Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 Infectious Titers by Direct Contact with Cuprous-Oxide Impregnated Face Masks External Layers

SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable on the protective face masks surface for several days. Mask touching, reuse and disposal occurs frequently, leading to increased risk of cross-contamination, infection and further transmission. Cuprous-oxide has potent virucidal properties. We determined the capacity of surgical face masks (type IIR) made with nonwoven fabric impregnated with cuprous-oxide microparticles (Test Fabric), to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 when in direct contact with the virus. The Test Fabric reduced the infectious titers of SARS-CoV-2 by 0.73, 3.02 and 4.19 log10 within 5, 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. In contrast, the infectious titers of the virus were reduced by Control Fabric by 0.24, 0.67 and 0.97 within 5, 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. The reductions were significantly higher in the Test Fabric than in the Control Fabric (0.49, 2.35 and 3.22 log difference, accordingly), reaching a statistically significant difference after 5 minutes (p<0.01). The mask filtration properties were not affected by the presence of the cuprous oxide microparticles. We conclude that the use of cuprous-oxide containing face masks in the external layers of respiratory face masks may significantly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 cross-contamination, transmission and infection, due to masks handling and disposal, especially when used by the general population.

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Reduction of SARS-CoV-2 Infectious Titers by Direct Contact with Cuprous-Oxide Impregnated Face Masks External Layers

10.21203/rs.3.rs-634763/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Wei Xu ◽

Chenjian Gu ◽

Qin Wang ◽

Yanfan Lin ◽

Chi Zhang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Cuprous Oxide ◽

Direct Contact ◽

Nonwoven Fabric ◽

Cross Contamination ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Filtration Properties

Abstract SARS-CoV-2 can remain viable on the protective face masks surface for several days. Mask touching, reuse and disposal occurs frequently, leading to increased risk of cross-contamination, infection and further transmission. Cuprous-oxide has potent virucidal properties. We determined the capacity of surgical face masks (type IIR) made with nonwoven fabric impregnated with cuprous-oxide microparticles (Test Fabric), to inactivate SARS-CoV-2 when in direct contact with the virus. The Test Fabric reduced the infectious titers of SARS-CoV-2 by 0.73, 3.02 and 4.19 log10 within 5, 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. In contrast, the infectious titers of the virus were reduced by Control Fabric by 0.24, 0.67 and 0.97 within 5, 30 and 60 minutes, respectively. The reductions were significantly higher in the Test Fabric than in the Control Fabric (0.49, 2.35 and 3.22 log difference, accordingly), reaching a statistically significant difference after 5 minutes (p < 0.01). The mask filtration properties were not affected by the presence of the cuprous oxide microparticles. We conclude that the use of cuprous-oxide containing face masks in the external layers of respiratory face masks may significantly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 cross-contamination, transmission and infection, due to masks handling and disposal, especially when used by the general population.

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Copper-oxide impregnated respiratory masks may significantly reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 cross-contamination

10.21203/rs.3.rs-60610/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Gadi Borkow ◽

Danny Lustiger ◽

Eyal Melamed ◽

Vicki Herrera ◽

Daniel Ackerman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Copper Oxide ◽

Nonwoven Fabric ◽

Viral Transmission ◽

Cross Contamination ◽

Risk Of Infection ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Surgical Masks ◽

Single Use ◽

Pcr Assays

Abstract The use of protective respiratory face masks has been adopted universally as an important measure in the fight against COVID-19. Masks become contaminated by symptomatic and asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infected individuals and the virus can remain viable on the surface of the masks for several days. Although the regular respiratory face masks are single use disposable masks, these masks are being largely reused and not often discarded after use by the general population. Mask touching during use, reuse and disposal occurs frequently, and this can lead to increased risk of infection and further transmission. N95s and regular surgical masks were produced in which the external layers were made with nonwoven fabric impregnated with copper-oxide microparticles. The masks reduced the infectious titers of SARS-CoV-2 by more than 99.9% within 1 minute of contact, as determined by TCID50 assay and serial PCR assays. The use of masks capable of rendering the SARS-CoV-2 non-infectious within minutes, may significantly reduce the risk of viral transmission and infection.

