scholarly journals Sex Differences in Association of Depression with Self-Rated Health and Awareness of Cardiovascular Preventive Measures

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Gafarov VV ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Linear Increase ◽  
Health Complaints ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Open Population

Aim: To determine gender differences in the relationship between depression and self-rated health and awareness of measures for cardiovascular prevention in an open population of 25-4 years in Russia/Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Under the screening based on the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, a random representative sample of the male and female population who were residents in one of the districts in Novosibirsk was examined in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0.4 years). Selfassessment of health and awareness of preventive measures was assessed using the questionnaire "Knowledge and attitude to own health". Depression was assessed using the depression scale based on the adapted MMPI questionnaire. Results: There was a linear increase in the proportion of those who considered themselves "not entirely healthy" or "sick" with an increase in the level of depression in 25-34 and 35-44 years age groups of studied population. Women aged 35-44 years with a moderate level of depression are 15-20% more likely than men to report that they are “not entirely healthy” and “sick” and have health complaints (p <0.05). Men aged 25-34y with major depression were more likely to report negative self-esteem and health complaints but these differences were not statistically significant. In both age groups, with an increase in the level of depression by 20-40%, the proportion of people who “clearly did not take care of their health” among men and women increased. However, the presence of depression eliminate statistical gender differences. In the presence of depression, women are 16% more likely than men to consider it highly likely to develop a serious illness in the next 5-10 years, while they are 10% less likely to have regular health checks. Women were 4-12% more likely than men to doubt the possibilities of preventive medicine, regardless of the level of depression. Conclusions: As depression rises, self-rated health falls and confidence in the effectiveness of preventive measures among both sexes decreases. And while women are more likely to report pessimistic responses to health and prevention, the presence of high levels of depression deletes gender differences.

scholarly journals Personal Digital Health Assistants

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-3
Author(s):  
Uday Jain ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Working Day

The Aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of job stress indicators in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% males, mean age 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Job stress indicators were assessed using the Karasek’s scale adopted by MONICA-MOPSY. Results: About 40% of male and female population in 1988 reported a change in occupation in the previous 12 years. The highest proportion of such persons was observed in the younger age groups and significant gender differences were also found there. By 2016-17, the proportion of those who changed their specialty decreased but gender differences were not determined. In 2016-17, the proportion of men and women who enjoy their job increased slightly compared to 1988, but the gender difference was insignificant. Responsibility at work increased up to 58.2% and 54.5%, respectively in dynamics among young men and women. In 2016-17, the perception of responsibility at the workplace returned to the semblance of 1988 without gender differences. Regarding changes in the workplace, in 1988, the most frequent were "change of salary" and "change of workplace" for both sexes. Men more often than women indicated conflicts with their superiors and subordinates. In 2013, the change of workplace was reported more often than changes in salary (especially in the youngest group of 25-34 years old) but in 2017 these answers correlated with each other, amounting to 11-12%. No gender differences were observed. In 2013-16, share of men and women who reduced their workload increased to 20%. This proportion decreased in 2016-17. And the trend towards an increase in workload at the workplace moved at a faster pace, especially among middle-aged and older men. The proportion of women who cannot relax and rest after usual working day in the period from 1988 to 2013-16 was stable at 38-39%; but by 2016-2017 it decreased by a third. The proportion of such men has been growing over 29 years and began to exceed women by 10% in 2016-17. Conclusions: Both genders began to perform additional work tasks more often and to assess their responsibility at work as high over 29 years of observations. There is a trend towards eliminating of sex differences.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in the Dynamics of Attitudes towards the Prevention of Cardiovascular Diseases in Population Aged 25-64 Years from 1988 To 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 5258-5271
Author(s):  
Valery Gafarov ◽  
Dmitriy Panov ◽  
Elena Gromova ◽  
Eldar Krymov ◽  
Igor Gagulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Sex Differences ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Care Utilization ◽  
Equal Proportion ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude

The aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamics of attitudes towards the cardiovascular prevention in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), MOPSY screening in 1994-95 (n=1527, 43% males, mean age 44.85 ± 0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34,9% males, mean age 54,25±0,2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43,8% males, mean age 34,5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 гг.( n=663, 41,3% years 51,95±0,32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. АААА-А17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Attitude towards preventive methods and health care utilization were assessed using the questionnaire "Knowledge and attitude towards own's health". Results: About 100% male and female population aged of 25-64 years considered it probable "to develop a serious illness within the next 5-10 years" in 1988. This proportion has not changed significantly by 2017. In 1988, men more often than women certainly believed that they would avoid serious illness if they took action on their own health. In subsequent years of observation these sex differences in responses were erased. Belief in the power of medicine to prevent all or most of the heart disease was present among young men in 2013 and 2017. In comparison with them, women are more balanced about the preventive possibilities of medicine. Despite the fact that 100% of men and women in the open population 25-64 years find "preventive health screening" useful, only 6.8% of males and 3% of females were regularly checked by a doctor in 1988. In 2016-2017, the frequency of regular health checks exceeded the 10% in middle-aged groups. An equal proportion of men and women - 67% sought medical help only in case of chest pain, and 11-12% would not go to a doctor even with intense pain; by 2017, their share had decreased to 6.5%. Conclusions: Among those who consider it likely to have a serious illness, only one of ten is regularly checked by a doctor. At the same time, men are more likely than women to shift responsibility for their health to the preventive capabilities of medicine. Keywords: awareness, cardiovascular prevention, sex differences, population, healthcare utilization

scholarly journals Gender Differences and Trends of Self-Rated Health in Population Aged 25-64 years from 1988 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Positive Health ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Female Part ◽  
Knowledge And Attitude ◽  
The Stability

The aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of self-rated health in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), MOPSY screening in 1994-95 (n=1527, 43% males, mean age 44.85 ± 0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% years 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Self-rated health was assessed using the questionnaire “Knowledge and attitude towards own’s health”. Results: The proportion of people with negative self-reported health in the open population was extremely high in 1988. The share of women who consider themselves healthy was 13.7%, men - 37.9%. Gender differences increased with age. Only 10.5% of women and 29.7% of men had no complaints about their health. In 2013, there was an increase in positive health estimation among males and females and a decrease in the frequency of complaints, especially in female part of the population - by 2-2.5 times. The favorable trend which began in 2013 continued in 2017, when men and women more often self-esteemed own health status as “good” compared to earlier periods of observation. The proportion of women believed that taking comprehensive care of their health rose to 15% by 2017, equaling that of men. With the exception of 2013, women were more likely than men to report that “taking care of their health is not enough”, although by 2017 this proportion had dropped to 20%. Conclusions: Sex differences in self-rated health increase with age, but the frequency of health complaints increases proportionally in men and women. There were found favorable tendencies in the decrease in the frequency of negative assessments of health, especially in female population. Further research is required to determine the stability of this trend.

scholarly journals Gender Differences in Dynamic of Job Stress as Cardiovascular Risk Factor in Population Aged 25-64 Years from 1988 to 2017

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Gafarov VV ◽  
◽  
Panov DO ◽  
Gromova EA ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Stress Indicators ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Work Tasks ◽  
Working Day

The Aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of job stress indicators in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% males, mean age 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Job stress indicators were assessed using the Karasek’s scale adopted by MONICA-MOPSY. Results: About 40% of male and female population in 1988 reported a change in occupation in the previous 12 years. The highest proportion of such persons was observed in the younger age groups and significant gender differences were also found there. By 2016-17, the proportion of those who changed their specialty decreased but gender differences were not determined. In 2016-17, the proportion of men and women who enjoy their job increased slightly compared to 1988, but the gender difference was insignificant. Responsibility at work increased up to 58.2% and 54.5%, respectively in dynamics among young men and women. In 2016-17, the perception of responsibility at the workplace returned to the semblance of 1988 without gender differences. Regarding changes in the workplace, in 1988, the most frequent were "change of salary" and "change of workplace" for both sexes. Men more often than women indicated conflicts with their superiors and subordinates. In 2013, the change of workplace was reported more often than changes in salary (especially in the youngest group of 25-34 years old) but in 2017 these answers correlated with each other, amounting to 11-12%. No gender differences were observed. In 2013-16, share of men and women who reduced their workload increased to 20%. This proportion decreased in 2016-17. And the trend towards an increase in workload at the workplace moved at a faster pace, especially among middle-aged and older men. The proportion of women who cannot relax and rest after usual working day in the period from 1988 to 2013-16 was stable at 38-39%; but by 2016-2017 it decreased by a third. The proportion of such men has been growing over 29 years and began to exceed women by 10% in 2016-17. Conclusions: Both genders began to perform additional work tasks more often and to assess their responsibility at work as high over 29 years of observations. There is a trend towards eliminating of sex differences

scholarly journals Gender differences and trends of attitude toward smoking and diet behavior in population aged 25-64 years from 1988 to 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Gender Gap ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Open Population ◽  
Younger Age ◽  
Diet Behavior

