Análisis de los componentes físicos y antropométricos de jóvenes futbolistas chilenos desde la categoría Sub-13 a Sub-19 (Analysis of the physical and anthropometric components of young Chilean footballers from category Sub-13 to Sub-19)

Objetivo: describir el perfil antropométrico y condicional de jóvenes futbolistas chilenos desde la categoría Sub-13 a Sub-19, proponiendo una batería de pruebas objetivas, que permita proporcionar una serie de indicadores validos de medición. Metodología: se aplicaron pruebas de campo de agilidad 20 m zigzag, aceleración 10 m, velocidad 30 m, Running based anaerobic sprint test (RAST), Yo-Yo IR1 y salto contramovimiento (CMJ), sumado a las medidas antropométricas de altura y masa corporal. Resultados: Los resultados demostraron que los atletas de las categorías más jóvenes (Sub-13, Sub-14 y Sub-15) son más altos que los informados en otras publicaciones científicas. Además, el 73,2% de los atletas nació en los dos primeros trimestres del año de selección, dejando en evidencia el efecto de edad relativa. Las categorías Sub-13 y Sub-14 presentaron el mayor número de diferencias al comparar sus medias en las diferentes variantes. Conclusión: La mayor presencia de pruebas objetivas permiten determinar el rendimiento físico de los jóvenes futbolista, esto a su vez consiente en crear un estándar de selección más objetivo y con un menor margen de error para los entrenadores. Abstract. Objective: to describe the anthropometric and fitness profile of young Chilean soccer players from the Sub-13 to Sub-19 category, proposing a battery of objective tests, which allows providing a series of valid measurement indicators. Methodology: field tests of agility 20 m zigzag, acceleration 10 m, speed 30 m, running based anaerobic sprint test (RAST), Yo-Yo IR1 and countermovement jump (CMJ) were applied, added to anthropometric measurements of height and body mass. Results: The results showed that the athletes in the youngest categories (Sub-13, Sub-14 and Sub-15) are higher than those reported in other scientific publications. In addition, 73.2% of athletes were born in the first two quarters of the selection year, revealing the effect of relative age. Categories Sub-13 and Sub-14 presented the greatest number of differences when comparing their means in the different variants. Conclusion: The greater presence of objective tests allows us to determine the physical performance of young soccer players, this in turn allows us to create a more objective selection standard and with a lower margin of error for coaches.

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The Main and Interactive Effects of Biological Maturity and Relative Age on Physical Performance in Elite Youth Soccer Players

Journal of Sports Medicine ◽

10.1155/2020/1957636 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2020 ◽

pp. 1-11

Author(s):

James Parr ◽

Keith Winwood ◽

Emma Hodson-Tole ◽

Frederik J. A. Deconinck ◽

James P. Hill ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Interactive Effect ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Adolescent Male ◽

Performance Tests ◽

Strength Index ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Relative Age ◽

Professional Soccer ◽

Biological Maturity

The main and interactive effect of biological maturity and relative age upon physical performance in adolescent male soccer players was considered. Consistent with previous research, it was hypothesised that participants of greater maturity or born earlier in the selection year would perform better in terms of physical performance tests. This cross-sectional study consisted of 84 male participants aged between 11.3 and 16.2 years from a professional soccer academy in the English Premier League. Date of birth, height, weight, and parental height were collected. Sprint, change of direction, countermovement jump, and reactive strength index were considered for physical performance. Relative age was based on the birth quarter for the selection year. Maturity status was based upon the percentage of predicted adult height attained. Linear regression models highlighted that maturation was associated with performance on all but one of the physical performance tests, the reactive strength index. In contrast, relative age only served as a significant predictor of performance on the countermovement jump. This study indicated that physical performance (in the tests studied) seems to be related to the biological maturity status of a player but not their relative age. This finding is important because it suggests that early-maturing players perform better in the majority of physical performance tests, and the commonly held belief that relative age effect influences performance may be overstated.

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Effects of Resisted Sprints With Changes of Direction Through Several Relative Loads on Physical Performance in Soccer Players

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2018-0702 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (8) ◽

pp. 1022-1028 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

David Rodríguez-Osorio ◽

Oliver Gonzalo-Skok ◽

Fernando Pareja-Blanco

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Body Mass ◽

External Load ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Before And After ◽

