perspective. Approach legislation with secondary data sources such as the primary legal materials, secondary and tertiary. Techniques of data collection is done by the study documents or library materials and analyzed using the methods of reasoning deduktif.Pembuktian in court in essence is the obligation of public prosecutor to convince a judge to the defendant errors projected to provide with Article 66 of the Criminal Procedure Code which states that the defendant is not burdened with evidence in the trial of what is charged to him, in addition to the testimony of the defendant alone is not enough to prove him guilty of committing acts against her, but must be accompanied by other evidence (vide Article 189 paragraph (4) criminal Procedure Code), in other words, the criminal Code does not recognize the process of proof imposed on Terdakwa.Konsep reversed evidence of money laundering in the prevention of narcotics cases whose assets are the proceeds of crime from the perspective of by investigators by the Indonesian Supreme Court Regulation No. 01 Year 2013 on the Procedures for Settlement Request handling Assets In Money Laundering Crime Or Other. Both the concept of proof of money laundering in the prevention of narcotics cases whose assets are the proceeds of crime from the perspective of criminal procedure is based on Article 77 of Law No. 8 of 2010 concerning the prevention and eradication of money laundering and Article 98 of Law No. 35 of 2009 on narcotics jo PP No.40 of 2013 on the implementation of Article 44 of the narcotics Act in the management of proceeds of crime, narcotics</p><p>Keywords: Inverted proof, Criminal Procedure Law, criminal acts of money laundering (Law No. 8 of</p><p>Abstrak<br />Tulisan ini bertujuan mengaji pelaksanaan pembuktian terbalik tindak pidana pencucian uang dalam kasus narkotika yang asetnya merupakan hasil tindak pidana sehingga diramvpas untuk negara sebagaimana yang diatur dalam undang-undang No.8 Tahun 2010 tentang Pengecahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian serta undang-undang No.35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika yang ditinjau dari hukum acara pidana Indonesia dari sistem peradilan pidana Indonesia. Tulisan ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan sifat penelitian bersifat deskriptif dan bentuk penelitian yang digunakan adalah perspektif. Pendekatan perundang-undangan dengan sumber data sekunder berupa bahan hukum primair, sekunder dan tersier. Tehnik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan cara studi dokumen atau bahan pustaka dan dianalisis dengan menggunakan metode penalaran deduktif. Pembuktian di persidangan pada pokoknya merupakan kewajiban Penuntut Umum untuk meyakinkan hakim terhadap kesalahan Terdakwa yang diproyeksikan untuk memberikan dasar-dasar yang cukup bagi hakim tentang kebenaran peristiwa yang diajukan dalam surat dakwaan. Hal ini selaras dengan Pasal 66 KUHAP yang menyebutkan bahwa Terdakwa tidak dibebani  pembuktian di persidangan terhadap  apa yang didakwakan kepadanya,  di samping itu keterangan terdakwa saja juga tidak cukup untuk membuktikan dirinya bersalah melakukan perbuatan yang didakwakan  kepadanya,  melainkan  harus  disertai  dengan  alat  bukti  lainnya  (vide Pasal  189  ayat  (4) KUHAP), dengan kata  lain  KUHAP tidak mengenal  proses  pembuktian  terbalik yang dibebankan kepada Terdakwa. Konsep pembuktian terbalik tindak pidana pencucian uang dalam penanggulangan kasus Narkotika yang asetnya hasil tindak pidana dari perspektif hukum acara pidana yakni yang pertama adalah persidangan terhadap permohonan penanganan Harta Kekayaan Dalam Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang dilakukan penyidik berdasarkan Peraturan Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia Nomor 01 Tahun  2013 Tentang Tata  Cara Penyelesaian Permohonan Penanganan Harta Kekayaan Dalam Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang Atau Tindak Pidana Lain. Kedua konsep pembuktian terbalik tindak pidana pencucian uang dalam penanggulangan kasus Narkotika yang asetnya hasil tindak pidana dari perspektif hukum  acara pidana didasarkan Pasal 77 Undang-undang No.8 Tahun 2010 tentang Pencegahan dan pemberatasan tindak pidana pencucian uang dan Pasal 98 Undang-Undang No 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika jo PP No.40 Tahun 2013 tentang pelaksanaan UU Narkotika pada Pasal 44 pengurusan hasil tindak pidana narkotika.</p><p>Kata kunci : Pembuktian terbalik, Hukum Acara Pidana, Tindak pidana Pencucian uang(UU No.8 Tahun 2010), Tindak Pidana Narkotika(UU No.35 Tahun 2009), Perampasan Aset Hasil Tindak Pidana.</p>

scholarly journals TO THE QUESTION ABOUT THE CONCEPT «PROCEDURAL COSTS IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS»