The aim: To determine gender differences in the dynamic of attitude toward smoking and diet behavior in an open population of 25-64 years over a long-term period - 29 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1988-89 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n=1676, 49.5% males, mean age 44.1±0.4 years), MOPSY screening in 1994-95 (n=1527, 43% males, mean age 44.85 ± 0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34.9% males, mean age 54.25±0.2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43.8% males, mean age 34.5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 (n=663, 41.3% years 51.95±0.32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. AAAA-A17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Smoking status and diet behavior assessed by questionnaire proposed by MONICA-MOPSY protocol. Results: The proportion of men who ever smoked was extremely high (80%) in the general population of 25-64 years and remained unchanged in the period 1988-2003 but began to decrease in 2013, first in the younger age groups and in 2016- 2017 in the older age groups. Despite the fact that there are significantly fewer female smokers, the proportion of female smokers began to increase in 1994, firstly in younger age groups and by 2003-05 in older age groups. Men of younger age groups more often than women tried unsuccessfully to give up a harmful habit. But in 2013-2016, the proportion of those who quit smoking increased to 25-29%. Men were 1.5-2 times more likely than women to report that they did not need to follow a diet. The number of those adhering to the diet, despite the increase in 2013-17, on average did not exceed 10% during 29 years of observation. Diet men were absent in the younger age group in 1988; but in the 45-54 age group their number reached a maximum of 17.1% in 2016-17, overtaking women in this indicator. The proportion of unsuccessful dietary attempts was higher among women in all age groups. The gender gap in the frequency of failed attempts to follow a diet has been growing since 2003. And in 2013-16, more than half of the male and 2/3 of the female population were unsuccessful in trying to adhere to the diet. Conclusions: There was a trend towards a decrease in smoking among men and, at the same time, a decrease in the proportion of women who never smoked in the period from 1994 to 2017. More than half of the male population and 2/3 of the female population were unsuccessful in trying to adhere to the diet, so the proportion of those following the diet did not exceed 10% during 29 years of observation.

scholarly journals Sex Differences and Trends in Prevalence of Anxiety, Depression and Vital Exhaustion in Russia / Siberia from 1994 To 2017

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (03) ◽  
pp. 5288-5298
Author(s):  
Valery Gafarov ◽  
Dmitriy Panov ◽  
Elena Gromova ◽  
Eldar Krymov ◽  
Igor Gagulin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Affective States ◽  
High Anxiety ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Vital Exhaustion ◽  
Open Population ◽  
High Exhaustion ◽  
Anxiety Depression