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Pattern of Glucose Tolerance among Patients with Peripheral Spondyloarthritis

Volume 5 - 2020, Issue 9 - September - International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology ◽

10.38124/ijisrt20sep549 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 5 (9) ◽

pp. 773-777

Author(s):

A T M Tanveer Hasan ◽

Al-Mamun .

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

General Population ◽

Glucose Tolerance ◽

Inflammatory Diseases ◽

Age Groups ◽

Oral Glucose ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Study Population ◽

Peripheral Spondyloarthritis

Peripheral spondyloarthritis is a variant of spondyloarthritis which usually has a chronic course. There is an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases among patients with chronic inflammatory diseases in general. Coexisting diabetes mellitus can potentially add to the risk. The objective of this study was to determine the frequency of glucose intolerance in patients with spondyloarthritis The study was conducted among 35 participants with peripheral spondyloarthritis who visited the Department of Rheumatology, Enam Medical College & Hospital, Savar, Dhaka, Bangladesh from September, 2018 to January, 2020. The participants underwent either oral glucose tolerance test or estimation of HbA1C. The mean age of participants was 43.96 years. The majority (80%) of them were young to muddle-aged (≤40 years). 22.9% of the participants were prediabetic. Diabetes mellitus was found to be present in 37.1% of the participants. There was no significant difference between the study population and the general population in terms of frequency of prediabetes. But the frequency of diabetes in the study population was higher than that in the general population. There was no significant difference between males and females with regard to the frequencies of prediabetes and DM. Moreover, there was no significant difference in the frequencies of prediabetes and DM between young and middle-aged to elderly population. Considering the greater burden of DM among patients with peripheral spondyloarthritis across all age groups, routine screening for DM may be indicated in these individuals.

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Association of isolated T inversion and sudden cardiac death – etiology and gender differences

European Heart Journal ◽

10.1093/ehjci/ehaa946.2903 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 41 (Supplement_2) ◽

Author(s):

M.A.E Haukilahti ◽

L Holmstrom ◽

J Vahatalo ◽

T.V Kentta ◽

L Pakanen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Gender Differences ◽

Sudden Cardiac Death ◽

General Population ◽

Cardiac Death ◽

Left Ventricular ◽

Common Finding ◽

Control Group ◽

Funding Source ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference

Abstract Background Inferolateral T wave inversion has been associated with increased risk of mortality and sudden cardiac death (SCD) in general population. However, the association between isolated T inversion and SCD is still unclear. Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine whether isolated T inversion associates with SCD, and find out possible gender differences. Methods FinGesture Study has systematically collected clinical data and medico-legal autopsy data from 5,869 consecutive SCD victims (mean age 64.9±12.4 yrs.) in Northern of Finland between years 1998 and 2017. Previously recorded electrocardiograms (ECG) were available and analyzed in 1,101 subjects. The control group consisted of 7,217 subjects representative of Finnish general population (mean age 51.5±12.4 yrs.). T inversion was interpreted isolated if there was at least two T inversions ≥−0.1 mV in at least two contiguous leads, and there were no ECG signs of left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) defined by Sokolow-Lyon criteria or bunchle brand block (BBB) attached to it. Results In a current study, isolated T inversion was more common finding among SCD victims compared to general population: isolated T inversion in any leads 10.9% vs. 0.9% (SCD vs. general population, p<0.001), laterally 7.7% vs. 0.1% (p<0.001), inferiorly 3.2% vs. 0.5% (p<0.001) and anteriorly 2.9% vs. 0.4% (p<0.001). Particularly, isolated T inversion seemed to assoaciate with ischemic SCD taking into account that 61.5% of the total isolated T inversions were seen in ischemic SCD victims (p=0.018). In addition, 62.1% of the inferior isolated T inversions (p=0.023) and 61.7% of the lateral isolated T inversions (p=0.031) were in ischemic SCD victims versus 37.9% and 38.3% in non-ischemic SCD victims, respectively. The prevalence of isolated T inversion in any lead was also higher among male SCD victims compared to female victims (12.8% vs. 8.2%, p<0.001, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of LVH and strain changes between the populations. Among bundle branch blocks left BBB was predictably more typical in SCD victims (5.8% vs. 0.5%, p<0.001). Conclusion We noticed an association between isolated T inversion and SCD. The association was most prominent in males and in those with ischemic etiology of SCD. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding source: Foundation. Main funding source(s): The Finnish Medical Foundation, Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research

