scholarly journals Analisis Kasus Penembakan Pesawat Udara Ukraina oleh Militer Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 91
Author(s):  
Irma Halimah Hanafi
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Fast Time ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Unique Case ◽  
Military Aviation ◽  
The One

Introductioan: Aviation is an activity that many people are interested in at this time, because it can cover one place in a fast time. In international law, aviation is divided into civil aviation and military aviation. The shooting down of the Ukrainian plane by the Iranian military is a unique case because the one shot was a scheduled civilian plane flying over the airspace of a country that is at war or armed conflict.Purposes of the Research: Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze in depth how international air law regulates the shooting of civilian aircraft in the airspace of countries that are in situations of war or armed conflict.Methods of the Research: by using normative legal research methods that use secondary data consists of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials with a statutory approach and historical approach.Results of the Research: The result of this paper is that the shooting of a civilian aircraft gives a lesson that in situations of war and armed conflict,  Countries involved in war or armed conflict should establish a no-fly zone in their airspace and notify the international community about their country being in a state of war or armed conflict.

Criminal Law Politics: Corruption Eradication Strategy Through an Integrative Approach

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-39
Author(s):  
Karlina Lina Apriani ◽  
Ahmad Raji Hidayat ◽  
Rato Eko Hendriyadi ◽  
Wahyu Hamdani ◽  
Surawijaya Surawijaya
Keyword(s):  
Social Welfare ◽  
International Law ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Criminal Law ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Integrative Approach ◽  
The Political ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Eradication Strategy

The purpose of this research is to examine the politics of criminal law deeply in eradicating criminal law of corruption through an integrative approach. The method usingis normative legal research. Normative legal research methods or library research methods in legal research by reviewing existing legal materials. The integrative approach in overcoming corruption crime can be made integrally through two approaches, namely first, awareness between criminal politics and social politics directed to achieve particular objectives of the socio-political policies that have been set in order to achieve social welfare. Second, integration of efforts to tackle crime with penal and non-penal approach due to the reality of national law and the political facts of international law for enforcement on a national, regional, and global scale.

International Law and Armed Conflict

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ward Thomas
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Just War ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
The Other ◽  
World War ◽  
Self Defense ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Raison D’État ◽  
The One

International law and armed conflict have a rather contentious history together. One the one hand, armed conflict implies and absence of law, and yet, on the other, international law plays an important role in codifying the use of force. The UN Charter’s restrictions on the use of force, drafted in the waning days of a second cataclysmic world war, were intended to radically transform the centuries-old ideology of raison d’état, which viewed war as a sovereign prerogative. More precisely, Article 2(4) of the Charter forbids not just war but force of any kind, or even the threat of it. On its face, the Charter system is a model of simplicity, consisting of a clear prohibition and two exceptions to that prohibition. The apparent simplicity is misleading, however. Article 2(4) is violated so often that experts disagree about whether it should even be considered good law. The Chapter VII enforcement exception is rarely used, and the meaning of self-defense under Article 51 is the subject of contentious disagreement. Moreover, even some UN bodies have supported creating another exception (humanitarian intervention) that coexists uneasily with the organization’s foundational principles. In addition, there is yet another exception (the use of force by national liberation movements) that may be as significant as the others, yet is little discussed by contemporary commentators.

Ten questions to Philip Spoerri, ICRC Director for International Law and Cooperation

2012 ◽  
Vol 94 (887) ◽  
pp. 1125-1134 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Red Cross ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
The One

With the globalisation of market economies, business has become an increasingly prominent actor in international relations. It is also increasingly present in situations of armed conflict. On the one hand, companies operating in volatile environments are exposed to violence and the consequences of armed conflicts. On the other hand, some of their conduct in armed conflict may lead to violations of the law.The International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) engages with the private sector on humanitarian issues, with the aim of ensuring compliance or clarifying the obligations that business actors have under international humanitarian law (IHL) and encouraging them to comply with the commitments they have undertaken under various international initiatives to respect IHL and human rights law.In times of conflict, IHL spells out certain responsibilities and rights for all parties involved. Knowledge of the relevant rules of IHL is therefore critical for local and international businesses operating in volatile contexts. In this Q&A section, Philip Spoerri, ICRC Director for International Law and Cooperation, gives an overview of the rules applicable to business actors in situations of conflict, and discusses some of the ICRC's engagement with business actors.Philip Spoerri began his career with the ICRC in 1994. Following a first assignment in Israel and the occupied and autonomous territories, he went on to be based in Kuwait, Yemen, Afghanistan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In Geneva, he headed the legal advisers to the Department of Operations. He returned to Afghanistan as head of the ICRC delegation there from 2004 to 2006, when he took up his current position. Before joining the ICRC, he worked as a lawyer in a private firm in Munich. He holds a PhD in law from Bielefeld University and has also studied at the universities of Göttingen, Geneva, and Munich.