Purpose: To determine gender differences in trends of anxiety, depression and vital exhaustion levels in an open population aged 25-64 years over long-term period - 23 years in Russia / Siberia (Novosibirsk). Methods: Within the framework of the screening in 1994-95 under the WHO MONICA-psychosocial (MOPSY) program (n = 1527, 43% males, mean age 44.85 ± 0.4 years), in 2003-2005 under the international project HAPIEE (n=1650, 34,9% males, mean age 54,25±0,2 years), in 2013-2016 (n=975, 43,8% males, mean age 34,5±0,4 years) and 2016-2017 гг.( n=663, 41,3% years 51,95±0,32 years) within the framework of the budgetary theme No. АААА-А17-117112850280-2, random representative samples of men and women in one of districts in Novosibirsk were examined. Anxiety traits studied by means of the Spielberger test. Depression and vital exhaustion assessed by MOPSY questionnaires. Results: 2/3 of the female population aged 25-64 years had high level of anxiety traits in 1994. It was highest in the younger age groups. High anxiety was found in less than half of the surveyed men, increasing with age. The maximum values of anxiety were noted in 2003-2005 in both genders. The decrease in the incidence of high anxiety which began in 2013-2016, remained only in the female part of the population aged 35-64y but in men the prevalence of anxiety returned to the levels of 1994. Depression occurred in more than half of the female population in 1994. The overall prevalence among men was less than 30%. At the same time, the frequency of major D in women was 4-fold higher compared with men (p <0.001). Trends in prevalence in 2017 were mixed: a reduction in moderate levels and an increase in major depression in the youngest and oldest age groups. The prevalence of high vital exhaustion in 1994 was 14.6% and 31% in men and women 25-64 years, respectively (p <0.001). An increase in high exhaustion from younger to older age groups was noted in both sexes. The downward trend in exhaustion in 2017 persisted only among women. At that moment for the first time men began to report high exhaustion more often than women over 23-year of follow-up (16.9% and 15.6% for men and women 35-64y, respectively; n.s.). Conclusion: The prevalence of affective states is higher in females in general population. Long-term trends in decreasing the prevalence of anxiety, depression and vital exhaustion were not sustainable and returned to levels of 1994.

Gender differences in the well-being of patients diagnosed with Chlamydia trachomatis: a cross-sectional study

2018 ◽  
Vol 94 (6) ◽  
pp. 401-405 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirina Andersson ◽  
Helena Carré ◽  
Urban Janlert ◽  
Jens Boman ◽  
Elisabet Nylander
Keyword(s):  
Gender Differences ◽  
Chlamydia Trachomatis ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Anxiety And Depression ◽  
Hospital Anxiety ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Disorder Identification

ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate how an infection with Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) influenced patients’ well-being and whether there were differences due to gender, age or relationship status, in an effort to strengthen preventive measures and provide better healthcare for patients with CT.MethodsPatients diagnosed with CT in the county of Västerbotten, Sweden, were asked to fill out a questionnaire about their feelings, thoughts and actions after CT diagnosis. The patients were also asked to fill in the validated questionnaires Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test. Between February 2015 and January 2017, 128 patients (74 women and 54 men) were included in the study.ResultsAfter being diagnosed with CT, men were generally less worried than women (P<0.001). Women worried more about not being able to have children (P<0.001) and about having other STIs (P=0.001) than men did. Men felt less angry (P=0.001), less bad (P<0.001), less dirty (P<0.001) and less embarrassed (P=0.011) than women did. Nineteen per cent of men and 48% of women reported symptoms of anxiety. The majority of both men (60%) and women (72%) had a risk consumption of alcohol.ConclusionWomen and men reacted differently when diagnosed with CT. Women worried more about complications and more often blamed themselves for being infected. Being aware of these gender differences may be important when planning preventive measures and during counselling of CT-infected patients. Persons working with patients with CT must also be aware of the high frequency of harmful alcohol consumption among their patients.

scholarly journals Long-term trends in adherence to prevention in female population aged 25-44 years in Russia/Siberia

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 (Supplement_4) ◽  
Author(s):  
V Gafarov ◽  
D Panov ◽  
E Gromova ◽  
I Gagulin ◽  
A Gafarova
Keyword(s):  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Cardiovascular Prevention ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Behavioral Characteristics ◽  
Positive Trend ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Cvd Risk ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Open Population