Issues of Law ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
S.M. Darovskikh ◽  
◽  
Z.V Makarova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Procedural Costs ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Article 5

The article is devoted to the issues of formulating the definition of such a criminal procedural concept as «procedural costs». Emphasizing the importance both for science and for law enforcement of clarity and clarity when formulating the definition of criminal procedural concepts, the authors point out that the formulation of this concept present in the current Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation is far from being improved. Having studied the opinions on this issue of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, a number of procedural scholars, the authors propose their own version of the definition of the concept of «criminal procedural costs» with its allocation in a separate paragraph of Article 5 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation.

scholarly journals PERAN GURU BERLATARBELAKANG PENDIDIKAN BERBEDA DALAM PERKEMBANGAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR SISWA

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-190
Author(s):  
Zuhri Fahruddin
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Educational Background ◽  
Learning Motivation ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Secondary Data Sources ◽  
Depth Interviews

Abstract: The learning carried out by the teacher in the classroom must develop the quality of learning, one of which is learning motivation, students who are not passionate about learning are not optimal and of high quality, from this goal the reality is still far from expectations, many students are not aware of the importance of studying seriously, there is no passion study, there is no fun in the study room. The sampling technique used is Census Sample (Sample Saturated), while criterion-based selection is used when conducting qualitative research, 30 students as primary data sources, two teachers as secondary data sources. Data collection techniques using in-depth interviews, observation, documentation and questionnaires, while data analysis by reducing data, presenting data, drawing conclusions and verification by means of research stages I and II students and teachers with a Da'wah educational background, stage III and IV student informants and teachers with PAI educational background.

scholarly journals Legality and Validity of Property Seizure in the Investigation of a Criminal Case

Lex Russica ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 118-126
Author(s):  
O. A. Malysheva
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Criminal Case ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
First Case ◽  
The Supreme Court ◽  
Civil Lawsuits ◽  
The Russian Federation

The importance of the measure of procedural coercion in the form of seizure of property increases against the background of the high amount of damage caused by crimes, namely about 550 billion rubles annually. This measure of procedural coercion has a high security potential in order not only to satisfy claims in civil lawsuits, but also to recover a fine and other property claims provided for in Part 1 of Article 115 of the Criminal Procedure Code of the Russian Federation. Investigators (interrogators) annually initiate the seizure of property about 40 thousand times. 90% of cases are a success. The application of this measure is accompanied by the restriction of the property rights of both natural and legal persons, including those who are not recognized as a civil defendant in a criminal case, in the first case, and the accused (suspect).The seizure of property in criminal procedure practice is accompanied by the need for the investigator to overcome a number of difficulties, which are caused, firstly, by the intersectoral nature of the regulation of this legal institution; secondly, by the presence of gaps in the regulation of relations arising in connection with the imposition of this arrest; thirdly, by the inconsistency of the objectives of proof to establish the nature and amount of damage caused by a crime and the implementation of security activities in a criminal case. This gives rise to numerous violations of the legality and validity of the seizure of property on the part of not only the investigator, but also the court, despite the expression of a number of positions of the ECHR on this issue, despite the explanations of the Constitutional Court and the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation.The author concludes that without the release of the investigator as a subject of proof in a criminal case from performing an unusual function — providing compensation for property penalties in a criminal case — it is impossible to achieve the full legality and validity of the seizure of property.

scholarly journals A Search Warrant Submited Verbally and Legality of Evidence / Naredba za pretresanje na osnovu usmenog zahtjeva i zakonitost dokaza

2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 114
Author(s):  
Veljko Ikanović
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Human Rights Protection ◽  
Rights Protection ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Search Warrant ◽  
Evaluation Of Evidence ◽  
Republika Srpska ◽  
Principle Of Legality