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Prevalence and associated risk factors of psychotic symptoms in homeless people in France

European Psychiatry ◽

10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.303 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (S1) ◽

pp. S341-S341

Author(s):

A. Tortelli ◽

F. Perquier ◽

V. Le Masson ◽

D. Sauze ◽

N. Skurnik ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sexual Abuse ◽

General Population ◽

Childhood Abuse ◽

Early Life ◽

Psychotic Disorders ◽

Homeless People ◽

Psychotic Symptoms ◽

Psychological Violence ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference

IntroductionHomeless people are more likely to have higher prevalence of psychotic disorders than general population. However, we know less about the prevalence of psychotic symptoms in this group.ObjectivesTo estimate the lifetime and current prevalence of psychotic symptoms and their correlates among homeless people living in the Paris metropolitan area.MethodsWe analysed data from 839 homeless randomly selected for the “Samenta” survey that studied mental health and addiction problems in this population. The mini-international neuropsychiatric interview was used to assess psychotic symptoms. Separate multivariate logistic regression analyses were conducted to estimate the associations of sociodemographic characteristics (age, gender, education level and migrant status), early life experiences (sexual abuse, physical and psychological violence, substance use) and psychiatric disorders.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of psychotic symptoms was 35.4% (95% CI = 28.1–43.5) and the prevalence of current symptoms was 14,0% (95% CI = 9,8–19,6) with no significant difference between migrant and native groups, after exclusion of subjects with a diagnosis of psychotic disorder (n = 145). In multi-adjusted models, childhood sexual abuse was associated with an increased risk of lifetime or current psychotic symptoms (OR > 4, P < 0.05). Early life psychological violence was strongly associated with the risk of lifetime psychotic symptoms in natives (OR = 6.33; 95% CI = 2.10–19.0), whereas alcohol misuse in adolescence was related to lifetime or current psychotic symptoms in migrants (OR = 3.34; 95% CI = 1.20–9.37).ConclusionHomeless people are at higher risk of psychotic symptoms compared to the general population in France. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that childhood abuse is an important risk factor of the psychosis continuum.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.

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Cervical screening uptake and rates of cervical dysplasia in the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for Rheumatoid Arthritis

Rheumatology ◽

10.1093/rheumatology/kez277 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Laura Chadwick ◽

Lianne Kearsley-Fleet ◽

Nina Brown ◽

Kath D Watson ◽

Mark Lunt ◽

...

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Cervical Screening ◽

Cervical Dysplasia ◽

British Society ◽

Low Grade ◽

National Statistics ◽

Treatment Type ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Biologics Register