Abstract Objective To determine the 23-year trends 1994-2016 yy of adherence towards cardiovascular diseases prevention, behavioral characteristics and awareness about the health in general female population aged 25-44 years in Russia / Siberia. Methods Under the third screening of the WHO program MONICA and sub-program ’MONICA-psychosocial’ (MOPSY) random representative sample of women aged 25-64 years (n = 870) were surveyed in Novosibirsk in 1994; 284 persons in group 25-44y. In 2016 within the framework of the screening studies covered by state task reg.# 01201282292 a random representative sample of women aged 25-44 years was examined in the same district of Novosibirsk (n = 540). Questionnaire MOPSY ‘Awareness and attitude towards the health’ was used to estimate adherence towards cardiovascular diseases prevention, behavioral characteristics and awareness about the health. Results The analysis showed there is a positive trend in self-rated health in female population aged 25-44 years. Despite this 50% of women rate their health negatively and 96% consider the existence of high chance to be ill with serious disease within next 5-10 years. Majority of women believed in the possibilities of modern medicine for the prevention of heart disease but there is extremely low level of healthcare utilization as prevention measure and it doesn’t exceed 10% in those women (p &lt; 0.05). There is a growth of job stress levels and upward trends in family status changes over 23 years in an open population of women aged 25-44 years. Some changes in behavioral status were found over 1994-2016 yy: increased share of people quit smoking and doing regular physical exercises, improved diet behavior. Conclusions We showed a positive trend in CVD risk factors prevention in women 25-44y. In spite of this, half of the women negatively evaluate their health and using of healthcare resources is deficient. There are adverse changes in the social gradient over the follow-up period. Key messages The purpose of this survey was to study the trends in awareness and attitudes towards cardiovascular prevention over 28 years (from 1988 to 2016) in an open female population of 25-44 years old. The purpose of this survey was to study the trends in awareness and attitudes towards cardiovascular prevention over 28 years (from 1988 to 2016) in an open female population of 25-44 years old.

Dimensions of Self-Report about Everyday Memory in Young and Older Adults

1992 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 311-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan T. Erber ◽  
Lenore T. Szuchman ◽  
Sharon T. Rothberg
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Young Group ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Willingness To Participate ◽  
Old Adults ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
Memory Improvement ◽  
The Relationship

This study investigated the relationship between several aspects of memory self-report, objective memory, attitude toward intellectual aging, self-rated health, and self-rated depression in young and older adults. Participants completed a self-report depression scale, and then rated their discomfort with eight categories of everyday forgetting and their attitudes toward intellectual aging. One week later, they rated how frequently they experience the same categories of forgetting, and then completed a battery of objective memory tests analogous to those categories. Ten days later, they rated their willingness to participate in both memory improvement classes and nonmemory classes. Older adults reported significantly more frequent failures but less discomfort with the failures than the young adults. Frequency, discomfort, and self-reported depression were all positively correlated in the older group, but not the young group. Young and old adults were equally positive about participating in memory classes, which both age groups preferred to nonmemory classes; the correlation between willingness to participate in memory classes and objective memory approached significance in the young, but not in the old. Attitude toward intellectual aging was correlated with frequency of and discomfort with forgetting in the older group.

scholarly journals On the time trends among school-aged children in the Nordic countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
P Löfstedt ◽  
A M Arnarsson ◽  
M Corell ◽  
N Lyyra ◽  
K R Madsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Nordic Countries ◽  
Positive Development ◽  
Health Complaints ◽  
School Aged Children ◽  
Self Rated Health ◽  
High Life Satisfaction ◽  
Long Term Trends ◽  
Hbsc Study ◽  
Sleep Difficulties

Abstract Long-term trends in mental health of school-aged children can be analysed in the HBSC study. In Sweden the proportion of the children that report at least two weekly health complaints during the last six months has increased from the first data collection 1985/1985 to the latest 2017/2018 among all age groups for both girls and boys. Among the 11-year-old it reached 41 % among girls and 30 % boys, and among 15-year-old girls 62 % and boys 35 %. Can we trust this? The prevalence of two or more weekly health complaints showed large differences by country over time and especially in 2014, when Iceland and Sweden showed an almost 10%-point larger prevalence of multiple weekly symptoms (about 35%) than Denmark, Finland and Norway (about 25%). Norway was the only country to show a decline during 2002-2014. The prevalence of sleep difficulties has increased over the 12-year period in Denmark, Iceland, and Finland. In Sweden the prevalence fell from 26% to 21% from 2002 to 2006 but rose by 10% points from 2010 to 2014. Only Norway showed a positive development over the 12-year period; the prevalence declined in 2014 to 17% the lowest prevalence of sleep difficulties in any of the five Nordic countries. The trend of excellent self-rated health for Nordic adolescents indicates a small overall improvement between 2002 and 2006 but a stable trend in the following periods up until 2014. Finland and especially Sweden shows a decline in the prevalence of students having an excellent self-rated health. The only country to show a positive development in the prevalence of students having excellent self-rated health from 2002 to 2014, is Norway. The overall prevalence of adolescents having high life satisfaction has declined in most of the Nordic countries examined.

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