Criminal Procedure Code of Republika Srpska defines that a search of dwellings, other premises and persons can be permitted, with certain exceptions, only with a search warrant issued by the preliminary proceedings judge. A search warrant is issued under the conditions provided by the Code, at the request of the prosecutor or at the request of authorized officials obtained an approval by the prosecutor. A request for the issuance of a search warrant may be submitted in writing or verbally. If the request is submitted verbally, preliminary proceedings judge is obliged to record the communication appropriately, but the requesting official shall draft the warrant. Author of the paper deals with issues related to failure of the preliminary proceedings judge to record „all of the remaining communication“ after the verbally request for a search warrant was made, and judges influence to legality of evidence obtained on a basis of such a warrant. Observes all that trough the rules which are regulating the procedure, decisions of ordinary courts of law and the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, trying to find an answer to the question: is the essence of this institute presented by its form or its contents. Proper implementation of evaluation of evidence and the possibility to use the evidence in criminal procedure, human rights protection, compliance of the principle of legality, and, very often, the epilogue of criminal procedure depends from the answer to this question.

scholarly journals Operasi Tangkap Tangan (OTT) Tinjauan Berdasarkan KUHAP Dan Undang Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2002 Tentang Komisi Pemberantasan Korupsi (KPK)

Corruptio ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Frisca Tyara M Fanhar
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Legal Basis ◽  
Administration System ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Standard Operating ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
The Ideal ◽  
Legal Force

The ambiguity regarding the mechanism and limits of the authority of the arresting operations carried out by the corruption eradication commission raises public assumption that the authority exercised by the corruption eradication commission has violated the law and even violated human rights, namely taking arbitrary actions (unprocedure).The problem in writing this study is How can the legal force of the operation of the corruption eradication commission arrest if viewed from the aspect of the Criminal Procedure Code and Law Number 30 of 2002 Concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission? What are the criteria for an alleged crime using a arrest operation? What is the ideal way for the Corruption Eradication Commission to carry out arrest operations? This study uses a Normative and Empirical Juridical approach. Normative research is carried out on matters that are theoretical principles of law, whereas an empirical approach is carried out to study law in reality. The results of the study found that legal force of the act of arrest operations of the corruption eradication commission if viewed from the aspect of the Criminal Procedure Code and Law Number 30 of 2002 Concerning the Corruption Eradication Commission actually the act of arrest operations of the corruption eradication commission does not have a strong legal basis from the juridical aspects of criminal law. problem of violating the principle of due processof law Criteria for Alleged Crime Using a hand arrest operation due to the type or quality of the target of corruption is not a simple crime and therefore the need for a hand arrest operation, and ideally the commission of asan corruption In carrying out arrest operations, it is necessary to have a good case administration system starting from the stage of collecting data and information that is based on an accurate and reliable source of information, after that conducting an investigation in accordance with the standard operating procedures that have been determined then at the execution stage such as conduct monitoring, undercover, tapping and then the operation of arresting the authority must be in accordance with the legislation. The suggestion that can be done is that the legal basis for Operation of Catching Hands must be immediately included in the article instrument in the corruption eradication commission law so that its authority is not at issue

Legislative Evolution in Romanian Criminal Proceedings: The Special Procedure for Compensation of Material or Moral Damages in Cases of Judicial Error

2010 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-396
Author(s):  
Mircea Damaschin
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Procedure ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Potential Effect ◽  
European Convention ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
Criminal Proceedings ◽  
Individual Liberty ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Special Procedure ◽  
Judicial Error

AbstractThis article analyzes the special procedure for compensating material or moral damages where there has been a wrongful conviction—or other wrongful injury to individual liberty—caused by error in Romanian criminal proceedings.This remedy is provided for by the 1969 Romanian Criminal Procedure Code; however (perhaps inevitably), tension has risen between these provisions and those of the 1991 Romanian Constitution resulting in amendments to both the Code and the Constitution. The most significant of these amendments have flowed from decisions of the Romanian Constitutional Court; in turn, the Constitutional Court has been guided in its determinations of constitutionality by interpretations of the 1950 European Convention on Human Rights.In the present article, the author presents the evolution of Romania's legal framework in this field, analyzing key decisions of the Romanian Constitutional Court. Also considered here is the jurisprudence of Romanian ordinary courts dealing with the compensatory remedy for material or moral damages awarded to victims of judicial error in Romanian criminal proceedings. The relevance here of the practice of the European Court of Human Rights, which has been critical of Romania in this regard, cannot be overestimated.Finally, this article considers the potential effect of changes contained the new Criminal Procedure Code, which has been adopted in mid-2010 by the Romanian Parliament.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document