Abstract Objectives To compare cervical screening attendance and cytology (high- and low-grade cervical dysplasia [HGCD and LGCD]) between women with RA and the English general population and between biologic DMARD (bDMARD)-naïve and exposed women. Methods The British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for RA (BSRBR-RA), a national prospective study of RA treatment outcomes, was linked to the National Health Service Cervical Screening Programme, providing data for 12 785 women to compare with national screening data. Rates of HGCD/LGCD were compared with rates of negative smears using risk difference calculations between BSRBR-RA and national statistics. Within the BSRBR-RA, coverage was compared between those with low and high physical disability scores, while coverage and cytology results were compared between bDMARD-naïve and -exposed RA patients. Results The mean 5 year screening coverage was significantly higher in BSRBR-RA (83%) compared with the general population (79%), but lower in women with high disability (78%) compared with lesser disability (85%). Risk differences for HGCD were lower in the BSRBR-RA compared with national statistics, whereas risk differences for LGCD were higher. There was no statistically significant difference in the rates of HGCD or LGCD between bDMARD-exposed and -naïve women. Conclusion This first-ever British analysis of cervical screening rates in RA has shown that women with RA have higher screening rates than the general population. Disability negatively impacts attendance, but treatment type does not. Women with RA did not have an increased risk of HGCD compared with national statistics, which was also not influenced by bDMARD exposure.

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Impact of Blood Group Type on Severity of Disease in COVID-19 Patients

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood-2020-139021 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 136 (Supplement 1) ◽

pp. 29-29

Author(s):

Shivani Rao ◽

Surbhi Warrior ◽

Sefer Gezer ◽

Parameswaran Venugopal ◽

Shivi Jain

Keyword(s):

Mortality Rate ◽

General Population ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Mortality Rates ◽

Blood Type ◽

Blood Types ◽

Severity Of Disease ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Risk For Thrombosis

Background The virus SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19 has rapidly spread into a global pandemic. In critically ill patients with the disease, common symptoms include sepsis, severe pneumonia with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and complications such as coagulopathy and thrombosis. Many patients with COVID-19 have sequelae such as venous thromboembolism (VTE) including pulmonary embolism (PE) and deep vein thrombosis (DVT) as well as arterial thromboembolism (ATE) including stroke. COVID-19 induced inflammation can induce a prothrombotic state by activating the coagulation cascade; coupled with the immobility of severe and critically ill patients in ICU, making thrombosis common in this patient population. Different blood types in patients include A, B, AB, and O. ABO carbohydrate moieties are genetically inherited and have been linked to predisposing patients to cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and even susceptibility of COVID-19. Blood type positivity and negativity are determined by the Rhesus (Rh) factor, which is a protein found on the surface of red blood cells and is also genetically inherited and linked to higher incidence of certain diseases such as diabetes. Studies have shown a relationship between blood types and increased severity of infection from COVID-19 including increased risk of thrombosis. Blood type A has been shown to have higher severity of disease with O blood type having a lower risk of infection or mortality. This study was done to evaluate if patients with different blood types have increased risk for thrombosis or higher mortality rates with COVID-19 infection. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed on COVID-19 positive hospitalized patients between March 1, 2020 and June 26, 2020 at our institution with reported blood typing. Patients who had a thromboembolism (VTE, DVT, PE, ATE, or stroke) verified by imaging were extracted from this cohort and included in the analysis. The prevalence of different blood types in COVID-19 patients was compared to the general population without COVID-19. The incidence of thrombosis and mortality rate based on blood type was analyzed to understand severity of COVID-19 disease. Statistical analysis was performed using chi-squared testing. Results Among 1265 COVID-19 positive patients during our time frame, 138 patients were identified to have a thrombosis. Of those, 102 patients with thrombosis and 402 without thrombosis had reported blood types that were used for analysis. There was no significant difference in prevalence of blood types in COVID-19 patients (A 34.3%, AB 2.9%, B 16.7%, O 46.1%) to the general nonCOVID-19 population (A32.7%, AB 4.2%, B 14.9%, O 48.1%) (p=0.8572). There was no significant difference in incidence of thrombosis between blood types: A (23.3%), AB (15%), B (20.7%), and O (18.7%) (p=0.6513). When stratifying by Rh factor, there was also no significant difference in incidence of thrombosis by blood types: A- (11.1%), A+ (24.1%), AB- (0%), AB+ (15.8%), B- (25%), B+ (20.3%), O- (18.2%), O+ (18.7%) (p=0.9054). There was also no significant difference in mortality rate between COVID-19 patients based on blood types in our cohort: A (20.7%), AB (15%), B (13.4%), and O (21.8%) (p=0.3747). Conclusion Our study demonstrates that there is no increased prevalence of one blood type over another between COVID-19 patients compared to the general population, showing that patients are not at higher risk for COVID-19 infection based on blood type. There was also no difference between blood types based on incidence of thrombosis. When further stratifying with Rh factor, there was also no difference in incidence of thrombosis based on blood types. This shows that regardless of Rh positivity or negativity, there is no increased risk for thrombosis in COVID-19 patients based on blood type. There is also no difference in mortality in COVID-19 patients based on blood type. Since COVID-19 patients who are critically ill and have more severe disease have higher incidence of thrombosis and higher mortality rates, our study suggests that patients are not at higher risk for severe COVID-19 disease based on blood type. However, this study is also limited due to small sample size, and prospective studies are needed to better understand the relationship between blood type and severity of disease in COVID-19+ patients. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