scholarly journals PEMBEBANAN TANGGUNG JAWAB PERDATA KEPADA KEPALA DAERAH AKIBAT WANPRESTASI OLEH KEPALA DINAS

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 209
Author(s):  
Bachtiar Bachtiar ◽  
Tono Sumarna
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Civil Law ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Civil Liability ◽  
The State ◽  
Court Decision ◽  
Legal Issue ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Breach Of Contract ◽  
State Administration

ABSTRAKWanprestasi dalam perjanjian konstruksi kerap ditemui dalam praktik, baik yang dilakukan oleh pemberi pekerjaan, maupun pihak pelaksana pekerjaan. Konsekuensinya, pihak yang melakukan wanprestasi dibebankan memulihkan kerugian yang timbul dari pelaksanaan perjanjian. Hal demikian tercermin dalam Putusan Nomor 72/PDT.G/2014/PN.TGR, di mana Kepala Dinas Kesehatan Kota Tangerang Selatan selaku pihak pemberi pekerjaan proyek terbukti melakukan wanprestasi. Menarik untuk dicermati, majelis hakim dalam putusannya justru membebankan Walikota Tangerang Selatan untuk bertanggung jawab secara keperdataan. Isu hukum yang hendak dijawab dalam tulisan ini, terkait apakah penafsiran hakim dalam Putusan Nomor 72/PDT.G/2014/PN.TNG tentang pembebanan tanggung jawab perdata kepada kepala daerah akibat wanprestasi yang dilakukan oleh kepala dinas telah sesuai dengan ajaran hukum administrasi negara, dan ajaran hukum perdata. Untuk menjawab isu hukum tersebut, penulis menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan bersandar pada data sekunder yang diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa majelis hakim telah keliru dalam menafsirkan konsep pertanggungjawaban kepala daerah. Menurut ajaran hukum administrasi negara, walikota selaku kepala daerah tidak dapat dimintai tanggung jawab secara perdata akibat wanprestasi yang dilakukan kepala dinas. Demikian pula dari perspektif Pasal 1340 KUHPerdata, walikota bukanlah merupakan pihak dalam pelaksanaan perjanjian yang dibuat oleh kepala dinas, sehingga tidak dapat dibebani tanggung jawab secara keperdataan.Kata kunci: tanggung jawab perdata, kepala daerah, wanprestasi. ABSTRACT Breach of contract in construction agreements is often found in practice, whether carried out by the employer, or the implementing party. As a consequence, the defaulting party is charged to recover losses arising from the implementation of the agreement. This was reflected in Court Decision Number 72/PDT.G/2014/ PN.TGR, which is the Head of South Tangerang City Health Office, as the project employer, has been proven in breach of contract. It is interesting to note that the panel of judges in its decision actually charged the Mayor of South Tangerang with a contractual liability. The legal issue in this paper is whether the interpretation of judges in Court Decision Number 72/PDT.G/2014/ PN.TNG concerning the imposition of civil liability to the regional head due to default committed by the head  of office is in accordance with the teachings of the law of state administration and civil law. To answer these issues, the author uses normative legal research methods based on secondary data obtained through literature studies. The results of the analysis show that the panel of judges has erred in interpreting the concept of regional head accountability. According to the teachings of the state administration law, the mayor as the head of the region cannot be privately liable for the default committed by the head of office. Likewise, from the perspective of Article 1340 of the Civil Code, the mayor is not a party to the implementation of the agreement made by the head of office, therefore civil liability cannot be burdened to him. Keywords: civil liability, regional head, default.

scholarly journals Dilema Hakim Pengadilan Agama dalam Menyelesaikan Perkara Hukum Keluarga Melalui Mediasi