Moderate Load ◽

Run Test ◽

Positive Effect

Purpose: To compare the effects of resisted change-of-direction (COD) movements, using several relative loads, on soccer players’ physical performance. Methods: Fifty-four male soccer players were randomly assigned to 1 of the following 3 groups, which differed only in the magnitude of the external load used during the COD training: COD training without external load (COD-0; n = 16), COD training with a 12.5% body-mass external load (COD-12.5; n = 19), and COD training with a 50% body-mass external load (COD-50; n = 19). Participants performed the specific COD training twice per week for 6 wk. Before and after the training period, a battery of tests was completed: countermovement jump, 30-m running sprint (time in 10 m [T10], 20 m [T20], and 30 m [T30]), L-run test, and V-cut test. Results: Within-group comparisons showed substantial improvements in countermovement jump and T10 (likely) in COD-0, whereas countermovement jump, T10, and T20 were substantially enhanced (possibly to likely) in COD-50. COD-12.5 induced substantial improvements in all analyzed variables (likely to most likely). Between-groups comparisons showed better effects on all analyzed variables for COD-12.5 than for COD-0 (possibly to very likely), whereas COD-50 only showed possibly better effects than COD-0 on T10. In addition, COD-12.5 induced a better effect on L-run and V-cut tests than COD-50 (possibly to likely). Conclusions: These results indicate that COD training, especially moderate load (12.5% body mass) resisted COD training, may have a positive effect on COD skills, running sprint performance, and jumping ability in young soccer players.

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Maturity Has a Greater Association than Relative Age with Physical Performance in English Male Academy Soccer Players

Sports ◽

10.3390/sports9120171 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (12) ◽

pp. 171

Author(s):

John M. Radnor ◽

Jacob Staines ◽

James Bevan ◽

Sean P. Cumming ◽

Adam L. Kelly ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Performance Measures ◽

Adult Height ◽

Young Male ◽

Sprint Performance ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Sprint Time ◽

Relative Age ◽

Professional Soccer

This study aimed to: (1) examine differences in physical performance across birth-quartiles and maturity-status, and (2) determine the relationships among relative age, maturation and physical performance in young male soccer players. The sample included 199 males aged between 8.1 and 18.9 years, from two professional soccer academies in the English Football League. Data were collected for height, weight, self-reported biological parent heights, 30 m sprint time and countermovement jump (CMJ) height. Relative age was conveyed as a decimal, while maturity status was determined as the percentage of predicted adult height (PAH). There were no significant differences in any measure between birth quartiles, however early maturers outperformed on-time and later maturers in most performance measures. Pearson-product-moment correlations revealed that maturation was inversely associated with 30 m sprint time in U12 to U16 (r = −0.370–0.738; p < 0.05), but only positively associated with CMJ performance in U12 (r = 0.497; p < 0.05). In contrast, relative age was unrelated to sprint performance and only significantly associated with superior CMJ performance in U16. This study indicates that maturity has a greater association with sprint performance than relative age in English male academy soccer players. Practitioners should monitor and assess biological maturation in young soccer players to attempt to control for the influence on physical performance, and avoid biasing selection on absolute performance rather than identifying the most talented player.

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Specific Physical Ability Prediction in Youth Basketball Players According to Playing Position

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph19020977 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 977

Author(s):

Jelena Ivanović ◽

Filip Kukić ◽

Gianpiero Greco ◽

Nenad Koropanovski ◽

Saša Jakovljević ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Body Mass ◽

Reference Model ◽

Body Height ◽

Field Tests ◽

Physical Characteristics ◽

Lower Limbs ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Basketball Players ◽

Training Programmes

This study investigated the hierarchical structure of physical characteristics in elite young (i.e., U17-U19) basketball players according to playing positions. In addition, their predictive value of physical characteristics was determined for the evaluation of players’ physical preparedness. Sixty elite male basketball players performed 13 standardized specific field tests in order to assess the explosive power of lower limbs, speed, and change-of-direction speed. They were divided into three groups according to playing positions (guard [n = 28], forward [n = 22], center [n = 10]). The basic characteristics of the tested sample were: age = 17.36 ± 1.04 years, body height = 192.80 ± 4.49 cm, body mass = 79.83 ± 6.94 kg, and basketball experience = 9.38 ± 2.10 years for guards; age = 18.00 ± 1.00 years, body height = 201.48 ± 3.14 cm, body mass = 90.93 ± 9.85 kg, and basketball experience = 9.93 ± 2.28 years for forwards; and age = 17.60 ± 1.43 years; body height = 207.20 ± 3.29 cm, body mass = 104.00 ± 9.64 kg, and basketball experience = 9.20 ± 1.62 years for centers. For all playing positions factor analysis extracted three factors, which cumulatively explained 76.87, 88.12 and 87.63% of variance, respectively. The assessed performance measures were defined as significant (p < 0.001), with regression models of physical performance index (PPINDEX). PPINDEX of guards = −6.860 + (0.932 × t-test) − (1.656 × Acceleration 15 m) − (0.020 × Countermovement jump); PPINDEX of forwards = −3.436 − (0.046 × Countermovement jump with arm swing) − (1.295 × Acceleration 15 m) + (0.582 × Control of dribbling); PPINDEX of centers = −4.126 + (0.604 × Control of dribbling) − (1.315 × Acceleration 15 m) − (0.037 × Sargent jump). A model for the evaluation of physical performance of young basketball players has been defined. In addition, this model could be used as a reference model for selection procedures, as well as to monitor the efficacy of applied training programmes within the short, medium and long-term periodization.