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Standardized Comparison of Cardiovascular Risk Factors Prevalence in Spanish Women and Men Living with HIV and in the General Population

Journal of Personalized Medicine ◽

10.3390/jpm11111085 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 1085

Author(s):

Anna Camps-Vilaró ◽

Silvia Pérez-Fernández ◽

Isaac Subirana ◽

Ramon Teira ◽

Vicente Estrada ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

General Population ◽

Direct Method ◽

Age Groups ◽

People Living With Hiv ◽

Population Cohort ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

General Population Cohort ◽

Living With Hiv

People living with HIV (PLWH) have an increased risk of cardiovascular (CV) disease, likely due to a higher prevalence of CV risk factors. We compared the age-standardized prevalence and management of CV risk factors in PLWH to that of the general population in Spain. Blood pressure, lipid, glucose, and anthropometric profiles were cross-sectionally compared along with the treatment of hypertension, dyslipidemia, and diabetes in a general population cohort and a PLWH cohort. Prevalence rates were standardized by the direct method by 10-year age groups in European standard populations and stratified by gender. We included 47,593 individuals aged 35 to 74 years, 28,360 from the general population cohort and 19,233 from the PLWH cohort. Compared to the general population, PLWH had a higher concentration of triglycerides (>35 mg/dL in women and >26 mg/dL in men) and a higher prevalence of smoking (>23% and >17%) and diabetes (>9.9% and >8.5%). The prevalence of treated diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia were up to three-fold lower in both women and men living with HIV. There was a significant difference in PLWH compared to the general population in the lipid, glucose, and anthropometric profile. In addition, PLWH were less often treated for diagnosed diabetes, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

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SUN-124 Are Venous Thromboembolic Events Increased in MEN1 Patients?

Journal of the Endocrine Society ◽

10.1210/jendso/bvaa046.672 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽

Author(s):

Maya E Lee ◽

Yashira M Ortega Sustache ◽

Sunita Kishore Agarwal ◽

Aisha Tepede ◽

Adel Mandl ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pulmonary Embolism ◽

General Population ◽

Neuroendocrine Tumors ◽

Factor V Leiden ◽

Factor V Leiden Mutation ◽

Kaplan Meier ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Mechanistic Investigation ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Venous Thromboembolic Events