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-124
Author(s):  
Erie Hariyanto ◽  
Moh. Efendi ◽  
Sulistiyawati Sulistiyawati
Keyword(s):  
Supreme Court ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Family Law ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
The One ◽  
Religious Courts

This article aims to determine the role of judges in resolving family law cases through mediation in the Religious Courts, where judges have the position as state officials as regulated in Law Number 43 of 1999 concerning Basic Personnel, can also be a mediator in the judiciary. as regulated in Supreme Court Regulation Number 1 of 2016 concerning Mediation Procedures where judges have the responsibility to seek peace at every level of the trial and are also involved in mediation procedures. The research method used in this article uses normative legal research methods. Whereas until now judges still have a very important role in resolving family law cases in the Religious Courts due to the fact that there are still many negotiating processes with mediation assisted by judges, even though on the one hand the number of non-judge mediators is available, although in each region it is not evenly distributed in terms of number and capacity. non-judge mediator.

scholarly journals RESEARCH STUDY OF MEDICINES USING THE HUMAN BODY AFTER HIS/HER DEATH

2021 ◽  
Vol 74 (11) ◽  
pp. 3103-3107
Author(s):  
Olena І. Antoniuk ◽  
Ivan I. Vyshnyvetskyy
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Human Body ◽  
Research Study ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Preclinical Research ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Conducting Research ◽  
Law And Legislation

The aim of this paper is to determine the legal nature and basis for the research of medicines using the human body after establishing the fact of his/her biological death. Materials and methods: This research study is based on an analysis of the norms of international law and legislation of some states on the admissibility of the research of medicines using the human body after establishing the fact of his/her biological death. The research was carried out using the methods of dialectical and formal logic, general scientific and special legal research methods. Conclusions: The possibility of organizing and conducting research using the human body after ascertaining the fact of his/her biological death as a scientific study distinguishes such studies from related types of medicines research, proposed standardization of these studies within the preclinical research of medicines, and examination of materials funds.

scholarly journals TANGGUNG JAWAB NOTARIS YANG MEMILIKI KEWENANGAN PPAT DALAM PEMBUATAN SURAT KUASA MEMBEBANKAN HAK TANGGUNGAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 310
Author(s):  
Stefanie Waringga Y. ◽  
Albertus Sentot Sudarwanto
Keyword(s):  
Research Methods ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Power Of Attorney ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Empirical Research Methods

<p>Abstract<br />This article aims to review the responsibilities of a notary who has a position as an Acting Land Acting  Officer (PPAT) in making a Power of Attorney to Charge Mortgage. This legal research uses empirical research methods, namely examining primary data in the field then proceed with secondary data. SKMHT must be made with a notary deed or deed of Land Deed Maker (PPAT), this is in line with what has been written and stipulated in Law Number 4 of 1996 concerning Underwriting Rights (UUHT). Making SKMHT made by a notary is guided by Article 38 of Act Number 2 of 2014 juncto Law Number 30 of 2004 concerning Notary Position, whereas if the manufacture is carried out by PPAT then follow the rules stated in the Regulation of the Head of National Land Agency Number 8 2012 (Perkaban 8/2012). The implementation of related regulations that have been written and stipulated is in fact there is a conflict issue, namely that there is a provision of notaries required to make SKMHT using the SKMHT format which is regulated in Perkaban Number 8 of 2012.<br />Keywords: Responsible; Notary; PPAT; Deed of Power of Attorney to Charge Mortgage</p><p>Abstrak<br />Artikel ini bertujuan mengkaji mengenai tanggung jawab notaris yang memiliki jabatan sebagai Pejabat  Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT) di dalam membuat Surat Kuasa Membebankan Hak Tanggungan (SKMHT). Penelitian hukum ini menggunakan metode penelitian empiris, yaitu meneliti data primer di lapangan kemudian dilanjutkan dengan data sekunder. SKMHT wajib dibuat dengan akta notaris atau akta Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah (PPAT), hal ini selaras dengan yang telah tertulis dan ditetapkan di dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 1996 tentang Hak Tanggungan (UUHT). Pembuatan SKMHT yang dibuat oleh notaris berpedoman pada Pasal 38 Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2014 juncto UndangUndang Nomor 30 Tahun 2004 tentang Jabatan Notaris, sedangkan apabila pembuatannya dilakukan oleh PPAT maka mengikuti aturan yang telah tertera di dalam Peraturan Kepala Badan Pertanahan Nasional Nomor 8 Tahun 2012 (Perkaban 8/2012). Implementasi regulasi terkait yang telah ditulis dan ditetapkan tersebut nyatanya justru terdapat persoalan, yakni bahwa ada ketentuan notaris diwajibkan membuat SKMHT dengan menggunakan format SKMHT yang diatur di dalam Perkaban Nomor 8 Tahun 2012.<br />Kata Kunci: Tanggung Jawab; Notaris; PPAT;  Akta SKMHT</p>