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Associations between Inter-Limb Asymmetries in Jump and Change of Direction Speed Tests and Physical Performance in Adolescent Female Soccer Players

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18073474 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (7) ◽

pp. 3474

Author(s):

Elena Pardos-Mainer ◽

Chris Bishop ◽

Oliver Gonzalo-Skok ◽

Hadi Nobari ◽

Jorge Pérez-Gómez ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Adolescent Female ◽

Specific Training ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Change Of Direction ◽

Percentage Difference ◽

Hop Test ◽

Physical Tests

The association between asymmetries in jump and change of direction (COD) with physical performance in several sports show inconclusive results. The purposes of this study were to: (1) measure inter-limb asymmetries in three distinct groups in adolescent female soccer players and, (2) to determine the association between inter-limb asymmetries and physical performance in different age groups. Fifty-four players were distributed in three age groups: U-18, U-16 and U-14. All of them performed a series of jumps, sprints and change of direction speed tests. Asymmetries were assessed as the percentage difference between limbs, with the equation: 100/Max value (right and left) * in value (right and left) * −1 + 100. Mean inter-limb asymmetries were 2.91%, 4.82% and 11.6% for 180° COD, single leg hop and single leg countermovement jump tests respectively, but higher percentages of asymmetries were observed in many players individually. U-18 and U-16 showed significant differences on 180° left COD compared to U-14. Effect size (ES): 0.80 and 0.74, respectively; U-18 presented differences on single left leg hop test compared to U-14, ES: −0.72; U-16 also showed differences on 40 m speed compared to U-14, ES 0.87 (All p < 0.05). Jumping and COD physical tests show asymmetries in adolescent female soccer players, but these asymmetries do not interfere with physical performance. The largest asymmetry was observed in the single leg countermovement jump, and no asymmetries between groups were found. Due to the high variability in the direction of asymmetries, it is recommended to consider players’ individual asymmetries for designing specific training programs.

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Effects of Short-Term Plyometric Training on Agility, Jump and Repeated Sprint Performance in Female Soccer Players

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph18052274 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 18 (5) ◽

pp. 2274

Author(s):

Marcin Maciejczyk ◽

Renata Błyszczuk ◽

Aleksander Drwal ◽

Beata Nowak ◽

Marek Strzała

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Sprint Performance ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Plyometric Training ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Short Term ◽

Jump Performance ◽

Squat Jump ◽

Repeated Sprint ◽

Before And After

The aim of the study was to determine the effects of short-term (4 weeks, twice a week: 8 sessions) plyometric training on agility, jump, and repeated sprint performance in female soccer players. The study comprised 17 females performing this sports discipline. The players were randomly divided into two groups: with plyometric training (PLY) and the control (CON). All players followed the same training program, but the PLY group also performed plyometric exercises. Tests used to evaluate physical performance were carried out immediately before and after PLY. After implementing the short PLY training, significant improvement in jump performance (squat jump: p = 0.04, ES = 0.48, countermovement jump: p = 0.009, ES = 0.42) and agility (p = 0.003, ES = 0.7) was noted in the PLY group. In the CON group, no significant (p > 0.05) changes in physical performance were observed. In contrast, PLY did not improve repeated sprint performance (p > 0.05) among female soccer players. In our research, it was shown that PLY can also be effective when performed for only 4 weeks instead of the 6–12 weeks typically applied.

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Composición corporal y rendimiento físico de jugadores de fútbol soccer universitario por posición de juego (Body composition and physical performance of college soccer by player´s position)

Retos ◽

10.47197/retos.v0i39.75075 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 52-57

Author(s):

Oswaldo Ceballos-Gurrola ◽

Fernando Bernal-Reyes ◽

Marquelia Jardón-Rosas ◽

María Cristina Enríquez-Reyna ◽

Jesús Durazo- Quiroz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Body Composition ◽

Physical Performance ◽

Body Mass ◽

Fat Mass ◽

Physical Characteristics ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Hip Circumference ◽