Abstract Background: Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is a rare inherited disorder in which patients develop multiple simultaneous hormone-secreting tumors. Most common tumors include: anterior pituitary adenomas (50%), multi-gland parathyroid adenomas (95%), and gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (40-80%). Only rare MEN1 associated glucagonomas (<1%), and ACTH-producing neuroendocrine tumors (<5%) are known to increase risk of hypercoagulability. It is unknown if patients with MEN1 syndrome have increased risk of venous thrombolytic events (VTE), defined as a deep-vein thrombosis and/or pulmonary embolism. Methods: We queried a prospective natural history study of MEN1 patients who tested positive for germline MEN1 mutations (n=287) between 1991-2019 (54 patients on our current protocol were followed before 1991; the earliest was 1971). All lifetime events of VTE were included. Search terms included: DVT, thromb, embol, PE, pulmonary embolism, clot, hematology consult, anticoagulant, coumadin, lovenox, xarelto, warfarin, aspirin, rivaroxaban and apixaban. After initial screening, 10 patients were removed due to insufficient clinical data. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to compare age of death between the two cohorts. Results were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. Results: Thirty-four subjects (mean 57.5 years-old, 17 women) were identified with any VTE, yielding a prevalence rate of 13.4%. The incidence of VTE corresponded to 264 events per 100,000 patient-years, which was ~2-fold higher than the estimated annual incidence rate in the general population (104-183/100,000 patient years).1 Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed no significant difference in survival between the two groups (non-VTE cohort mean 81.1 years ± 2.23; VTE cohort mean 77.4 years ± 3.45; p = 0.96). Thirty-two events occurred during the surveillance period at our institution; 9 individuals had more than one VTE. At the time of VTE, 80% had hyperparathyroidism (mean PTH ± SD; 97.56 pg/mL ± 90.76), 21% had hyperprolactinemia (prolactin 25.7μg/L ± 43.41), 62.5% had hypergastrinemia (mean gastrin 1100.9 pg/mL ± 3127.8), and 84.6% had non-functional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors. One patient was identified to have a Factor V Leiden mutation, 3 patients had lupus anti-coagulant. Eleven patients experienced events within a post-surgical period of 3 months. Conclusions: Hypercoagulability in MEN1 has been previously unidentified. Our cohort data suggests a two-fold increase in the incidence of VTE as compared to the general population, with a high risk occurring within the perioperative period. Further mechanistic investigation and validation from other cohorts are needed to confirm the increased prevalence of VTE in this population. 1Heit, John A., et al. Epidemiology of venous thromboembolism. Nat Rev Cardiol 2015 Aug;12(8): 464-474.

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Risk of venous thromboembolism following surgical treatment of superficial venous incompetence

VASA ◽

10.1024/0301-1526/a000656 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 46 (6) ◽

pp. 484-489 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Tom Barker ◽

Felicity Evison ◽

Ruth Benson ◽

Alok Tiwari

Keyword(s):

Venous Thromboembolism ◽

Varicose Vein ◽

Lower Incidence ◽

Varicose Veins ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Foam Sclerotherapy ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Squared ◽

One Year

Abstract. Background: The invasive management of varicose veins has a known risk of post-operative deep venous thrombosis and subsequent pulmonary embolism. The aim of this study was to evaluate absolute and relative risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) following commonly used varicose vein procedures. Patients and methods: A retrospective analysis of secondary data using Hospital Episode Statistics database was performed for all varicose vein procedures performed between 2003 and 2013 and all readmissions for VTE in the same patients within 30 days, 90 days, and one year. Comparison of the incidence of VTEs between procedures was performed using a Pearson’s Chi-squared test. Results: In total, 261,169 varicose vein procedures were performed during the period studied. There were 686 VTEs recorded at 30 days (0.26 % incidence), 884 at 90 days (0.34 % incidence), and 1,246 at one year (0.48 % incidence). The VTE incidence for different procedures was between 0.15–0.35 % at 30 days, 0.26–0.50 % at 90 days, and 0.46–0.58 % at one year. At 30 days there was a significantly lower incidence of VTEs for foam sclerotherapy compared to other procedures (p = 0.01). There was no difference in VTE incidence between procedures at 90 days (p = 0.13) or one year (p = 0.16). Conclusions: Patients undergoing varicose vein procedures have a small but appreciable increased risk of VTE compared to the general population, with the effect persisting at one year. Foam sclerotherapy had a lower incidence of VTE compared to other procedures at 30 days, but this effect did not persist at 90 days or at one year. There was no other significant difference in the incidence of VTE between open, endovenous, and foam sclerotherapy treatments.

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