scholarly journals Law and the Future of War Research Paper No 5: Autonomous Military Aircraft and the Importance of Communication for their Use in Peace Time and in Times of Armed Conflict under International Law

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eve Massingham
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Research Paper ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Military Aircraft ◽  
The Future ◽  
Legal Frameworks ◽  
Aerial Systems

[Law and the Future of War Research Paper No 5] Aerial systems with autonomous functionality are not new. However, their prevalence, sizes, manoeuvrability and the altitudes at which they fly today have not been fully contemplated by the international legal frameworks for aircraft developed in the 20th century. States are increasingly deploying these craft to undertake a range of tasks, and while these activities were once somewhat separated from the civilian airspace, this is no longer always the case. While most international civil aviation rules do not apply to military aircraft, military aircraft are not entirely exempt from compliance with key rules necessary to ensure the safety of civil aviation. This paper looks at how autonomous military aircraft are impacted by laws to protect international civil aviation, and indeed, civilians, and in particular identifies some of the communication requirements for the safe and lawful use of autonomous military aircraft alongside civil aviation, both in peace time and in times of armed conflict.

scholarly journals The Outbreak of Covid-19 as an Overmacht Claim in Credit Agreements

FIAT JUSTISIA ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Merry Tjoanda
Keyword(s):  
Interest Rates ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Literature Study ◽  
Legal Research ◽  
Banking Institutions ◽  
The Government ◽  
Credit Agreement ◽  
Branch Office

This research aims to determine and analyze the law consequences of overmacht in credit agreements due to the Covid-19 Pandemic and as legal remedies for settlement of the credit agreement due to the Covid-19 Pandemic. This research is socio-legal research, a combination research method between doctrinal law research methods and empirical legal research methods. This research was conducted in banking institutions and financing institutions in Ambon City, namely at Bank Mandiri Ambon Branch Office, BCA Ambon Branch Office, Bank Artha Graha Ambon Branch Office, and BFI Limited Company Ambon Branch Office. The types of research data are primary data and secondary data, obtained through literature study and interviews. Based on the results of the research, the Covid-19 Pandemic is a non-natural disaster, so it is categorized as a relative overmacht, so the result of the comparative overmacht law in the credit agreement due to the Covid-19 Pandemic in Ambon City has not changed the risk burden in the sense that the Debtor still fulfills their achievements after the outbreak of Covid - 19 Pandemic is over. The legal effort that can be taken to settle credit agreements due to Covid-19 Pandemic in Ambon City is through credit restructuring in the form of lowering interest rates, extending the period, reducing principal arrears, and reducing interest arrears as determined by the government to be implemented by the bank or financing institutions with debtors.

3 Scope of Application of International Humanitarian Law

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kleffner Jann K
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
International Humanitarian Law ◽  
Humanitarian Law ◽  
Public International Law ◽  
Scope Of Application ◽  
The Law ◽  
Humanitarian Values ◽  
The One

This chapter addresses the scope of application of international humanitarian law. International humanitarian law regulates, and as a rule applies in times of, armed conflicts. Accordingly, it is also referred to as the law of armed conflict or jus in bello. The three interchangeable terms denote the only branch of public international law that is specifically designed to strike a balance during armed conflicts between preserving humanitarian values, on the one hand, and considerations of military necessity, on the other by protecting those who do not or no longer directly participate in hostilities and by limiting the right of parties to the conflict to use armed force only to the amount necessary to achieve the aim of the conflict, which is to weaken the military potential of the enemy. While international humanitarian law specifically regulates situations of armed conflicts, it does not automatically supersede all other areas of public international law in the event of an armed conflict. The chapter then focuses on the law enforcement aspects, the continued relevance of rules of international law of peace during armed conflict, and the relevance of humanitarian law in peacetime and post-conflict military operations.

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