Soccer Teams ◽

Physical Abilities ◽

The Relationship

Se propuso determinar la relación que existe entre la composición corporal y el rendimiento físico de jugadores de fútbol soccer universitario. Participaron 26 jugadores de sexo masculino con edad promedio de 20.7 años (DT = 1.7), pertenecientes a los equipos representativos de fútbol soccer de dos universidades mexicanas. Se midieron características morfológicas, de composición corporal y físicas para las posiciones de defensa, mediocampo y delantero. Se determinó el nivel de asociación entre las variables. Los resultados muestran que los defensas presentan mayor masa corporal, diámetro de húmero y circunferencia de cadera que los delanteros (p < .05), no así respecto a los jugadores de mediocampo. No se presenta diferencia en la expresión de las capacidades físicas y del porcentaje de masa grasa de los jugadores por posición de juego (p > .05). La masa grasa se asoció de manera directa con la velocidad (.427*, p < .05). Se encontraron diferencias en la masa ósea y corporal por posición de juego entre defensas, mediocampistas y delanteros. Los hallazgos sugieren la influencia de la composición corporal en el rendimiento físico de los participantes. Abstract. The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between body composition and physical performance in college soccer players. Twenty-six male players with an average age of 20.7 years (SD = 1.7), belonging to the representative soccer teams of two Mexican universities participated in the research. Morphological, body composition, and physical characteristics were measured for the defense, midfield, and forward positions. The level of association between variables was determined. The results show that defenders have greater body mass, humerus diameter, and hip circumference than forwards (p <. 05), whereas no differences were found in comparison to midfielders. There is no difference in players’ expression of physical abilities and percentage of fat mass by playing position (p > .05). Fat mass was directly associated with speed (.427 *, p < .05). Differences were found in bone and body mass by playing position between defenders, midfielders, and forwards. The findings hint at an influence of body composition on participants’ physical performance.

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Distribuição do mês de nascimento e medidas antropométricas de jogadores de futebol de elite nacional sub-15

Brazilian Journal of Kinanthropometry and Human Performance ◽

10.5007/1980-0037.2018v20n2p211 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 211-218 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Juliana Melo Altimari ◽

Henrique Bortolotti ◽

Nelson Dos Santos-Junior ◽

Leandro Ricardo Altimari ◽

Antonio Carlos de Moraes

Keyword(s):

Body Mass ◽

Soccer Players ◽

Birth Date ◽

Chi Square ◽

Significance Level ◽

Relative Age ◽

Relative Age Effect ◽

Birth Month ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Selection Of

The aim of this study was to analyze the birth month distribution and anthropometric measurements of U-15 elite soccer players. The sample consisted of 400 athletes (15.4 ± 0.4 years, 171.0 ± 10.6 cm and 63.0 ± 8.8 kg) participants of the 11th edition of the Brazil U-15 Soccer Cup, who had their birth month information and height and body mass measures obtained from data available on the organization’s website. Athletes were separated according to the categorization of chronological age into four-month periods: 1st quarter (1st QDT), athletes born between January and April; 2nd quarter (2nd QDT), those born between May and August, and 3rd quarter (3rd QDT), those born between September and December. The non-parametric chi-square test (X2) was used to analyze the possible differences between observed and expected birth date distributions in the four-month periods. The significance level was P<0.05. The results show that the number of players born in 1st QDT was higher when compared to 2nd QDT and 3rd QDT (P<0.05), and higher when compared to 2nd QDT with 3rd QDT (P<0.05). For variables height and body mass, it was observed that players born in 1st QDT presented values significantly higher than those born in 2nd QDT and 3rd QDT (P<0.05). In the same way, players born in 2nd QDT presented higher values than those born in 3rd QDT (P<0.05).It could be concluded that the relative age effect exerts an influence on the selection of Brazilian U-15 soccer players because it is associated with differences in the anthropometric characteristics of these young players.

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Relative age, maturation, anthropometry and physical performance characteristics of players within an Elite Youth Football Academy

International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching ◽

10.1177/1747954119879348 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 714-725 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rickesh Patel ◽

Alan Nevill ◽

Ross Cloak ◽

Tina Smith ◽

Matthew Wyon

Keyword(s):

Physical Performance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Multilevel Modelling ◽

Age Effects ◽

Countermovement Jump ◽

Relative Age ◽

Youth Football ◽

Physical Performances ◽

Novel Approaches ◽

Level 1

A professional English football club with Category 1 academy status was investigated to determine the magnitude of relative age effects (RAE) within the club and explore between-quartile differences for somatic maturity, anthropometry and physical performances. Birth dates of 426 players from Under 9 to First Team were categorised into four birth quartiles (Q) and examined for relative age effects. Additionally, data on 382 players (Under 11 to First Team) were obtained for somatic maturity, anthropometry, countermovement jump, sprint (10 and 30 m), agility T-test and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 or 2 performance to determine between-quartile differences. Odds ratios revealed Q1 players were 6.0 times more likely to be represented than Q4 players. Multilevel modelling demonstrated between birth quartile similarities for each variable across all age groups, though there was a tendency for Q4 players to outperform Q1 players between Under 11 and Under 18 groups. Strong relative age effects exist within this club as well as a tendency to select players demonstrating advanced growth and/or maturity, with some indication that higher categorised academies in England may be at risk of amplified selection biases. Talent identification strategies in elite youth football should actively seek to adopt novel approaches to reduce selection biases and avoid wasted potential.

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